Space-time evolution of our universe is explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E = cDtDV), charges and energy density (|q| = r = cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The photon flat space with the constant energy density of r = cDt_q is proposed as the dark energy (DE). The dark energy is separated into the n DE and photon DE which create the new photon spaces with the constant energy density of r = cDt_q. The v DE is from the n pair production by the CPT symmetry and the photon DE is from the photon space pair production by the T symmetry. The vacuum energy crisis and Hubble’s constant puzzle are explained by the photon space with the n DE and photon DE. The big bang and inflation of the primary black hole is connected to the accelerated space expansion and big collapse of the photon space through the universe evolution. The big bang from the nothing is the pair production of the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes and particles.

In this paper, we study the weak deflection angle using Gauss-Bonnet theorem and bounding greybody factor for electric and magnetic black holes in the background of nonlinear electrodynamics. Using Gibbons and Werner's approach, first we acquire the Gaussian optical curvature to use in Gauss-Bonnet theorem and calculate the bending angle for spherically symmetric electric and magnetic black holes in both non-plasma and plasma mediums in the weak field limits. Later, we calculate the rigorous bounds of the greybody factor for the given black holes. Furthermore, we look into the graphical behaviour of bending angles and greybody bounds at some specific values of multiple parameters as well as black holes charges. It is to be mention here that all the results for the electric and magnetic charged black holes solutions reduce into the Schwarzschild black hole solution in the absence of the black holes charges.

In this work, we study gravitational lensing in the weak field limits and the shadow by charged black holes in non-linear electrodynamics corrections. To find the deflection angle in vacuum (non-plasma) up to the leading order terms, we compute the optical Gaussian curvature from optical metric and utilize the Gauss-Bonnet theorem by applying Gibbons and Werner’s technique. Also, we derive the bending angle in plasma and dark matter mediums and observe that the bending angle increases by increasing the effects of these mediums. Further, in vacuum and plasma mediums, we investigate the graphical behavior of the bending angle with respect to the impact parameter u and notice that the bending angle exponentially decreases. Moreover, we calculate the Hawking temperature using the Gauss-Bonnet theorem and compare it with a standard method of computing the Hawking temperature. Furthermore, we investigate the bound of the greybody factor and graphically examine that bound converges to the 1. We relate our obtained results with the results of black holes given in the literature. Finally, we have considered exploring the effect of NLED, plasma, and dark matter on the black hole’s shadow radius to broaden the study’s scope. Results for the shadow indicate that the three parameters give different deviations to the shadow radius. Interestingly, while plasma affects both the photonsphere and shadow, dark matter only influences the shadow.

We develop new theory from a broad case-study approach to explore a better understanding of what constitutes knowledge and its value as identifiable to human-machine teams. From past research, this trail of exploration will lead to these initial questions: What is the value of debate in the furtherance of knowledge? Will machines with AI be able to contribute to a debate if we humans cannot define it or determine its value sufficiently for a machine’s understanding, contribution, exploration and identification? Like humans, as teammates, machines must be able to determine with AI what constitutes the usable knowledge that contributes to a team’s success in the field (e.g., testing "knowledge" in the field, identifying new knowledge, using knowledge to develop innovation) or its failure (viz., trouble shooting; identifying weaknesses; discovering vulnerabilities, hiding by deception). It matters not whether a debate is public, private or unexpressed by an individual human or machine agent alone; we speculate in this exploration that the process advances the science of autonomous human-machine teams and assists in interpretable machine learning. We conclude with questions and a speculation: How does a human become aware or express its awareness of knowledge? Can a machine be as expressive as its human teammates? And how does a human-machine teammate become aware that its teammates possess sufficient knowledge to perform a task? We speculate that the structure of “knowledge," once found, is resistant to alternatives (i.e., it is ordered); that its functional utility is generalizable; and that its applications are multifaceted (akin to maximum entropy production). The complexity of the team is taken into consideration in our search for knowledge, which can also be used as an information metric.

The origins of the stellar mass neutron black holes and supermassive dark matter black holes without the singularities are reported based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The neutron black holes with the mass of m_BH = 5 – 15 m_sun are made by the 6-quark merged states (N_6q) of two neutrons with the mass (m(N_6q) = 10 m(n)) of 9.4 GeV/c² that gives the black hole mass gap of m_BH = 3 – 5 m_sun. Also, the supermassive black holes with the mass of m_SMBH = 10⁶ – 10¹¹ msun are made by the merged 3-D states (J(B1B2B3)₃ particles) of the dark matters. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky way galaxy has the mass of mSMBH = 4.1 10⁶ m_sun that is consistent with m_SMBH = 2.08 - 6.23 10⁶ m_sun calculated from the 3-D states (J(B1B2B3)₃ particles) of the dark matters with the mass of m(J) = 1.95 10¹⁵ eV/c². In other words, this supports the existence of the B1, B2 and B3 dark matters with the proposed masses. The first dark matter black hole (primary black hole) was created at the big bang. This first dark matter black hole decayed to the supermassive dark matter black holes through the secondary dark matter black holes that are explained by the merged states of the J(B1B2B3)₃ particles. The universe evolution is closely connected to the decaying process of the dark matter black holes since the big bang. The dark matter cloud states are proposed at the intermediate mass black hole range of m_IMBH = 10² – 10⁵ msun. This can explain why the dark matter black holes are not observed at the intermediate mass black hole range of m_IMBH = 10² – 10⁵ m_sun.

In this paper, we consider the formation of quantum black holes (QBHs) through a genuine quantum process. We treat particles at the Planck energy as QBHs. The Hawking temperature and entropy of QBHs are estimated. We also show that a QBH has a discrete energy spectrum. By analogy with supersymmetric theory, the mass of the superpartner of a QBH is estimated.

This paper seeks to fill in the gaps of modern relativistic Cosmology by utilizing the total symmetry between space and time dimensions and re-interpreting the scale factor of the Universe as a gravitational potential generated by the mass/energy of the entire Universe as a whole. The gradient of this potential is along the cosmological time dimension through which the Universe is falling. This gradient gives us an arrow of time, we find explanations for why the Universe began expanding and why the expansion is accelerating without the need for a Cosmological Constant. In a finite time, the gradient will point in the opposite direction of time turning the expanding Universe into a collapsing one where it is shown that when placing the Schwarzschild metric in the dynamic Cosmological background, gravity becomes repulsive and things like would-be Black Holes become White Holes. The model naturally describes a Universe and an anti-Universe (consisting of antimatter) moving in opposite directions of time that collide at the end of collapse, annihilating and subsequently pair producing two new Universes as the cycle begins again. It is shown that the model's Hubble diagram fits the currently available supernova and quasar data. It is found that Dark Matter can perhaps be understood as ordinary matter that is not connected to us with null geodesics.

Black hole temperature T_BH = T_P/2πd as a function of its Planck length real diameter multiplier d is derived from black hole surface gravity and Hawking temperature w.l.o.g. It is conjectured d = 1/2π describes primordial Big Bang singularity as in this case T_BH = T_P. A black hole interacts with the environment and observable black holes have uniquely defined Delaunay triangulations with a natural number of spherical triangles having Planck areas (bits), where a Planck triangle is active and has gravitational potential of -c² if all its vertices have black hole gravitational potential of -c²/2 and is inactive otherwise. As temporary distribution of active triangles on an event horizon tends to maximize Shannon entropy a black hole is a fundamental, one-sided thermodynamic equilibrium limit for a dissipative structure. Black hole blackbody radiation, informational capacity fluctuations, and quantum statistics are discussed. On the basis of the latter, wavelength bounds for BE, MB, and FD statistics are derived as a function of the diameter multiplier d. It is shown that black holes feature wave-particle duality only if d ≤ 8π, which also sets the maximum diameter of a totally collapsible black hole. This outlines the program for research of other nature phenomena that emit perfect blackbody radiation, such as neutron stars and white dwarfs.

