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Honeydew (secretion)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An aphid produces honeydew for an ant in an example of mutualistic symbiosis.
Honeydew drops on leaves
Bald-faced hornet sips honeydew from a Disholcaspis quercusmamma gall covered by sooty mold
Magicicada cassini "cicada rain" slow motion

Honeydew is a sugar-rich sticky liquid, secreted by aphids, some scale insects, and many other true bugs and some other insects as they feed on plant sap. When their mouthpart penetrates the phloem, the sugary, high-pressure liquid is forced out of the anus of the insects, allowing them to rapidly process the large volume of sap required to extract essential nutrients present at low concentrations. Honeydew is particularly common as a secretion in hemipteran insects and is often the basis for trophobiosis.[1] Some caterpillars of Lycaenidae butterflies and some moths also produce honeydew.[2] In addition to various sugars, honeydew contains small amounts of amino acids, other organic compounds, and inorganic salts with its precise makeup affected by factors such as insect species, host plant species, and whether a symbiotic organism is present.[1][3]

Honeydew-producing insects, like cicadas, pierce phloem ducts to access the sugar rich sap; the excess fluid released by cicadas as honeydew is called "cicada rain". [4] [5] The sap continues to bleed after the insects have moved on, leaving a white sugar crust called manna.[6] Ants may collect, or "milk", honeydew directly from aphids and other honeydew producers, which benefit from their presence due to their driving away predators such as lady beetles or parasitic wasps—see Crematogaster peringueyi. Animals and plants in a mutually symbiotic arrangement with ants are called Myrmecophiles.

In Madagascar, some gecko species in the genera Phelsuma and Lygodactylus are known to approach flatid plant-hoppers on tree-trunks from below and induce them to excrete honeydew by head nodding behaviour. The plant-hopper then raises its abdomen and excretes a drop of honeydew almost right onto the snout of the gecko.[7]

Honeydew can cause sooty mold on many ornamental plants. It also contaminates vehicles parked beneath trees, and can then be difficult to remove from glass and bodywork. Honeydew is also secreted by certain fungi, particularly ergot.[8] Honeydew is collected by certain species of birds, mosquitoes,[9][10] wasps, stingless bees[11] and honey bees, which process it into a dark, strong honey (honeydew honey). This is highly prized in parts of Europe and Asia for its reputed medicinal value. Parachartergus fraternus, a eusocial wasp species, collects honeydew to feed to their growing larvae.[12] Recent research has also documented the use of honeydew by over 40 species of wild, native, mostly solitary bees in California.[13]

Religion and mythology[edit]

In Norse mythology, dew falls from the ash tree Yggdrasil to the earth, and according to the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning, "this is what people call honeydew and from it bees feed."[14]

In Greek mythology, méli, or "honey", drips from the Manna–ash (Fraxinus ornus), with which the Meliae, or "ash tree nymphs", nursed the infant god Zeus on the island of Crete[15] (as in the Hymn to Zeus by Callimachus).[citation needed]

Honey-dew is referenced in the last lines of Samuel Coleridge's poem Kubla Khan, perhaps because of its mythological connotations:

And all who heard should see them there,
And all should cry, Beware! Beware!
His flashing eyes, his floating hair!
Weave a circle round him thrice,
And close your eyes with holy dread,
For he on honey-dew hath fed,
And drunk the milk of Paradise.

In the Hebrew Bible, while the Israelites are wandering through the desert after the Exodus, they are miraculously provided with a substance, manna, that is sometimes associated with honeydew.[16] Exodus 16:31 provides a description: "it was like coriander seed, white, and the taste of it was like wafers made with honey."[17]

Nectar producing trees[edit]

Honeydew puddle under a tree

Dates[edit]

Ommatissus lybicus is attracted to certain cultivars of the date palm tree. The honeydew producing insects preferred the Medjhool variety to the Deglet Noor in Israel, where they have been observed in the Arava Valley. Very dense insect populations may have some adverse effects. Different methods of controlling the insects, including natural and chemical, have been studied.[18]

Eucalyptus[edit]

