Al'umma
al'umma (//səˈsaɪ Quin//) rukuni ne na mutane da ke da hannu a cikin hulɗar zamantakewa ko babban rukuni na zamantakewa da ke raba yanki ɗaya ko yankin zamantakewa, yawanci suna ƙarƙashin ikon siyasa iri ɗaya da tsammanin al'adu. Al'ummomi suna da al'adu dangantaka (dangantaka ta zamantakewa) tsakanin mutane waɗanda ke da al'ada da cibiyoyin na musamman; ana iya bayyana al'umma da aka ba ta azaman jimlar irin wannan dangantaka tsakanin membobinta.
Tsarin zamantakewa ɗan adam yana da rikitarwa kuma yana da hadin kai sosai, yana nuna ƙwarewar aiki ta hanyar Matsayi na zamantakewa. Al'ummomi suna gina matsayi da sauran alamu na halayyar ta hanyar la'akari da wasu ayyuka ko ra'ayoyin da aka yarda da su ko ba a yarda da su ba - waɗannan tsammanin game da halayyar a cikin al'umma an san su da ka'idojin al'umma. Har zuwa lokacin da yake hadin gwiwa, al'umma na iya ba membobinta damar amfana ta hanyoyin da in ba haka ba za su kasance da wahala a kan mutum.
Al'ummomi sun bambanta bisa ga matakin fasaha da nau'in ayyukan tattalin arziki. Manyan al'ummomi tare da manyan kayan abinci galibi suna nuna tsarin rarrabuwa ko rinjaye. Al'ummomi na iya samun nau'o'i daban-daban na gwamnati, hanyoyi daban-daban don fahimtar zumunci, da matsayi daban-daban tsakanin jinsi. Halin ɗan adam ya bambanta sosai tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban; mutane suna tsara al'umma, amma al'umma tana tsara mutane.
Magana da amfani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kalmar "al'umma" sau da yawa tana nufin babban rukuni na mutane a cikin al'umma mai tsari, a cikin ƙasa ko ƙasashe masu société da juna, ko kuma 'yanayin kasancewa tare da wasu mutane', misali "sun rayu a cikin al-umma ta zamani. " [1] Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga akalla 1513 kuma ta fito ne daga ƙarni na 12 na Faransa (Al'umma ta zamani) ma'anar 'kamfani'. [2] Societe ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Latin societas ('aboki,' 'haɗin kai', 'haɗin gwiwa'), wanda kuma ya samo asali daga sunan socius ("aboki, aboki, abokin tarayya"). [2]
Ra'ayoyi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]GoodA cikin ilmin halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mutane, tare da danginsu na kusa da Bonobos da chimpanzees, dabbobi ne masu yawan jama'a. Wannan mahallin halittu yana nuna cewa tushen zamantakewar da ake buƙata don kafa al'ummomi yana da wuya a cikin yanayin ɗan adam.[3] Al'ummar bil'adama suna da manyan digiri na hadin kai, kuma sun bambanta da muhimman hanyoyi daga kungiyoyin chimpanes da bonobos, gami da rawar iyaye na maza, [4] [5] amfani da harshe don sadarwa, [3] ƙwarewar aiki, [6] da kuma halin gina "nuts" (kayan zuhudu, gari, ko birane).
Wasu masana kimiyyar halittu, ciki har da masanin ilimin halittu E.O. Wilson, sun rarraba mutane a matsayin masu zaman kansu, suna sanya mutane tare da tururuwa a matakin mafi girma na zamantakewa a kan bakan da ke cikin ilimin dabba, kodayake wasu ba su yarda ba. Rayuwar rukuni na zamantakewa na iya samo asali ne a cikin mutane saboda Zaɓin rukuni a cikin mahalli na zahiri wanda ya sa rayuwa ta zama da wahala.[7]
A cikin ilimin zamantakewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin ilimin zamantakewa na Yamma, akwai manyan ka'idoji guda uku don fahimtar al'umma: aiki (wanda aka fi sani da tsarin aiki), ka'idar rikice-rikice, da Ma'amala ta alama.[8]
Ayyuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangane da makarantar tunani mai aiki, mutane a cikin al'umma suna aiki tare kamar gabobin jiki don ƙirƙirar halayyar da ta fitowa, wani lokacin ana kiranta da Sanin jama'a.[8] Masana ilimin zamantakewa na karni na 19 Auguste Comte da Emile Durkheim, alal misali, sun yi imanin cewa al'umma ta zama "mataki" na gaskiya, wanda ya bambanta da kwayoyin halitta da inorganic. Saboda haka dole ne a gina bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin wannan matakin, mutane ne kawai masu zama na ɗan lokaci na matsayi na zamantakewa.
Ka'idar rikici
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu ra'ayin rikice-rikice suna da akasin haka, kuma suna nuna cewa mutane da kungiyoyin zamantakewa ko ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin al'umma suna hulɗa bisa ga rikici maimakon yarjejeniya. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masanin rikice-rikice shine Karl Marx wanda ya yi tunanin al'umma kamar yadda yake aiki a kan "tushen" tattalin arziki tare da "babban tsari" na gwamnati, iyali, addini da al'adu. Marx ya yi jayayya cewa tushen tattalin arziki ya ƙayyade tsarin, kuma a cikin tarihi, canjin al'umma ya haifar da rikici tsakanin ma'aikata da wadanda suka mallaka hanyoyin samarwa.[8]
Ma'amala ta alama
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ma'amala ta alama ce ta ilimin zamantakewa wanda ke mai da hankali kan mutane da kuma yadda mutum ke da alaƙa da al'umma.[8] Masu hulɗa na alama suna nazarin amfani da mutane na harshe da aka raba don ƙirƙirar alamomi da ma'anoni na yau da kullun, kuma suna amfani da wannan tsarin tunani don fahimtar yadda mutane ke hulɗa don ƙirƙirar duniyoyi na alama, kuma bi da bi, yadda waɗannan duniyoyi ke tsara halayen mutum.
- ↑ "Meaning of society in English". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Society". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Goody, Jack (November–December 2005). "The Labyrinth of Kinship". New Left Review. II. London, UK (36): 127–139. ISSN 0028-6060. LCCN 63028333. OCLC 1605213. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Conerly, Holmes & Tamang 2021.