Black hole collision produce gravitational radiation which is generally thought in a quantum limit to be gravitons. The stretched horizon of a black hole contains quantum information, or a form of quantum hair, which in a coalescence of black holes participates in the generation of gravitons. This may be facilitated with a Bohr-like approach to black hole (BH) quantum physics with quasi-normal mode (QNM) approach to BH quantum mechanics. Quantum gravity and quantum hair on event horizons is excited to higher energy in BH coalescence. The near horizon condition for two BHs right before collision is a deformed AdS spacetime. These excited states of BH quantum hair then relax with the production of gravitons. This is then argued to define RT entropy given by quantum hair on the horizons. These qubits of information from a BH coalescence should then appear in gravitational wave (GW) data. This is a form of the standard AdS/CF T correspondence and the Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) formula [1]. The foundations of physics is proposed to be quantum information and a duality between spacetime observables and quantum fields.

Due to limitation of the binding energy of a self-gravitating matter, the radius of a body is at least twice larger than the Schwarzschild radius. The total energy is adsorbed at the body surface, giving rise of a size-dependent surface tension. Since the Hawking temperature appears to be the critical one, the black holes possess zero surface tension. Microscopic neutrino stars are also introduced.

The model of an oscillating universe proposed by A. Friedmann in 1922 dominated cosmology for a long time. R. Tolman put forward a thermodynamic argument against the cyclic cosmological model, believing that entropy should accumulate from cycle to cycle. J. Bekenstein and S. Hawking discovered a tremendous amount of entropy associated with black holes. This discovery led to the conclusion that the majority of the Universe's entropy is contained in black holes. N. Poplawski considers a Universe that oscillates within a black hole. This paper analyzes the relationship between the entropy of black holes and the oscillating Universe inside a large black hole. It is demonstrated that the entropy of a black hole can only be defined for an external observer. For an observer inside the black hole, its entropy is zero. This opens up the possibility of constructing a cyclic cosmology in which entropy and the size of the visible part of the Universe change strictly periodically. This does not violate the second law of thermodynamics because the continuous accumulation of entropy from cycle to cycle pertains to the surface of the big black hole, which is invisible to the internal observer.

In this paper, we study quantum gravity effect on the symmergent black hole which is derived from quadratic-curvature gravity. To do so, we use the Klein-Gordon equation which is modified by generalized uncertainty principle (GUP). After solving the field equations, we examine the symmergent black hole's tunneling and Hawking temperature. We explore the graphs of the temperature through the outer horizon to check the GUP influenced conditions of symmergent black hole stability. We also explain how symmergent black holes behave physically when influenced by quantum gravity. The impacts of thermal fluctuations on the thermodynamics of a symmergent black holes spacetime are examined. We first evaluate the model under consideration's thermodynamic properties, such as its Hawking temperature, angular velocity, entropy, and electric potential. We evaluate the logarithmic correction terms for entropy around the equilibrium state in order to examine the impacts of thermal fluctuations. In the presence of these correction terms, we also examine the viability of the first law of thermodynamics. Finally, we evaluate the system's stability using the Hessian matrix and heat capacity. It is determined that a stable model is generated by logarithmic corrections arising from thermal fluctuations.

In this paper, we discuss optical properties of the topologically charged rotating black hole. We study the horizon, the photon region, the shadow of the black hole and other observables. The results show that in addition to the black hole spin parameter $a$, the other two parameters, five-dimensional mass parameter $\beta$ and electric charge $q$, are also found to affect the horzion, the photon region and the black hole shadow. In a certain range, with the increase of the three parameters, the horizon distance, shape of the photon region and the black hole shadow will all shrink. Moreover, with the increase of these three parameters, the distortion parameter $\delta_{s}$ gradually increases, while the peak of the black hole energy emission rate decreases.

In this article, we calculate the deflection angle of tidal charged black hole (TCBH) in weak field limits. First we obtain the Gaussian optical curvature and then apply the Gauss-Bonnet theorem on it. With the help of Gibbons-Werner method, we are able to calculate the light's deflection angle by TCBH in weak field limits. After calculating the deflection angle of light, we check the graphical behavior of TCBH. Moreover, we further find the light's deflection angle in the presence of plasma medium and also check the graphical behavior in the presence of plasma medium. Moreover, we investigate the shadow of TCBH.For calculating the shadow, we first find the null geodesics around the TCBH and then find its shadow radius. We also obtain TCBH's shadow in the plasma medium. Hence, we discuss the shadow of the TCBH using the $M87^{*}$ parameters announced by the Event Horizon Telescope.

We show how it is possible to define and study black holes of arbitrary shapes in the framework of Newtonian mechanics.

Black hole's quasinormal frequencies are basically the complex numbers which provide information about the relaxation of perturbations and depend on the characteristics of the spacetime and types of perturbations. In this paper, we evaluate the quasinormal modes of Hayward black hole in Einstein Gauss-Bonnet gravity, Hayward black hole in anti-de Sitter space (AdS) spacetime, and 4-dimensional black hole in Einstein-Lovelock gravity. By utilizing the WKB resonance technique, we examine the quasinormal modes frequencies $\omega$ by shifting the charge parameter $Q$ (it is also identified with the cosmological constant), circular harmonic index $l$, and mass of scalar field $m$. We also study the relaxation rate for those black holes and find out that the relaxation rate increases with increasing values of $Q$. We observe that real and imaginary components of the quasinormal modes are not linear functions as similar to Reisnner Nordstr\"{o}m-AdS. For large values of charge, quasinormal ringing becomes slower to settle down to thermal equilibrium and hence the frequency of the oscillation becomes smaller.

In this paper, we discuss the weak gravitational lensing in the context of stringy black holes. Initially, we examine the deflection angle of photon by charged stringy black hole. For this desire, we compute the Gaussian optical curvature and implement the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to investigate the deflection angle for spherically balanced spacetime of stringy black hole. We also analyze the influence of plasma medium in the weak gravitational lensing for stringy black hole. Moreover, the graphical impact of coupling constant $\alpha$, impact parameter $b$ , black hole charge $Q$ on deflection angle by charged stringy black hole has been studied in plasma as well as non-plasma medium.

The principles of causality and unitarity are studied within rational nonlinear electrodynamics proposed earlier. We investigate dyonic and magnetized black holes and show that in the self-dual case, when the electric charge equals the magnetic charge, corrections to Coulomb's law and Reissner-Nordstrom solutions are absent. In the case of the magnetic black hole, the Hawking temperature, the heat capacity and the Helmholtz free energy are calculated. It is shown that there are second-order phase transitions and it was demonstrated that at some range of parameters the black holes are stable.

Astrophysical accretion processes near the black hole candidates, such as active galactic nuclei (AGN), X-ray binary (XRB), and other astrophysical sources, are associated with high-energetic emission of radiation of relativistic particles and outflows (winds and/or jets). It is widely believed that the magnetic field plays a very important role to explain such high energetic processes in the vicinity of those astrophysical sources. In the present research note, we propose that the black hole is embedded in an asymptotically uniform magnetic field. We investigate the dynamical motion of charged particles in the vicinity of a weakly magnetized black hole. We show that in the presence of the magnetic field, the radius of the innermost stable circular orbits (ISCO) for a charged particle is located close to the black hole’s horizon. The fundamental frequencies, such as Keplerian and epicyclic frequencies of the charged particle are split into two parts due to the magnetic field, as an analog of the Zeeman effect. The orbital velocity of the charged particle measured by a local observer has been computed in the presence of the external magnetic field. We also present an analytical expression for the four-acceleration of the charged particle orbiting around black holes. Finally, we determine the intensity of the radiating charged accelerating relativistic particle orbiting around the magnetized black hole.

In this paper, we investigate the question of whether the generally accepted interpretation of the supermassive object in M87, investigated by EHT collaboration, is the only possible one. There are grounds for this, in particular, due to the detection of a magnetic field in its vicinity. For this purpose, the stability of self-gravitating objects is investigated based on the correct definition of the energy of gravitation in the framework of the bi-metric approach to the theory.

This paper presents one of the approaches to solution of the problem of the repulsion origin in gravity. The approach is based on the property of compactness characteristic for a self-gravitating object in General Relativity. Here we understand compactness as estimation of the upper boundary for mass such an object in a static two--dimensional sphere. Repulsion originates when this boundary is violated. The main hypothesis is formulated in the form of the principle of maximal mass within a two-dimensional static sphere. It is demonstrated that the principle is true for Schwarzschild black holes on absorption of the matter in the process of accretion, both in the classical case and with due regard for quantum-gravitational corrections. The results have been extended to black holes with the Schwarzschild-de Sitter metric in the early Universe. The applicability of the principle suggested is analyzed for the early and for the present Universe.

