National Socialist Movement (United States)
National Socialist Movement | |
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Abbreviation | NSM |
Leader | Burt Colucci [fn 1] |
Founded | 1974 |
Split from | American Nazi Party |
Headquarters | Lakeland, Florida |
Newspaper | NSM Magazine (2007-2017)[1] |
Youth wing | Viking Youth Corp (inactive)[2] |
Membership | 400 (c. 2011)[3] 12 to 24 (c. 2024)[4] |
Ideology | |
Political position | Far-right[11] |
International affiliation | World Union of National Socialists[12] |
Colors | Red, white and blue (national colors) Black (customary) |
Ethnic group | White Americans |
Party flag | |
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Website | |
nsm88 | |
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The National Socialist Movement (NSM or NSM88)[fn 2] is a Neo-Nazi organization based in the United States.[7][13] Once considered to be the largest and most prominent Neo-Nazi organization in the United States, since the late 2010s its membership and prominence have plummeted.[4] It was a part of the Nationalist Front[14] and it is classified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center.[15]
History
[edit]The National Socialist Movement was founded in 1974 in St. Paul, Minnesota by Robert Brannen and Cliff Herrington. The NSM, originally known as the "National Socialist American Workers Freedom Movement", was one of several groups that split off from the American Nazi Party after the assassination of George Lincoln Rockwell.
Brannen originally served as the group's leader, but in 1983 Herrington succeeded him due to Brannen's declining physical health. The group was tiny and largely unknown until 1993 when Herrington and another member wore Nazi uniforms to a Minnesota legislative committee hearing to protest a proposed gay rights bill.[16]
Jeff Schoep
[edit]In 1994, Jeff Schoep became the group's chairman,[17] a position which he held until January 2019.[18]
It was revealed in 2004 that Clifford Herrington, co-chairman of the NSM, was the husband of Andrea Herrington,[19][20] founder and "high-priestess" of the theistic Satanist organization and website Joy of Satan Ministries,[19][20] leading to conflict both within the NSM itself and Joy of Satan Ministries, and to the Herringtons' eventual departure from the NSM.[19][20][21]
The National Socialist Movement was responsible for leading the demonstration which sparked the 2005 Toledo riot.[22] In April 2006, they held a rally on the State Capitol steps in Lansing, Michigan, which was met by a larger counter-rally and ended in scuffles.[23]
In January 2007, a former Ku Klux Klan leader in Maryland who had disbanded his chapter to join the NSM was arrested for statutory rape after allegedly forcing an underaged girl to perform fellatio on him on two separate occasions.[24]
In December 2007, the organization's headquarters was moved to Detroit, Michigan.[16]
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In January 2009, the National Socialist Movement sponsored a half-mile section of U.S. Highway 160 outside of Springfield, Missouri, as part of the Adopt-A-Highway Trash Cleanup program.[25] The highway was later renamed the "Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel Memorial Highway" by the state legislature.[26]
In 2009, the National Socialist Movement had 61 chapters in 35 states, making it the largest neo-Nazi group in the United States according to the Southern Poverty Law Center.[27] As of 2015, the National Socialist Movement claimed direct organized presences in seven countries around the world, and other affiliations beyond that.[28][unreliable source?]
