User:Mr. Ibrahem/Jackhammer esophagus
| Mr. Ibrahem/Jackhammer esophagus | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Nutcracker esophagus,[1] esophageal hypercontractility,[2] hypercontractile esophagus,[1] nutcracker achalasia |
| File:PMC5003212 gnl-10-859f1 (1).png | |
| Jackhammer esophagus with normal distal latency on esophageal high-resolution manometry | |
| Specialty | Gastroenterology |
| Symptoms | Difficulty swallowing, chest pain[3] |
| Complications | Achalasia[1] |
| Causes | Unknown[3] |
| Risk factors | Obesity, GERD[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Esophageal manometry[2] |
| Treatment | Proton pump inhibitors, hyoscine butylbromide, antidepressants, esophageal dilation, surgery[3] |
| Prognosis | Often resolves with time[3] |
| Frequency | Rare[1] |
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Jackhammer esophagus, previously known as nutcracker esophagus, is a condition in which there is excessively strong contractions of the esophagus.[1] Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, regurgitation, heart burn, and chest pain.[3] Complications may rarely include achalasia.[1]
The cause is unknown.[3] Risk factors include obesity and GERD.[3] While the esophageal contractions are excessive in strength, they remain coordinated.[2] Diagnosis is by esophageal manometry finding a distal contractile integral of more than 8,000 mmHg*s*cm or pressures exceeding 220 mmHg.[2] It is a type of esophageal motility disorder, along with achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm.[2]
Treatment options may include proton pump inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, hyoscine butylbromide, antidepressants, esophageal dilation, and surgery; however, evidence to support these is poor.[3][4] Often the condition resolves without specific measures.[3]
Jackhammer esophagus is rare.[1] It primarily affects those over the age of 60.[1] Males and females are affected equally frequently.[4] The condition was first described in the 1970s.[4] The term "nutcracker esophagus" comes from the increased pressures being likened to that created by a mechanical nutcracker.[5]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wilkinson, JM; Halland, M (1 September 2020). "Esophageal Motility Disorders". American family physician. 102 (5): 291–296. PMID 32866357.
- ^ a b c d e Roman, S; Kahrilas, PJ (March 2013). "Management of spastic disorders of the esophagus". Gastroenterology clinics of North America. 42 (1): 27–43. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2012.11.002. PMID 23452629.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Savarino, E; Smout, AJPM (November 2020). "The hypercontractile esophagus: Still a tough nut to crack". Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society. 32 (11): e14010. doi:10.1111/nmo.14010. PMID 33043556.
- ^ a b c Townsend, Courtney M.; Beauchamp, R. Daniel; Evers, B. Mark; Mattox, Kenneth L. (22 April 2016). Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1016. ISBN 978-0-323-40163-0. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ Madgaonkar, C. S.; CS, Madgaonkar (August 2011). Diagnosis: A Symptom-based Approach in Internal Medicine. JP Medical Ltd. p. 99. ISBN 978-93-80704-75-3. Archived from the original on 2022-07-23. Retrieved 2022-07-20.