Is it possible to quantify in General Relativity, GR, the entropy generated by supermassive black holes, BHs, during its evaporation time, since the intrinsic Hawking radiation in the infinity that, although insignificant, is important in the effects on the thermal quantum atmosphere?The purpose was to develop a formula that allows us to measure the entropy generated during the evaporation time of different types of BHs of: i. remnant BH of the binary black holes’ merger, BBH: GW150914, GW151226 and LTV151012 detected by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), and ii. Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordström, Kerr and Kerr-Newman, and thus quantify in GR the “insignificant” quantum effects involved, in order to contribute to the validity of the generalized second law (GSL) that directly links the laws of black hole mechanics to the ordinary laws of thermodynamics, as a starting point for unifying quantum effects with GR. This formula could have some relationship with the detection of the shadow’s image of the event horizon of a BH.This formula was developed in dimensional analysis, using the constants of nature and the possible evaporation time of a black hole, to quantify the entropy generated during that time. The energy-stress tensor was calculated with the 4 metrics to obtain the material content and apply the proposed formula.The entropy of the evaporation time of BHs proved to be insignificant, its temperature is barely above absolute zero, however, the calculation of this type of entropy allows us to argue about the importance of the quantum effects of Hawking radiation mentioned by authors who have studied the quantum effects with arguments that are fundamentally based on the presence of the surrounding thermal atmosphere of the black hole.

The Einstein-Lovelock theory contains an infinite series of corrections to the Einstein term with an increasing power of the curvature. It is well-known that for large black holes the lowest (Gauss-Bonnet) term is the dominant one, while for smaller black holes higher curvature corrections become important. We will show that if one is limited by positive values of the coupling constants, then the dynamical instability of black holes serves as an effective cut-off of influence of higher curvature corrections in the 4D Einstein-Lovelock approach: the higher is the order of the Lovelock term, the smaller is the maximal value of the coupling constant allowing for stability, so that effectively only a first few orders can deform the observable values seemingly. For negative values of coupling constants this is not so, and, despite some suppression of higher order terms also occurs due to the decreasing threshold values of the coupling constant, this does not lead to an noticeable opportunity to neglect higher order corrections. In the case a lot of orders of Lovelock theory are taken into account, so that the black-hole solution depends on a great number of coupling constants, we propose a compact description of it in terms of only two or three parameters encoding all the observable values.

The Casimir effect can either work over very short distances or at very low temperatures. At the cosmic scale, we naturally deal with long distances, but at the same time, we encounter extraordinarily low temperatures, namely the CMB (Cosmic Microwave Background) tem- perature. Recently, there has been increased interest in the Casimir effect and its implications in cosmology. Here, we briefly demonstrate that the luminosity and radiation pressure of the CMB is mathematical identical to a theoretical Casimir effect within the Hubble sphere, or actually our solution seems to be valid for any Schwarzschild black hole. The Casimir effect forevery Schwarzschild black hole is identical. This also include the Hubble sphere if we treat it as a Schwarzschild black hole that is related to increased interest in black hole cosmology.

Assuming the Multiple Point Principle (MPP) as a new law of Nature, we considered the existence of the two degenerate vacua of the Universe: a) the first Electroweak (EW) vacuum at $v_1\approx 246$ GeV—“true vacuum”, and b) the second Planck scale “false vacuum” at $v_2 \sim 10^{18}$ GeV. In these vacua, we investigated different topological defects. The main aim of the paper is an investigation of the black-hole-hedgehogs configurations as defects of the false vacuum. In the framework of the $f(R)$ gravity, described by the Gravi-Weak unification model, we considered a black-hole solution, which corresponds to a “hedgehog”—global monopole, that has been “swallowed” by the black-hole with mass core $M_{BH}\sim 10^{18}$ GeV and radius $\delta\sim 10^{-21}$ GeV$^{-1}$. Considering the results of the hedgehog lattice theory in the framework of the $SU(2)$ Yang-Mills gauge-invariant theory with hedgehogs in the Wilson loops, we have used the critical value of temperature for the hedgehogs’ confinement phase ($T_c\sim 10^{18}$ GeV). This result gave us the possibility to conclude that the SM shows a new physics (with contributions of the $SU(2)$-triplet Higgs bosons) at the scale $\sim 10$ TeV. This theory predicts the stability of the EW-vacuum and the accuracy of the MPP.

The Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) is a useful method to derive analytical approximate solutions of black holes in modified gravity theories. In this paper, we study the Einstein-Weyl gravity coupled with Maxwell field, and obtain analytical approximation solutions for charged black holes by using the HAM. It is found that the analytical approximate solutions are sufficiently accurate in the entire spacetime outside the black hole's event horizon, and also consistent with numerical ones for charged black holes in the Einstein-Maxwell-Weyl gravity.

While the quantum realm seems hidden, it can also reach examples of infinite energy, especially when a part of space is roughly removed until it disappears, possibly forever. Since it follows that {\it Nothing } can enter a region where the space is missing, the quantum realm, as seen now in affine quantization, will automatically come to help everything else by creating colossal `quantum walls' that will ensure that everything stays out of all black holes. In this article, we show that the expanded quantum realm allows {\it Nothing} to ever fall into a black hole.

A bijective analysis is confirming, the expansion of universal space has never been directly observed, and this assumption is unproven thus far. The measurement of the gravitational redshift, which was confirmed using the Mossbauer experiment, proves only the gravitational redshift and nothing more because there is no causality between the gravitational redshift and hypothetical expansion. Thus, even if the universal space is assumed to expand, the gravitational redshift cannot be assumed to be proof of the expansion. In addition, the Doppler effect was never observed in an expanding space; thus, the claim that the cosmological redshift is partially caused by the Doppler effect, which is caused by the expansion of space, is an unproven assumption. Furthermore, the discovery of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation simply proves that the radiation is emitted by the entire universal space, but does not prove the existence of a recombination period. In evidence-based cosmology, every element in the model has a corresponding element in physical reality that is observed and measured. The evidence-based cosmology model is related to the real universe by a bijective function of set theory. Supermassive black holes in the centre of galaxies are rejuvenating systems of the universe. They rotate their local superfluid space which is the physical origin of galactic rotation curves.

It is proven that the Clapeyron-Mendeleev equation, originally discovered for gases with large entropy, describes the state of dark matter and energy due to enormous self-gravitation. It is shown that the dark matter exists as compact cold neutrino stars at positive temperature with size twice the Schwarzschild radius. In contrast, the dark energy is dark matter at temperature below the absolute zero, which is locked entirely in black holes, where the pressure is negative as required for the Universe intrinsic expansion. The derived dark phase diagram predicts negative critical temperatures for the Big Bang and the Big Rip of black holes.

The principal objective of this project is to investigate the gravitational lensing by asymptotically flat black holes in the framework of Horndeski theory in weak field limits. To achieve this objective, we utilize the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to the optical geometry of asymptotically flat black holes and applying the Gibbons-Werner technique to achieve the deflection angle of photons in weak field limits. Subsequently, we manifest the influence of plasma medium on deflection of photons by asymptotically flat black holes in the context of Horndeski theory. We also examine the graphical impact of deflection angle on asymptotically flat black holes in the background of Horndeski theory in plasma as well as non-plasma medium.

We study the light rays in a static and spherically symmetric gravitational field of null aether theory (NAT). To this end, we employ the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to compute the deflection angle by a NAT black hole in the weak limit approximation. Using the optical metrics of the NAT black hole, we first obtain the Gaussian curvature and then calculate the leading terms of the deflection angle. Our calculations show how gravitational lensing is affected by the NAT field. We also show once again that the bending of light stems from a global and topological effect.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for one-sixth of deaths, globally, whereas cancer is the second leading cause of death in the U.S. T2DM is a known risk factor for many cancers. This review examines the link of Reactive oxygen Species (ROS)-altered metabolic and signaling pathways in T2DM to cancer. These reprogrammed metabolic and signaling pathways are activated that contribute to diabetic complications, impact redox balance (Oxidative Stress), and have differential roles in early and late stages of cancer. If the respiratory chain is highly reduced (as under hyperglycemic conditions) or if reduced cofactors accumulate, ROS are greatly elevated. ROS may cause mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that result in further ROS elevation. Amplification of ROS results in activation of PKC, an overarching signaling pathway that activates MAPK with subsequent regulation of several factors that result in pathophysiological manifestations of T2DM and cancer. Upregulation of PKC leads to deregulation of NF-kß that regulates the PKB/P13/Akt pathway that orchestrates cell survival, growth, proliferation, and glucose metabolism manifested in cancer. It also affects Insulin Receptor Substrate (IRS-1), decreasing insulin stimulated glucose transport and glucose uptake, disrupting subsequent cell signaling pathways contributing to the development of T2DM. Dyslipidemia is a hallmark of T2DM and cancer. ROS-induced lipid peroxidation leads to systemic inflammation, producing inflammatory prostaglandins, cytokines and chemokines that result in tumor proliferation, rapid tumor growth, and modulation of immunity. The dual role of ROS in early and late stages of cancer make antioxidant therapy precarious and may be responsible for controversial results. A system that delivers an antioxidant directly to mitochondria may be useful in inhibiting formation of ROS early during the pre-diabetic stage whereas antioxidant therapy must be halted in later stages to retard metastasis.