On April 17, 2010, 70 members of the National Socialist Movement demonstrated in front of the Los Angeles City Hall, drawing a counter protest of hundreds of anti-fascist demonstrators.[8]
On December 17, 2010, an NSM member was sentenced to seven years in prison after vandalizing 57 graves at the Westlawn Cemetery, a Jewish cemetery in Illinois. The suspect was a 21-year-old Polish immigrant male charged with the crime in February 2008. He was convicted on two charges of felony vandalism and sentenced to 7 years in prison, the maximum sentence.[29][30]
On May 1, 2011, Jeff Hall, a leader of the California branch of the National Socialist Movement, was killed by his 10-year-old emotionally troubled son, who claimed he was tired of Hall beating him and his stepmother.[31] Hall had run in 2010 for a seat on the board of directors of a Riverside County water board, a race in which he earned approximately 30% of the vote.[32] Around this time, the National Socialist Movement was described by The New York Times as being "the largest supremacist group, with about 400 members in 32 states, though much of its prominence followed the decay of Aryan Nation and other neo-Nazi groups".[3]
The National Socialist Movement held a rally on September 3, 2011, in West Allis, Wisconsin, to protest incidents at the Wisconsin State Fair on August 5, 2011, when a large crowd of young African-Americans allegedly targeted and beat white people as they left the fair around 11 p.m. Police claimed that the incident began as a fight among African-American youths that was not racially motivated.[33][34] Dan Devine, the mayor of West Allis, stated on September 2, 2011, "I believe I speak for the citizens when I say they [the National Socialist Movement] are not welcome here."[35]
In 2012, two former members of the National Socialist Movement were arrested and sentenced to prison for drug trafficking, stockpiling weapons, and plotting terrorist attacks against a Mexican consulate in the United States.[36]
In 2012, an NSM member named Craig Cobb began buying up land in Leith, North Dakota and by 2013, Cobb owned twelve plots of land, in the town which had just twenty-four people at the time. Cobb had expressed a desire to turn the town into a neo-Nazi community.[37] Locals opposed this move and in response, advocated to disincorporate Leith back into Grant County proper.[38] In November 2013, Cobb was arrested and charged with three counts of terrorizing stemming from an incident in which he confronted another town resident with both a shotgun and a rifle.[39] Cobb no longer owns any buildings in Leith. He deeded six properties back to the town at no charge and sold off a few others. Three are still owned by other white supremacists, but they have shown little inclination to take up where Cobb left off.[40]
As of March 2015, the organization had planned a return to Toledo, Ohio, for a rally focusing on crime in the area. In June 2016, the group helped organize with the Traditionalist Worker Party the rally which turned into the 2016 Sacramento riot.[41][42]
In November 2016, following the election of Donald Trump, the organization changed its logo and flag, replacing the swastika with an othala rune in an attempt to enter mainstream politics.[43][44] Schoep's account was suspended by Twitter on December 18, 2017.[45][46]
In 2017, the television series Hate Thy Neighbor featured the National Socialist Movement and prominent member Daniel Burnside.
"Unite the Right" and Decline
[edit]In August 2017, the NSM and their former coalition, the Nationalist Front, infamously participated in the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia during which a counter-protestor was killed. After the rally, two lawsuits targeting 21 racist "alt-right" and hate group leaders, including the National Socialist Movement and Jeff Schoep, were filed in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Virginia and another lawsuit was filed in Virginia Circuit Court.[47]
The NSM's role in the Unite the Right rally hurt the group's future. Their last significant rally would be held in October 2017, a rally in Shelbyville, Tennessee which drew around 100 to 200 white supremacists, including NSM members and other groups in the Nationalist Front, however, shortly thereafter, the Nationalist Front fell apart as a result of legal consequences stemming from their role in the Unite the Right rally.[4][15]
In April 2018, the NSM's annual rally to celebrate Hitler's birthday drew only around two dozen participants.[15] In November 2018, the National Socialist movement held a rally at the Arkansas State Capitol, which would be their last under the leadership of Schoep. Twenty people participated, and one member was seen carrying the flag of the AWB as well as the flag of apartheid-era South Africa.[48]
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James Hart Stern
[edit]On February 28, 2019, the Associated Press reported that, according to Michigan corporate records, Schoep had been replaced as director and president of the National Socialist Movement in January by James Hart Stern, a Black civil rights activist.