In eucalypt forests, production of both the honeydew nectar and manna tends to increase in spring and autumn. Eucalyptus can produce even more manna than honeydew nectar. The sugar glider eats both, licking the nectar from branches. Other species attracted to the nectar include the feathertail glider, brush-tailed phascogale, and brown antechinus. Most trees are not able to produce sap if the phloem duct becomes damaged by mechanical processes.[6]

Oaks[edit]

The acorn weevil (Curculio glandium) habitually bores into the young acorns of oak trees. This injury can cause the tree to release a sweet honeydew, thought to attract wasps that can parasitize the weevil within its acorns.[citation needed] Honey bees sometimes collect this substance, in addition to honeydew from aphids feeding in oak forests, and use it to produce oak honey, an unusual varietal sold by specialist beekeepers.[19][20]

Tamarisk[edit]

Two scale insects in the Sinai, Trabutina mannipara and Najacoccus serpentinus, feed on Tamarisk trees. They secrete a sugary nectar that turns white when it hardens, resembling certain whitish flakes described in the Hebrew scriptures.[21]

Honeydew honey[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Honey.[edit]
A jar of honey with a honey dipper and an American biscuit

Honey is a sweet and viscous substance made by several species of bees, the best-known of which are honey bees.[22][23] Honey is made and stored to nourish bee colonies. Bees produce honey by gathering and then refining the sugary secretions of plants (primarily floral nectar) or the secretions of other insects, like the honeydew of aphids. This refinement takes place both within individual bees, through regurgitation and enzymatic activity, and during storage in the hive, through water evaporation that concentrates the honey's sugars until it is thick and viscous.

Honey bees stockpile honey in the hive. Within the hive is a structure made from wax called honeycomb. The honeycomb is made up of hundreds or thousands of hexagonal cells, into which the bees regurgitate honey for storage. Other honey-producing species of bee store the substance in different structures, such as the pots made of wax and resin used by the stingless bee.[22][23][24]

Honey for human consumption is collected from wild bee colonies, or from the hives of domesticated bees. The honey produced by honey bees is the most familiar to humans, thanks to its worldwide commercial production and availability.[25] The husbandry of bees is known as beekeeping or apiculture, with the cultivation of stingless bees usually referred to as meliponiculture.

Honey is sweet because of its high concentrations of the monosaccharides fructose and glucose. It has about the same relative sweetness as sucrose (table sugar).[26][27] One standard tablespoon (15 mL) of honey provides around 190 kilojoules (46 kilocalories) of food energy.[28] It has attractive chemical properties for baking and a distinctive flavor when used as a sweetener.[26] Most microorganisms cannot grow in honey and sealed honey therefore does not spoil. Samples of honey discovered in archaeological contexts have proven edible even after millennia.[29][30]