Recently massless test scalar field perturbations of the holonomy corrected black holes [Z. Moreira et. al. Phys. Rev. D 107 (2023) 10, 104016] were studied in order to estimate quantum corrections to the quasinormal spectrum of a black hole. Here we study both the fundamental mode and overtones of scalar, electromagnetic and Dirac fields with the help of the Leaver method and higher order WKB formula with Pad\'e approximants. We observe that the overtones depend on the geometry near the event horizon, while the fundamental mode is localized near the peak of the potential barrier, what agrees with previous studies. We showed that unlike a massless field, the massive one possesses arbitrarily long lived modes. We also obtain the analytical eikonal formula for quasinormal modes and its extension beyond eikonal approximation as a series in powers of $1/\ell$, where $\ell$ is the multipole number.

In this project, our foremost intention is to analyze the angle of deflection of photon by NED black holes with many horizons in the context of non-linear electrodynamics. For the accomplishment of our intention at first we manipulated the optical metric of the desired black holes for the calculation of Gaussian curvature. After that, the angle of deflection in leading orders is attained from the desired black holes in weak field limit by using the famous Gauss-Bonnet theorem. Moreover, we evince the effect of plasma medium on the angle of deflection. At last, the graphical impact of the angle of deflection for NED black holes with many horizons is examined with respect to black hole charge and impact parameter in both the plasma and non plasma medium. In addition, we discuss the rigorous bound for grey body factor of the desired black hole and also observer its graphical behavior.

In this work, we present some results related with the issue of the Loop Quantum Black Holes (LQBH) thermodynamics by the use of the tunneling radiation formalism. The information loss paradox is also discussed in this context, where we have considered the influence of back reaction effects.

In this paper, we analyze the Hawking radiation phenomenon for types of Banados-Teitelboim-Zanelli-like (BTZ-like) black holes. For this purpose, using the Hamilton-Jacobi method, we consider semi-classical WKB approximation to calculate the tunneling probabilities of massive boson particles. For these particles, we use the equation of motion for the Glashow-Weinberg-Salam model. Using quantum tunneling process of charged massive bossons, we compute the corresponding Hawking temperatures. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of rotation parameter on tunneling probability and temperature.

Thermodynamics and phase transitions of magnetic Anti-de Sitter black holes are studied. We consider an extended phase space thermodynamics with the cosmological constant being a thermodynamic pressure and the black hole mass is treated as a chemical enthalpy. The extended phase space thermodynamics of black holes mimics the behavior of the Van der Walls liquid. Quantities conjugated to the coupling of nonlinear electrodynamics (NED) and a magnetic charge are obtained. Thermodynamic critical points of phase transitions are investigated. It is demonstrated that the first law of black hole thermodynamics and the generalized Smarr relation take place. The Joule--Thomson adiabatic expansion of NED-AdS black holes is studied. The dependence of inversion temperature on pressure and the minimum of inversion temperature are found.

In this paper, we explore the black hole solutions with the rainbow deformed metric in the presence of the exponential form of the nonlinear electrodynamics with asymptotic Reissner- Nordstr ̈om properties. We calculate the exact solution of metric function and explore the geometri- cal properties in the background of massive gravity. From the obtained solution, the existence of the singularity is confirmed in proper limits. Using the solutions we also investigate the thermodynamic properties of the solutions by checking the validity of the first law of thermodynamics. Continuing the thermodynamic study, we investigate the conditions under which the system is thermally stable from the heat capacity and the Gibbs free energy. We also discuss the possible phase transition and the criticality of the system. It was found that the quantum gravitational effects of gravity’s rain- bow render the thermodynamic system stable in the vicinity of the singularity. Hence, we obtained a first order phase transition which is interpreted as the large/small black hole phase transition. From the equation of state it was found that after diverging at the singularity, the system evolves asymptotically into pressure-less dust as one moves away from the central singularity. We also calculated the quantum work using the change of the Helmholtz free energy.

The understanding of black holes in loop quantum gravity is becoming increasingly accurate. This review focuses on the possible experimental or observational consequences of the underlying spinfoam structure of space-time. It adresses both the aspects associated with the Hawking evaporation and the ones due to the possible existence of a bounce. Finally, consequences for dark matter and gravitational waves are considered.

We study the problem of a spherically-symmetric distribution of a perfect relativistic fluid accreting onto a (potentially spinning) black hole within a fully discrete spacetime setting. This problem has previously been studied extensively in the context of continuum spacetimes, beginning with the purely analytic work of Bondi in the spherically-symmetric Newtonian case, Michel in the spherically-symmetric general relativistic case, and Petrich, Shapiro and Teukolsky in the axially-symmetric general relativistic case relevant for spinning black holes. However, the purpose of the present work is to determine the effect of discretization of the underlying spacetime upon the mass/energy and momentum accretion rates, the overall morphology and characteristics of the accretion flow, and the drag force exerted on the black hole in the case of non-zero spin. In order to achieve this, we first develop a novel formulation of the equations of general relativistic hydrodynamics that is more directly amenable to rigorous analysis within a discrete spacetime setting, and we then proceed to implement this formulation into the \textsc{Gravitas} computational general relativity framework. Through a combination of mathematical analysis and explicit numerical simulation in \textsc{Gravitas}, we discover that the mass/energy and momentum accretion rates both decrease monotonically as functions of the underlying spacetime discretization scale, with this effect becoming more pronounced for higher values of the black hole spin parameter, higher fluid temperatures, and stiffer equation of state parameters. We also find that the exerted drag force is highly sensitive to the value of the underlying discretization scale in the case of spinning black hole spacetimes, with certain instabilities becoming significantly more pronounced at certain critical values of the discretization parameter. We discuss some potentially observable consequences of these results, as well as some directions for future theoretical investigation.

In this work, the author employs the quantum hydrodynamic formalism to achieve the geometrization of spacetime for describing the gravitational interaction within the framework of quantum theory. This approach allows for the development of an equation of gravity that is mathematically connected to the fermion and boson fields. This achievement is accomplished by incorporating two fundamental principles: covariance of the quantum field equations and the principle of least action. By considering these principles, a theory is established that enables the calculation of gravitational corrections to Quantum Electrodynamics, and potentially, to the standard model of particle physics as well. The theory also provides an explanation for two phenomena: the existence of a cosmological pressure density similar to quintessence, that is compatible with the small value of the observed cosmological constant, and the breaking of matter-antimatter symmetry at high energies offering insights into why there is an imbalance between the two in the early universe. In the cosmological modeling of the theory, there exists a proposal to account for the formation of supermassive black holes that are accompanied by their own surrounding galaxies, without relying on the process of mass accretion. The model, in accordance with recent observations conducted by the James Webb Space Telescope, supports the notion that galactic configurations were established relatively early in the history of the universe, shortly after the occurrence of the Big Bang.

This letter aims to show the connection between the sinc approximation for high-energy absorption cross section and the shadow radius of the spherically symmetric black hole. This connection can give a physical interpretation of the absorption cross section in the eikonal limit parameters. Moreover, the use of this alternative way, one can extract its shadow radius from the absorption cross section in high energy limits to gain more information about the black hole spacetime. Our results indicate that the increasing the value of the shadow radius of the black hole, exponentially increase the the absorption cross section of the black hole in high-energy limits which can be captured by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration.