In 2014, Stern and Schoep became friends when Schoep called Stern to ask about his connection to Edgar Ray Killen, the head of the Klan chapter that Stern dissolved [fn 3]. When Stern learned that Schoep was a white supremacist, he arranged for a meeting between the two men. They engaged in debates about the Holocaust, the swastika, White nationalism, and the fate of the National Socialist Movement, with Stern attempting to change Schoep's mind. He could not do that, but in 2019, Schoep came to him and asked for his advice concerning the group's legal problems. Schoep had wanted to leave the NSM because he feared the legal repercussions of their involvement in the Unite the Right rally. Stern then encouraged Schoep to turn control of the NSM over to him, and Schoep agreed. [18]
Stern did not plan to dissolve the movement, in order to prevent any of its former members from reincorporating it, but he planned to use his position to undermine the group and he planned to turn the group's website into a place for lessons about the Holocaust. [18]
Stern filed documents with a Federal court in Virginia, asking that it issue a judgment against the group before one of the pending Charlottesville-related lawsuits went to trial, but because the law does not allow a corporation to be its own attorney, Stern looked for outside counsel to re-file the papers. [18]
Stern took credit in a blog post for Schoep's decision to replace the swastika as the group's symbol with the othala rune, and said that he would be meeting with Schoep to sign a proclamation in which the movement would disavow white supremacy.[50][49]
The group's former community outreach director, Matthew Heimbach, commented that Schoep had been in conflict with its membership, which resisted the ideological changes that Schoep wished to make, and wanted to remain "a politically impotent white supremacist gang". Heimbach estimated that the group had 40 dues-paying members as of 2018. In a video posted on his blog, Stern took credit for "eradicating" the National Socialist Movement.[50][49]
Burt Colucci
[edit]In March 2019, Schoep announced that he was leaving the NSM and giving his position to Burt Colucci. He declared that Stern was not the legitimate leader.[51][52] Since then, Schoep has renounced his racist past and he has also renounced his involvement in all racist groups.[53]
The dispute over leadership led to a legal battle between Stern and Colucci, and they each filed corporation registrations in their respective home states: Stern in California and Colucci in Florida. The original incorporation in Michigan was dissolved in June 2019. Stern died of cancer in October 2019, leaving Colucci as the de facto leader of the NSM, and resulting in the cancellation of a final hearing to settle the dispute.[54][55]
After Colucci took control of the NSM, he reversed Schoep's decision to use the othala rune as the group's symbol, and the group returned to using the swastika. The NSM website claims that this decision was reversed because the othala rune "has no power."[4][56] Colucci and nine other members of the NSM protested a Detroit pride festival in June 2019, in a rally that garnered international attention, during which members destroyed (and pretended to urinate on) an Israeli flag.[10]
In April 2021, Colucci was arrested in Phoenix, Arizona for aggravated assault on a Black man. Witnesses say he pulled a gun and aimed it at the man, along with hurling threatening remarks. The incident began with a dispute over trash pickup. His bail was set at $7,500. Two days before his arrest, he led a group of 15 members of the National Socialist Movement in a rally, although they had expected 100.[57]
In January 2022, Colucci was once again arrested along with two other members of the NSM after attacking a Jewish man named David Newstat who confronted them during a rally. Colucci and one other member were charged with assault, while the other was charged with grand theft.[58] Colucci was not convicted until April 2024. He was found guilty of misdemeanor battery, although he had originally been charged with assault and battery with hate crime enhancements. He was scheduled to be sentenced on May 2, 2024.[needs update][59]
In June 2023, Colucci led 4 other members in a rally in Lakeland, Florida, although he also expected 100 people at this rally.[60][61]
The NSM does not keep an official count of members, but according to the Anti-Defamation League, since Colucci took control, the NSM's membership has fallen to one or two dozen and it has failed to attract significant participation at its events, commenting that the dispute between Stern and Colucci negatively impacted the group's reputation.[4] In 2024, long-time member Daniel Burnside, who had previously received international media attention, left the NSM, denounced the far-right, and asked for forgiveness.[62]
See also
[edit]- Antisemitism in the United States
- Christian Identity
- Craig Cobb
- Far-right politics in the United States
- Far-right subcultures
- Fascism in North America
- Joy of Satan Ministries
- Leith, North Dakota
- List of fascist movements
- List of fascist movements by country
- List of Ku Klux Klan organizations
- List of neo-Nazi organizations
- List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups#Neo-Nazi
- List of white nationalist organizations
- Neo-Nazi groups in the United States
- Racism in the United States
- Radical right (United States)
- Unite the Right rally
- White nationalism#United States
- White supremacy#United States
Notes
[edit]- ^ Ownership of the organization is disputed between Colucci and the estate of James Hart Stern, although Colucci is the de facto leader and controls the NSM website.
- ^ NSM88 is sometimes used to distinguish the group from other entities using the NSM abbreviation, and NSM88 is used in the URL of the group's website. It combines the group's initials and the number 88, which is an abbreviation for "Heil Hitler" used by neo-Nazis.
- ^ Stern met Klan leader Edgar Ray Killen in prison while Stern was serving a 5-year sentence for wire fraud and the two shared a cell. Before he died, Killen gave Stern power of attorney and land rights, which Stern utilized to dissolve the Klan chapter.[49]
References
[edit]- ^ "NSM Party Magazine The Stormtrooper". Nsm88.org. Archived from the original on October 1, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Viking Youth Corp". Nsm88.org. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
- ^ a b McKinley, Jesse (May 10, 2011). "Jeff Hall, a Neo-Nazi, Is Killed, and His Young Son is Charged". The New York Times. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "You are being redirected..." www.adl.org. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "You are being redirected". Adl.org. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ Harmon, Christopher C. (2007). Terrorism Today. Taylor and Francis. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-203-93358-9. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
- ^ a b Berlet, Chip; Vysotsky, Stanislav (2006). "Overview of U.S. White Supremacist Groups". Journal of Political & Military Sociology. 34 (1): 24. ISSN 0047-2697. JSTOR 45294185.