French honey from different floral sources, with visible differences in color and texture
Honey use and production has a long and varied history, with its beginnings in prehistoric times. Several cave paintings in Cuevas de la Araña in Spain depict humans foraging for honey at least 8,000 years ago.[31][32] While Apis melifera is an Old World insect, large-scale meliponiculture of New World stingless bees has been practiced by Mayans since pre-Columbian times.[23][33]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Delabie JH (2001). "Trophobiosis Between Formicidae and Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha): an Overview" (PDF). Neotropical Entomology. 30 (4): 501–516. doi:10.1080/00222930150215378. S2CID 84918015.
  2. ^ Maschwitz U, Dumpert K, Tuck KR (1986). "Ants feeding on anal exudate from tortricid larvae: a new type of trophobiosis". Journal of Natural History. 20 (5): 1041–1050. doi:10.1080/00222938600770751.
  3. ^ Shaaban, Basel; Seeburger, Victoria; Schroeder, Annette; Lohaus, Gertrud (24 January 2020). "Sugar, amino acid and inorganic ion profiling of the honeydew from different hemipteran species feeding on Abies alba and Picea abies". PLOS ONE. 15 (1): e0228171. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228171. PMC 6980476.
  4. ^ Elle Hunt (26 May 2021). "Sex-mad and spectacular: 17 incredible facts about cicadas". Guardian US.
  5. ^ John Dodge; Noel Brennan (May 15, 2024). "Cicadas pee from trees. And they can urinate a lot, a new study finds". CBS NEWS.
  6. ^ a b Lee AK (1985-03-21). Evolutionary Ecology of Marsupials. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780521252928. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  7. ^ Fölling M, Knogge C, Böhme W (February 2001). "Geckos are milking honeydew-producing planthoppers in Madagascar". Journal of Natural History. 35 (2): 279–84. doi:10.1080/00222930150215378. S2CID 84918015.
  8. ^ Ergot of Rye Archived 2018-08-09 at the Wayback Machine, APSnet.org, The American Phytopathological Society
  9. ^ Peach DA, Gries R, Young N, Lakes R, Galloway E, Alamsetti SK, et al. (February 2019). "Aedes aegypti (L.) to Aphid Honeydew". Insects. 10 (2): 43. doi:10.3390/insects10020043. PMC 6409638. PMID 30717169.
  10. ^ Peach DA, Gries G (2019). "Mosquito phytophagy – sources exploited, ecological function, and evolutionary transition to haematophagy". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 168 (2): 120–136. doi:10.1111/eea.12852. ISSN 1570-7458.
  11. ^
  12. ^ Sidnei M, Noll FB, Zucchi R (2004). "Caste Flexibility and Variation According to the Colony Cycle in the Swarm-founding Wasp, Parachartergus Fraternus (Gribodo) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 77 (4): 470–83. doi:10.2317/E-40.1. S2CID 84967255.
  13. ^ Meiners JM, Griswold TL, Harris DJ, Ernest SK (August 2017). "Bees without Flowers: Before Peak Bloom, Diverse Native Bees Find Insect-Produced Honeydew Sugars". The American Naturalist. 190 (2): 281–291. doi:10.1086/692437. PMID 28731796. S2CID 206004844.
  14. ^ Faulkes A (1995). Edda. Everyman. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-460-87616-3.
  15. ^ Clauss JJ (1993). The Best of the Argonauts: The Redefinition of the Epic Hero in Book 1 of Apollonius's Argonautica. Hellenistic culture and society. Vol. 10. University of California Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-520-07925-0.
  16. ^ Manna#Identifying manna
  17. ^ "Exodus 16 :: King James Version (KJV)".
  18. ^ Howard FW (2001). Insects on Palms. p. 154. ISBN 9780851997056. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  19. ^ "Oak honey comes from Acorns". The Raw Honey Shop. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
  20. ^ "Miel Morbihan Bretagne". L'Abeille de Lanvaux (in French). Retrieved 2022-09-25.
  21. ^ Jolivet P (1992). Insects and Plants: Parallel Evolution & Adaptations, Second Edition. Sandhill Crane Press. p. 119. ISBN 9781877743108. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  22. ^ a b Crane, Eva (1990). "Honey from honeybees and other insects". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 3 (sup1): 100–105. doi:10.1080/03949370.1991.10721919.
  23. ^ a b c Grüter, Christoph (2020). Stingless Bees: Their Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution. Fascinating Life Sciences. Springer New York. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60090-7. ISBN 978-3-030-60089-1. S2CID 227250633. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  24. ^
  25. ^ Crane, Ethel Eva (1999). The World History of Beekeeping and Honey Hunting. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-74670-3.
  26. ^ a b National Honey Board. "Carbohydrates and the Sweetness of Honey" Archived 1 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Last accessed 1 June 2012.
  27. ^ Oregon State University "What is the relative sweetness of different sugars and sugar substitutes?". Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  28. ^ "Full Report (All Nutrients): 19296, Honey". USDA National Nutrient Database, Agricultural Research Service, Release 28. 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  29. ^ Geiling, Natasha (22 August 2013). "The Science Behind Honey's Eternal Shelf Life". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  30. ^ Prescott, Lansing; Harley, John P.; Klein, Donald A. (1999). Microbiology. Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-697-35439-6.
  31. ^ Hunt CL, Atwater HW (7 April 1915). Honey and Its Uses in the Home. US Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin, No. 653. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  32. ^ Crane, Eva (1983) The Archaeology of Beekeeping, Cornell University Press, ISBN 0-8014-1609-4
  33. ^ Quezada-Euán, José Javier G. (2018). Stingless Bees of Mexico. Springer New York. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77785-6. ISBN 978-3-030-08539-1. S2CID 51912114. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2021.

External links[edit]

Look up honeydew in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Media related to Honeydew at Wikimedia Commons
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