In this review, various researches on finding the bending angle of light deflected by a massive gravitating object which regard the Gauss-Bonnet theorem as the premise have been revised. Primarily, the Gibbons and Werner method is studied apropos of the gravitational lensing phenomenon in the weak field limits. Some exclusive instances are deliberated while calculating the deflection angle, beginning with the finite-distance corrections on non-asymptotically flat spacetimes. Effects of plasma medium is then inspected to observe its contribution to the deflection angle. Finally, the Jacobi metric is explored as an alternative method, only to arrive at similar results. All of the cases are probed in three constructs, one as a generic statement of explanation, one for black holes, and one for wormholes, so as to gain a perspective on every kind of influence.

The black hole information paradox is one of the most puzzling paradoxes in physics. Black holes trap everything that falls into them, while their mass may leak away through purely thermal Hawking radiation. When a black hole vanishes, all the information locked inside, if any, is just lost, thus challenging the principles of quantum mechanics. However, some information does have a way to escape from inside the black hole, that is, through gravitational waves. Here, a concise extension of this notion is introduced. When a black hole swallows something, whether it is a smaller black hole or an atom, the system emits gravitational waves carrying the information about the “food”. Although most of the signals are too weak to be detected, the information encoded within them will persist in the universe. This speculation provides an explanation for a large part, if not all, of the supposed “information loss” in black holes, and thus reconciles the predictions of general relativity and quantum mechanics.

We show that perturbations of a scalar field in the background of the black hole obtained with the Starobinsky-Bel-Robinson Gravity is unstable unless the dimensionless coupling $\beta$ describing the compactification of M-theory is small enough. In the sector of stability quasinormal spectrum show peculiar behavior both in the frequency and time domains: the ringing consists of two stages where two different modes dominate. The WKB method does not reproduce part of the spectrum including the fundamental mode, which is responsible for the first stage of the ringing. Consequently, the correspondence between the eikonal quasinormal modes and null geodesics allows to reproduce only part of the eikonal spectrum. The frequencies are obtained with the help of three methods (Frobenius, WKB and time-domain integration) with excellent agreement among them.

We considered the hypothesis that the sources of dark energy (DE) could be black holes (BHs) or more exotic objects, such as naked singularities or gravastars. We proposed a definition of the presence of DE in the Universe and a criterion for what can be considered the source of this dark energy. It is based on the idea of the accelerated expansion of the Universe, which requires antigravity caused by large negative pressure. A recently proposed hypothesis was examined that mass of BHs increases with time according to the same law as the volume of the part of the Universe containing it and the population of BHs can mimic DE. We demonstrate the reasons why it cannot be accepted, even if all the assumptions on which this hypothesis is based are considered true.

Given the AdS/CFT relationship, the study of higher-dimensional AdS black holes is extremely important. Furthermore, since the restriction derived from $f(Q)$'s field equations which prevents it from deriving spherically symmetric black hole solutions, the result is either $Q'=0$ or $f_{QQ}=0$. We derive static anti-de-Sitter black holes in $D$-dimensions using the cylindrical coordinate in the framework of the cubic form of $f(Q)$ gravity, where the coincident gauge condition is imposed \cite{Heisenberg:2023lru,Maurya:2023muz}. Within this study we are going to use the power-law ansatz which is the most viable according to observations where $f(Q)=Q+\frac{1}2\gamma Q^2+\frac{1}3\gamma Q^3-2\Lambda$, and the condition $D \geq 4$ is satisfied. Since these solutions lack a general relativity limit, they belong to a brand-new solution class, the characteristics of which are derived only from the non-metricity $Q$ modification. We investigate the singularities of the solutions by computing the values of different curvature and non-metricity invariants. We discover that the solutions indeed have a central singularity, but because of the f(Q) impact, it is softer than in the typical general relativity case. In conclusion, we compute thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy, Hawking temperature, and entropy. These thermodynamic calculations confirm that our model is stable.

The paper proposes a theoretical study that investigates the quantum effects on the gravity of black holes. The study utilizes a gravitational model that incorporates quantum mechanics derived from the classical-like quantum hydrodynamic representation. The research calculates the mass density distribution of quantum black holes, specifically in the case of central symmetry. The gravity of the quantum black hole shows contributions coming from the quantum potential energy, which is also sensitive to the presence of the background of gravitational noise. The additional energy, stored in the quantum potential fluctuations and constituting a form of dark energy, leads to a repulsive gravity in the weak gravity limit. This repulsive gravity overcomes the attractive classical Newtonian force at large distances of order of the intergalactic length.

In this article, we demonstrate the weak gravitational lensing in the context of Bocharova-Bronnikove-Melnikov-Bekenstein (BBMB) black hole. To this desire, we derive the deflection angle of light in a plasma medium by BBMB black hole using the Gibbons and Werner method. First, we obtain the Gaussian optical curvature and implement the Gauss-Bonnet theorem to investigate the deflection angle for spherically symmetric spacetime of BBMB black hole. Moreover, we also analyze the graphical behavior of deflection angle by BBMB black hole in the presence of plasma medium.

Using the principle of equivalence, it has recently been shown that the electrostatic field lines of a charge, stationary in the gravitational field, bend exactly like the trajectories of photons emitted isotropically from a source at the charge location and that the fraction of electric flux crossing a surface `below' or `above' the charge is exactly similar to the fraction of photon trajectories intersecting these surfaces, with more flux in the downward direction than upward. As one goes much deeper in the gravitational field, all electric field lines increasingly point in the vertically downward direction as is also the case for a stream of photons. Since photon trajectories as well as electric field lines, at any location in the gravitational field, are affected by the local space-time curvature an inference can be drawn that this parallel between the photon trajectories and the electric field lines is a general result. We could then apply these results in the external gravitational field of a black hole, where the trajectories of photons in the gravitational field are already well-known and the behaviour of electric field lines of a stationary charge could be inferred therefrom. Accordingly, we show that the electric field through an external spherical surface surrounding the black hole steadily reduces as the charge location approaches the event horizon (Schwarzschild radius), and like photons from a source inside the Schwarzschild radius cannot escape outside, the electric field lines of a charge within the black hole too remain trapped inside the event horizon. From this one arrives at a conclusion that, contrary to the conventional wisdom, the electric charge contained inside a static black hole cannot be detected or inferred by an external observer. A black hole, said to have no hair with the only external identifying characteristics being mass, electric charge, and angular momentum, is therefore all the more `hairless', as even its charge cannot be ascertained. The derivation of the Reissner-Nordström metric, supposedly describing the gravitational field of a static charged black hole, presumes an external stress-energy tensor of the electrostatic field, as per Gauss law, even for the charges contained within the black hole. However, the absence of electric flux external to a static charged black hole implies that such a charged black hole is not described correctly by the Reissner-Nordström metric and the consequential peculiarities of the space-time geometry, leading in specific cases to the idea of a naked intrinsic singularity and a need for the ``cosmic censorship'' hypothesis, also do not arise here.

In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), cervical cancer is a critical public health issue; it is the second leading cause of cancer among women and the leading cause of female cancer deaths. Incidence and mortality rates are substantially higher than in high-income countries with population-based screening programs, yet implementing screening programs in SSA has so far proven to be challenging due to financial, logistical and sociocultural factors. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is an effective approach for primary prevention of cervical cancer and presents an opportunity to reduce the burden from cervical cancer in SSA. With a number of SSA countries now eligible for GAVI support for vaccine introduction, it is timely to consider the factors that impede and facilitate implementation of vaccine programs in SSA. This article reviews the epidemiological and clinical features of cervical cancer in SSA and describes the current status of HPV vaccine implementation in SSA countries. The review considers the challenges that will need to be addressed, and effective approaches to the design and implementation of HPV vaccination programs, using Rwanda as a case study. The review aims to provide suggestions and guidance to those involved in the development and implementation of HPV vaccination programs in SSA.