- ^ a b Faturechi, Robert; Richard Winton (November 23, 1987). "White supremacist rally at L.A. City Hall draws violent counter-protest". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "What is National Socialism? FAQ" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2020.
Multiculturalism, globalism, communism, and capitalism cause conflict within nations, but also between different racial groups and communities.
- ^ a b "You are being redirected..." www.adl.org. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ Holthouse, David (April 19, 2006). "Nationalist Socialist Movement Building a Juggernaut". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "World Union of National Socialists Membership Directory : W.U.N.S". Nationalsocialist.net. Archived from the original on October 17, 2010. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ Blout, Emily; Burkart, Patrick (January 4, 2021). "White Supremacist Terrorism in Charlottesville: Reconstructing 'Unite the Right'". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 46 (9): 1624–1652. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2020.1862850. ISSN 1057-610X. S2CID 234176136.
- ^ "The Nationalist Front Limps into 2017". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
- ^ a b c "National Socialist Movement". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
- ^ a b "The National Socialist Movement". www.adl.org.
- ^ "The National Socialist Movement". The Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
- ^ a b c d Mettler, Katie (March 1, 2019). "How a black man 'outsmarted' a neo-Nazi group — and became their new leader". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
- ^ a b c
• Zaitchik, Alexander (October 19, 2006). "The National Socialist Movement Implodes". SPLCenter.org. Montgomery, Alabama: Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2020.The party's problems began last June, when Citizens Against Hate discovered that NSM's Tulsa post office box was shared by The Joy of Satan Ministry, in which the wife of NSM chairman emeritus Clifford Herrington is High Priestess. [...] Within NSM ranks, meanwhile, a bitter debate was sparked over the propriety of Herrington's Joy of Satan connections. [...] Schoep moved ahead with damage-control operations by nudging chairman emeritus Herrington from his position under the cover of "attending to personal matters." But it was too late to stop NSM Minister of Radio and Information Michael Blevins, aka Vonbluvens, from following White out of the party, citing disgust with Herrington's Joy of Satan ties. "Satanism," declared Blevins in his resignation letter, "affects the whole prime directive guiding the [NSM] – SURVIVAL OF THE WHITE RACE." [...] NSM was now a Noticeably Smaller Movement, one trailed in extremist circles by a strong whiff of Satanism and related charges of sexual impropriety associated with Joy of Satan initiation rites and curiously strong teen recruitment efforts.
• "National Socialist Movement". SPLCenter.org. Montgomery, Alabama: Southern Poverty Law Center. 2020. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2020.The NSM has had its share of movement scandal. In July 2006, it was rocked by revelations that co-founder and chairman emeritus Cliff Herrington's wife was the "High Priestess" of the Joy of Satan Ministry, and that her satanic church shared an address with the Tulsa, Okla., NSM chapter. The exposure of Herrington's wife's Satanist connections caused quite a stir, particularly among those NSM members who adhered to a racist (and heretical) variant of Christianity, Christian Identity. Before the dust settled, both Herringtons were forced out of NSM. Bill White, the neo-Nazi group's energetic spokesman, also quit, taking several NSM officials with him to create a new group, the American National Socialist Workers Party.
- ^ a b c "The National Socialist Movement". Adl.org. New York City: Anti-Defamation League. 2020. Archived from the original on September 22, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
- ^ Karkov, Catherine (2020). Disturbing Times Medieval Pasts, Reimagined Futures. Punctum Books. p. 323. ISBN 978-1950192755.
- ^ "Police Chief On Toledo Riots". October 17, 2005. Cbsnews.com.
- ^ "Hundreds Protest Neo-Nazi National Socialist Movement in Lansing". Media Mouse. April 24, 2006. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
- ^ "You are being redirected..." www.adl.org.