Space-time evolution is briefly explained by using the 3-dimensional quantized space model (TQSM) based on the 4-dimensional (4-D) Euclidean space. The energy (E=cDtDV), charges (|q|= cDt) and absolute time (ct) are newly defined based on the 4-D Euclidean space. The big bang is understood by the space-time evolution of the 4-D Euclidean space but not by the sudden 4-D Minkowski space-time creation. The big bang process created the matter universe with the positive energy and the partner anti-matter universe with the negative energy from the CPT symmetry. Our universe is the matter universe with the negative charges of electric charge (EC), lepton charge (LC) and color charge (CC). This first universe is made of three dark matter -, lepton -, and quark - primary black holes with the huge negative charges which cause the Coulomb repulsive forces much bigger than the gravitational forces. The huge Coulomb forces induce the inflation of the primary black holes, that decay to the super-massive black holes. The dark matter super-massive black holes surrounded by the normal matters and dark matters make the galaxies and galaxy clusters. The spiral arms of galaxies are closely related to the decay of the 3-D charged normal matter black holes to the 1-D charged normal matter black holes. The elementary leptons and quarks are created by the decay of the normal matter charged black holes, that is caused by the Coulomb forces much stronger than the gravitational forces. The Coulomb forces are very weak with the very small Coulomb constants (k₁(EC) = k_dd(EC) ) for the dark matters and very strong with the very big Coulomb constants (k₂(EC) = k_nn(EC)) for the normal matters because of the non-communication of the photons between the dark matters and normal matters. The photons are charge dependent and mass independent. But the dark matters and normal matters have the similar and very weak gravitational forces because of the communication of the gravitons between the dark matters and normal matters. The gravitons are charge independent and mass dependent. Note that the three kinds of charges (EC, LC and CC) and one kind of mass (m) exist in our matter universe. The dark matters, leptons and quarks have the charge configurations of (EC), (EC,LC) and (EC,LC,CC), respectively. Partial masses of elementary fermions are calculated, and the proton spin crisis is explained. The charged black holes are not the singularities.

This review is a first attempt at bringing together various concepts from research on wall- and magnetically-bounded turbulent flows. Brief reviews of both fields are provided: The main similarities identified are coherent (turbulent) structures, flow generation and transport barriers. Examples are provided and discussed.

In this work, we examine the deflection angle of black hole in effective loop quantum gravity in non-plasma medium via the geometrical technique of Gibbons and Werner in weak field limits. For this, we attain the optical metric and calculate the Gaussian optical curvature and then we apply the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. We also study the influence of the plasma and dark matter mediums on the deflection angle. Further, we obtain the deflection angle by using Keeton and Petters method. We also calculate the Hawking temperature via Gauss-Bonnet theorem. In addition, we determine the fermionic greybody bounds. Moreover, we discuss the graphical behaviour of the bending angle and bounds on the greybody factor. We also examine that the results obtained for the black hole in effective loop quantum gravity are reduces to the Schwarzschild black hole solutions when dimensionless non-negative parameter $A_{\lambda}=0$.

In this paper, we study the gravitational lensing by some black hole classes within the non-linear electrodynamics in weak field limits. First, we calculate an optical geometry of the non-linear electrodynamics black hole then we use the Gauss-Bonnet theorem for finding deflection angle in weak field limits. The effect of non-linear electrodynamics on the deflection angle in leading order terms is studied. Furthermore, we discuss the effects of the plasma medium on the weak deflection angle.

Maxwell's fish eye has been known to be a perfect lens in optics. In this letter, using the Gibbons-Werner method, namely Gauss-Bonnet theorem on optical geometry of black hole, we extend the calculation of the weak gravitational lensing within the Maxwell's fisheye as a perfect lensing in medium composed of an isotropic refractive index that near-field information can be obtained from far-field distances. Moreover, these results provide an excellent tool to observe compact massive object by weak gravitational lensing within the dark matter medium and to understand the nature of the dark matter that may effect the gravitational waves. Moreover, we show that Gauss-Bonnet theorem is a global effect and this method can be used as a new tool on any optical geometry of compact objects in dark matter medium.

In this paper, we are interested in a model of exact asymptotically flat charged hairy black holes in the background of dilaton potential. We study the weak gravitational lensing in the spacetime of hairy black hole in Einstein-Maxwell theory with a non-minimally coupled dilaton and its non-trivial potential. In doing so, we use the optical geometry of the flat charged hairy black hole for some range of parameter $\gamma$. For this purpose, by using Gauss-Bonnet theorem, we obtain the deflection angle of photon in a spherically symmetric and asymptotically flat spacetime. Moreover, we also investigate the impact of plasma medium on weak gravitational lensing by asymptotically flat charged hairy black hole with a dilaton potential. Our analytically analyses show the effect of the hair on the deflection angle in weak field limits.

We study here what can be learned from our experience with COVID-19 vaccination for an initially naïve population, that can inform planning for vaccination against the next novel, highly transmissible pathogen. We focus on the first two pandemic years (wild strain through Delta), because after the Omicron wave in early 2022, few people were still SARS-CoV-2-naïve. Almost all were vaccinated, infected, or often both. We review the evidence on COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE), waning effectiveness over time, and what we should expect about VE and waning from a future pathogen. As a basis for our analysis, we conducted a PRISMA-compliant review of all studies on PubMed through August 15, 2022 reporting VE against four endpoints: any infection, symptomatic infection, hospitalization, and death, for the four principal vaccines used in developed Western countries (BNT162b2, mRNA1273, Ad26.CoV2.S, and ChAdOx1-S). The mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA1273) had high initial VE against all endpoints but protection waned after approximately six months, with BNT162b2 declining faster than mRNA1273. Both mRNA vaccines initially outperformed the viral vector vaccines. A third “booster” dose, roughly six months after the primary doses, substantially reduced symptomatic infection, severe disease, and mortality, and in hindsight should be seen as part of the normal vaccination schedule.

We describe a model of neurological disease based on dysfunctional brain oscillators. This is not a new model, but it is not one that is generally appreciated by clinicians. The value of this model lies in the predictions it makes and the utility it provides in translational applications, in particular for neuromodulation devices. We provide a perspective on the difference between neuromodulation devices that enforce an externally administered stimulus with devices that provide input to sensory receptors and thus stimulate endogenous sensory networks. Current forms of clinically applied neuromodulation are of the former type, including devices such as (implanted) deep brain stimulators (DBS) and various, noninvasive methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial current methods (tACS, tDCS). The challenge with these methods is that they are not sensitive to underlying neuronal dynamics and work by applying an empirically derived electrical current waveform to affect dynamical patterns. Neuromodulation of a sensory organ accesses the same pathways that natural environmental stimuli do and, importantly, the modulatory signal will be transformed as it travels through the brain, allowing the modulation input to be consistent with regional dynamics. We present specific examples of devices that rely on sensory neuromodulation and evaluate the translational potential of these approaches. We argue that sensory neuromodulation is well suited to probe and, ideally, repair dysfunctional brain oscillators, thus providing a novel therapeutic approach for neurological diseases.

Biochemical compositions of black carpenter ants (Camponotus pennsylvanicus) were analyzed using standard methods. The proximate composition (%) were as follows: crude protein (22.50), crude fibre (1.46), carbohydrate by difference (30.86) and energy (35.4Kcal). The predominant mineral was potassium and nickel was the least. The antinutritional properties (mgkg^-1) ranged as follows: Oxalate (1.35), phytate (62.79), and tannins (0.72). The results suggested that the ant may be a good source of nutrition.

Prestressed concrete sleepers (or railroad ties) are principally designed in order to carry wheel loads from the rails to the ground of railway tracks. Their design takes into account static and dynamic loading conditions. In spite of the most common use of the prestressed concrete crossties in railway tracks, there have always been many demands from rail engineers to improve serviceability and functionality of concrete crossties. For example, signaling, fiber optic, equipment cables are often damaged either by ballast corners or by tamping machine. There has been a need to re-design concrete crosstie to cater cables internally so that they would not experience detrimental or harsh environments. Also, many concrete crossties need a retrofit for automatic train control device and similar signaling equipment. In contrast, the effects of holes and web openings on structural capacity of concrete crossties have not been thoroughly investigated. This paper accordingly highlights the effect of holes and web openings on the toughness and ductility of concrete crossties. The outcome of this research enables better decision making process for retrofiting prestressed concrete crossties with holes and web opening in practice.

A systematic study has been conducted on barbiturate complexes of all five alkali metals Li–Cs prepared from the metal carbonates or hydroxide in aqueous solution without other potential ligands present, varying the stoichiometric ratio of metal ion to barbituric acid (BAH). Eight polymeric compounds (two each for Na, K, and Rb and one each for Li and Cs) have been characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. All contain some combination of barbiturate anion BA− (necessarily in a 1:1 ratio with the metal cation M+), barbituric acid, and water. All organic species and water molecules are coordinated to the metal centres via oxygen atoms as either terminal or bridging ligands. Coordination numbers range from 4 (for the Li complex) to 8 (for the Cs complex). Extensive hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in all the crystal structures, almost all of which include pairs of N–H…O hydrogen bonds linking BA− and/or BAH components into ribbons extending in one dimension. Factors influencing the structure adopted by each compound include cation size and reaction stoichiometry as well as hydrogen bonding.

In this paper, we argue that one can calculate the weak deflection angle in the background of Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton-Axion black hole using the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. To support this, the optical geometry of the black hole with the Gibbons-Werner method are used to obtain the deflection angle of light in the weak field limits. Moreover, we investigate the effect of a plasma medium on deflection of light for a given black hole. Because of dilaton and axion are one of the candidate of the dark matter, it can give us a hint on observation of dark matter which is supported the black hole. Hence we demonstrate the observational viability via showing the effect of the dark matter on the weak deflection angle.

In the last decades the primordial black holes ({\bf pbhs}) have attracted much attention of cosmologists and astrophysicists. This is associated with origination of such black holes in the early Universe as a result of a gravitational collapse of the high-density matter, making them natural ''detectors'' of the processes involved. In inflationary cosmology of particular importance are {\bf pbhs} originated during the pre-inflationary period. And, since they are small and generated at the energies close to the Planck energies, for them we should take into consideration the quantum-gravitational corrections ({\bf qgcs}). In turn, these corrections change (shift) the inflationary parameters. The paper presents a study of the above-mentioned shifts with regard to these corrections for different scenarios. It is shown that probabilities of occurrence of the {\bf pbhs} under study with due regard for the given {\bf qgcs} are rising as compared to the semiclassical consideration. Besides, high-energy deformations of Friedmann Equations created on the basis of these corrections have been derived for different patterns. Conclusion contains the general remarks concerning the above-mentioned {\bf qgcs} for cosmological parameters and perturbations due to inflation; the steps for their investigation are outlined and the key problems of such a study are formulated.

This interdisciplinary work presents a novel patent pending method of inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) fusion called the Nuclear Electromagnetic Shaping Accelerator Reactor (NESAR) that addresses all of the major failure problems with currently known methods of IEC fusion. A brief background of previous IEC methods that generate a negative potential well to accelerate ions for fusion will be reviewed and compared to the NESAR method of magnetic confinement. In addition, a direct comparison will be presented between the NESAR and the tokamak method of fusion. The NESAR method of fusion obtains the plasma oscillation and compression capabilities of a tokamak without producing the catastrophic magnetic reconnection disruptions that currently plague tokamaks. Since the NESAR can oscillate charged particles comparable to the tokamak, this work will briefly review the history of the tokamak, how sawtooth magnetic reconnection occurs, and how the NESAR precludes the occurrence of magnetic reconnection. This work will also review the beginnings of a novel unified field theory that has obtained interest from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). This unified field theory is based upon the trajectory of charged particle movements within the NESAR, which is the only concept of magnetic confinement in the world that may allow charge particles to collectively interact relatively to a solitary location. Due to this possible capability, the confined charged particles have the potential to experience curved trajectories; allowing for the effects of curvature deviation to be placed upon the charged particle within the magnetic confines of the NESAR. If charged particles can experience curvature deviation then deviated acceleration is generated; allowing the electromagnet field to be propelled to a higher spatial dimension that could influence spacetime. Finally, this work will review another theory that explains how magnetic pole reversals are observed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) coiled magnetic field detectors. This theory requires little to no postulations to be framed and it is purely based upon the trajectory of charged particles within the NESAR, Michael Faraday’s law of induction, and experimental observations of rotating plasmas.

The properties of the charged dark matters are discussed in terms of the new three-dimensional quantized space model. Because of the graviton evaporations, the very small Coulomb’s constant (k(dd)) of 10 ⁻⁴⁸ k and large gravitation constant (G_N(dd)) of 10⁶ G_N for the charged dark matters at the present time are expected. The tentative values of G and k are used for the explanation purpose. Therefore, F_c(mm) > F_g(dd) > F_g(mm) > F_g(dm) > F_c(dd) > F_c(dm) = F_c(lq) = 0 for the proton-like particle. Also, the gravitation constant has been changed with increasing of the time because of the graviton evaporation. In the present work, the B1, B2 and B3 bastons with the condition of k(mm) = k >> k(dd) > k(dm) = 0 are explained as the good candidates of the dark matters. Also, the particle creation, dark matters and dark energy could be deeply associated with the changing gravitation constants (G). It is expected that the changing process of the gravitation constant between the matters from G_N(mm) ≈ 10³⁶ G_N to G_N(mm) = G_N happened mostly near the inflation period. Therefore, during most of the universe evolution the gravitation constant could be taken as G_N(mm) = G_N. And the effective charges and effective rest masses of the particles are defined in terms of the fixed Coulomb’s constant (k) and fixed gravitation constant (G_N). Then, the effective charge of the B1 dark matter with EC = −2/3 e is (EC)_eff = −2/3·10⁻²⁴ e. It is concluded that the photons, gravitons and dark matters are the first particles created since the big bang. The particles can be created from the decay of the matter universe and the pair production of the particle and anti-particle with decreasing of the gravitation constant (G_N(mm)). Also, the weak force, strong force and dark matter force bosons are created from the interactions of the elementary particles with the T fluctuations of the vacuum energy.

Offshore Wind Turbines (OWT) with increasingly higher energy output are being developed to meet energy demand, posing challenges for their foundation design. Several foundation types are used to support these turbines with monopiles (MP) accounting for 80% of the installed capacity. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear finite element models (FEM) were employed to investigate the behaviour of monopile foundation supporting a 5MW wind turbine when subjected to lateral loading. Results indicate that the MP behavior depending on the pile length to diameter (L/D) ratio and the soil shear strength. Inspection of bending moment profiles at the lateral ultimate capacity indicated the monopiles can behave in flexible manner even with low L/D ratio. The L/D ratio affected the MP normalized lateral ultimate capacity at varying degrees and the biggest effect was for soft clays, amounting to around 5 folds increase for L/D values of 3.33 to 13.33. Lesser effects were found for stiff clays.

In recent years, wireless power transfer (WPT) has progressed rapidly in both theory and commercialization abroad. However, existing research into WPT coil design for low-power devices is limited. This paper investigates coil structure using printed circuit board (PCB) for magnetic resonant coupling WPT to address this gap. Specifically, the impacts of key geometric parameters on the coil quality factor and coupling coefficient are analysed through models and simulations. Equivalent PCB coils were formed for mutual inductance models, and four basic compensation circuits were analysed. The impacts of changes in coil thickness, line width, turn spacing, and number of turns on the quality factor of PCB coils were analysed with a fixed outer diameter of the coil. In this paper, to mitigate the coil offset while retaining PCB manufacturing simplicity for practical uses, a dual layer PCB coil structure is proposed. The structure optimizated PCB coil could offer remarkable improvements in the WPT system for low power electronic devices.

Analyses of the three predominant types of sedimentation – clastic, carbonate and black shale – revealed their discontinuity/continuity in different facies environments of the Middle and Late Devonian of the central part of the Volga-Urals petroleum province, namely (1) in depressions, both condensed and non-condensed, (2) on the slopes of depressions and (3) in shallow water environments represented by tectonic arches or localised biohermal uplifts. The regional zonation of conodonts, correlated with the global chronostratigraphic scheme, substantiates the stratigraphic completeness of the general Devonian sequence in this area. In particular, the sedimentation of organic-rich black shales, traditionally considered as source rocks, lasted more than 29 million years, starting from the Late Eifel and ending at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary. There was only one hiatus in the deposition of both black shales and carbonate sediments, lasting about 2.5 million years at the end of the Frasnian. That interval is dominated by clastic sediments, which are considered to be the most productive reservoirs of the Volga-Ural province. In the time interval from the beginning of the Eifel to the end of the Frasnian (about 17 Ma), (a) clastic sediments show the highest accumulation rates; (b) the most complete sequences occur in depressions; and (c) arches and uplifts show the most significant gaps in the geological record. During Famennian, (a) clastic sedimentation has completely ceased; (b) differences between the slopes of troughs and shallow-water environments have diminished, resulting in stable accumulation of carbonate sediments in both settings; (c) the decrease in sequence thickness (up to 50 m) in depressions suggests reduced accumulation rates of deep-water organic-rich black shales. The results help to understand the complex spatial relationship between different coexisting sedimentation types and focus attention to the incompleteness of the geological record in different environments.