- ^ "National Socialist Movement unit adopts section of Missouri highway". Missourian. January 22, 2009. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
- ^ Cooper, Michael (June 20, 2009). "In Missouri, a Free Speech Fight Over a Highway Adoption". The New York Times. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "National Socialist Movement". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
- ^ "Units of the National Socialist Movement - America's Nazi Party". Nsm88.org. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "Neo-Nazi Convicted Of Vandalizing Jewish Cemetery". CBS Chicago News. December 3, 2010. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
- ^ "Neo-Nazi Mariusz Wdziekonski Gets Maximum Sentence For Defiling Jewish Graves". Huff Post. December 17, 2010. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
- ^ "Jeff Hall, a Neo-Nazi, Is Killed, and His Young Son is Charged" by Jesse McKinley, The New York Times, May 10, 2011
- ^ "Neo-Nazi running for office in Riverside County" by Tony Barboza, Los Angeles Times, October 19, 2010
- ^ "Witnesses describe mobs, some people claim racially-charged attacks - TODay's TMJ4". Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ Breann Schossow, "West Allis beefs up security outside State Fair", Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, August 9, 2011.
- ^ "Windows boarded up on West Allis City Hall ahead of rally - TODay's TMJ4". Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
- ^ "Affidavit: 2 Men with supremacist ties had weapons". Fox News. April 27, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
- ^ "More white supremacists move to Leith". Bismarck Tribune. October 23, 2013.
- ^ Narayan, Gary Tuchman,Chandrika (September 21, 2013). "Community plans to counter supremacist on mission to create 'white only' town". CNN.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Alman, Ashley (November 19, 2013). "Craig Cobb, White Supremacist, Arrested On 3 Counts Of Terrorizing". Huffington Post. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
- ^ "Craig Cobb". Southern Poverty Law Center.
- ^ "Several people stabbed during Neo-Nazi event in Sacramento". Fox News. June 26, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
- ^ "Stabbings amid chaos at Calif. "Nazi mega-rally"". CBS News. Associated Press. June 26, 2016. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
- ^ Kovaleski, Serge; Turkewitz, Julie; Goldstein, Joseph; Barry, Dan (December 10, 2016). "An Alt-Right Makeover Shrouds the Swastikas". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
- ^ Schoep, Jeff (November 4, 2016). "National Socialist Movement: Announcement". National Socialist Movement. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
- ^ Aja Romano (December 18, 2017). "At long last, Twitter has begun banning (some, not all) Nazis". Vox.
- ^ Christopher Mathias (December 18, 2017). "Twitter Has Started Its Messy 'Purge' Of Neo-Nazi And 'Alt-Right' Accounts". Huffington Post.
- ^ "Six More Defendants Settle Lawsuit Brought After "Unite the Right" Rally". Georgetown Law. May 16, 2018. Archived from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
- ^ "White nationalist rally in Arkansas". Reuters. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ a b c Palmer, Ewen (March 1, 2019) "Who is James Hart Stern? Black Man Who Leads Neo-Nazi Group Vows to Eradicate Them" Newsweek
- ^ a b Associated Press (February 28, 2019) "Neo-Nazi group's new leader is a black man who vows to dissolve it" NBC News
- ^ Weill, Kelly (March 16, 2019). "Neo-Nazi Allegedly Begged Black Activist to Take Over His Group: 'It's Affecting My Health'". The Daily Beast. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
- ^ "NSM: Public Release: 3-6-19". www.nsm88.org. Archived from the original on November 22, 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
- ^ "Jeff Schoep | Light Upon Light". November 2, 2019. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
- ^ Mettler, Katie. "The 'race whisperer'". The Washington Post.
- ^ Barrouquere, Brett. "NEO-NAZI GROUP NSM FACES NEW UPHEAVAL AFTER JAMES HART STERN'S DEATH". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
- ^ "25 Point Plan | The NSM". www.nsm88.org.
- ^ "Neo-Nazi leader arrested in Arizona for aggravated assault". Reuters. April 20, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
- ^ "You are being redirected..." www.adl.org. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "Lakeland man convicted of attacking Jewish man at neo-Nazi demonstration". April 5, 2024.
- ^ "You are being redirected..." www.adl.org. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "NSM Mobilization 2023 | the NSM".
- ^ Ingram, Sheldon (May 22, 2024). "Former white nationalist offers apology and seeks forgiveness for past lifestyle". WTAE. Retrieved July 9, 2024.
External links
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- Alt-right organizations
- Neo-Nazi political parties in the United States
- Political parties established in 1974
- Neo-Nazi organizations in the United States
- 1974 establishments in Minnesota
- Antisemitism in California
- Antisemitism in Florida
- Anti-communist parties
- Organizations that oppose LGBT rights in the United States
- White American culture in California
- White American culture in Florida
- Neo-fascist terrorism
- White nationalist terrorism