We review some properties of a relativistic classical massless charged particle with spin interacting with an external electromagnetic field. We give in particular a proper definition of kinetic energy and total energy, the latter being conserved when the external field is stationary. We find that the particle’s velocity may differ from c as a result of the spin - electromagnetic field interaction, without jeopardizing Lorentz invariance.

Spectrum distribution is a classical licensed spectrum accessing method in mobile communication networks. The licensed idle spectrum resources are authorized and distributed from spectrum owners to mobile users. However, the exponential growth of user capacity brings excessive load pressure on the traditional centralized network architecture. As lack of sufficient supervision and penalty measures, dishonest behaviors of spectrum owners and spectrum users will lead to the unfair status in the distribution process. As a result, the honest participants’ interest will be harmed. As an important supporting infrastructure of Internet of things technology, 6G cannot completely follow the existing spectrum distribution method. Towards 6G network spectrum distribution, an blockchain based licensed spectrum fair distribution method is proposed. A lightweight consensus mechanism named as proof of trust (PoT) is applied to reduce computational power consumption and consensus time overhead. We deploy the method on the Ethereum test chain, theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate the fairness, effectiveness and security of the method.

Binder jet printed components typically have low overall density in the green state and high shrinkage and deformation after heat treatment. It has previously been demonstrated that, by including nanoparticles of the same material in the binder, these properties can be improved as the nanoparticles can fill the interstices and pore throats between the bed particles. The beneficial effects from using these additive binder particles can be improved by maximising the binder particle size, enabling the space within the powder bed to be filled with a higher packing efficiency. The selection of maximum particle size for a binder requires detailed knowledge of the pores and pore throats between the powder bed particles. In this paper, a raindrop model is developed to determine the critical radius at which binder particles can pass between pores and penetrate the bed. The model is validated against helium pycnometry measurements and binder particle drop tests. It is found that the critical radius can be predicted, with acceptable accuracy, using a linear function of the mean and standard deviation of the particle radii. Percolation theory concepts have been employed in order to generalise the results for powder beds that have different mean particle sizes and size distributions. The results of this work can be employed to inform the selection of particle sizes required for binder formulations, to optimise density and reduce shrinkage in printed binder jet components.

Public health agencies are increasingly using pathogen whole genome sequencing (WGS) to support surveillance and epidemiologic investigations. As access to WGS has grown, greater amounts of molecular data have helped improve our ability to detect outbreaks, investigate transmission chains, and explore large-scale population dynamics, such as the spread of antibiotic resistance. However, the wide adoption of WGS also poses challenges due to the amount of data generated and the need to transform raw data prior to analysis. This complexity means that public health agencies may need more advanced computational infrastructure, a broader technical workforce, and new approaches to data management and stewardship. As both a guide for how this development could occur, and a place to initiate discussion, we describe ten proposals for developing and supporting an informatics infrastructure for public health.

We reduplicate the Book “Dark Energy” by M. Li, X-D. Li, and Y. Wang, given zero-point energy calculation with an unexpected “length’ added to the ‘width’ of a graviton wave just prior to specifying the creation of ‘gravitons’, while using Karen Freeze’s criteria as to the breakup of primordial black holes to give radiation era contributions to GW generation. The GW generation will be when there is sufficient early universe density so as to break apart Relic Black holes of the order of Planck mass (10^15 grams) which isabout when the mass of relic black holes is created, 10^-27 or so seconds after expansion starts. Need to state a key result will be in the initial potential V calculated, in terms of other input variables

In classical General Relativity, White Holes (WH) refer to the time reverse Schwarzschild (SW) Black Hole (BH) solution of a point mass $M$ and gravitational radius $r_S=2GM$. The SW metric is static so that a time reverse WH solution simply corresponds to a violation of causality. The WH solution does not make any physical sense here. For a more physical model, such as the Lemaitre-Tolman-Bondi (LTB) metric with finite mass inside $r_S$, we show that both the expanding and collapsing solutions correspond to a BH and not to a WH.

Gold clusters protected by 3-MBA ligands (MBA = mercaptobenzoic acid, -SPhCO2H) have attracted recent interest for their unusual structures and advantageous ligand-exchange and bioconjugation properties. Azubel et al. first determined the core structure of an Au68-complex, which was estimated to have 32 ligands (3-MBA groups). To explain the exceptional structure-composition and reaction properties of this complex, and its larger homologs, Tero et al. proposed a “dynamic stabilization” via carboxyl O-H--Au interactions. Herein, we report the first results of an integrated LC/MS analysis of unfractionated samples of gold / 3-MBA clusters, spanning the narrow size range 13.4 to 18.1 kDa. Using high-throughput procedures adapted from bio-macromolecule analyses, we show that integrated capillary HPLC-ESI-MS, based upon aqueous-methanol mobile phases and ion-pairing reverse-phase chromatography, can separate several major components from the nanoclusters mixture that may be difficult to resolve by standard native gel electrophoresis due to their similar size and charge. For each component, one obtains a well-resolved mass spectrum, nearly free of adducts or signs of fragmentation. A consistent set of molecular mass determinations is calculated from detected charge-states tunable from 3- (or lower), to 2+ (or higher). One thus arrives at a series of new compositions (n, p) specific to the Au/3-MBA system. The smallest major component is assigned to the previously unknown (48, 26); the largest one is evidently (67, 30), vs. the anticipated (68, 32). Various explanations for this discrepancy are considered. A prospective is given for the several members of this novel series, along with a summary of the advantages and present limitations of the micro-scale integrated LC/MS approach to characterize such metallic-core macro-molecules, and their derivatives.

The effects of CO₂-water-rock interactions on the mechanical properties of shale are essential for estimating the possibility of sequestrating CO₂ in shale reservoirs. In this study, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) tests together with an acoustic emission (AE) system and SEM & EDS analysis were performed to investigate the mechanical properties and microstructural changes of black shales with different saturation times (10 days, 20 days and 30 days) in water dissoluted with sub-/super-critical CO₂. According to the experimental results, the values of UCS, Young’s modulus and brittleness index decrease gradually with increasing saturation time in water with sub-/super-critical CO₂. Compared to intact samples, 30-days’ saturation causes reductions of 56.43% in UCS and 54.21% in Young’s modulus for sub-critical saturated samples, and 66.05% in UCS and 56.32% in Young’s modulus for super-critical saturated samples, respectively. The brittleness index also decreases drastically from 84.3% for intact samples to 50.9% for samples saturated in water with sub-critical CO₂, to 47.9% for samples saturated in water with super-critical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂). SC-CO₂ causes a greater reduction of shale’s mechanical properties. The crack propagation results obtained from the AE system show that longer saturation time produces higher peak cumulative AE energy. SEM images show that many pores occur when shale samples are saturated in water with sub-/super-critical CO₂. The EDS results show that CO₂-water-rock interactions increase the percentages of C and Fe and decrease the percentages of Al and K on the surface of saturated samples when compared to intact samples.

To investigate the bioactivities of fresh garlic and its processed product, black garlic, we conducted comparative analyses of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, innate immune activation and anti-cancer activities, in addition to chemical composition (sugar, amino acid, polyphenol contents) of these materials. Simultaneous assay using neutrophil-like cells showed that fresh garlic exhibited antioxidant and innate immunostimulatory activities, whereas black garlic displayed a potent anti-inflammatory effect. The antioxidant activity index was correlated with phenol and flavonoid contents, while the innate immunostimulatory activity was correlated with fructan content. Furthermore, some black garlics with low fructose content were found to inhibit the proliferation of UM-UC-3 cancer cells, while other black garlics rich in fructose increased UM-UC-3 cell proliferation. It was shown that the thermal processing steps of fresh garlic could change the composition of sugars, antioxidants, and amino acids, which have different effects on neutrophil-like cells and UM-UC-3 cells, as well as on bioactivities.

As one of the typical deposits in Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou Pb-Zn metallogenic province, the Daliangzi Pb-Zn deposit has a close genetic relation with the structural system of “black/fracture zone” formed under the action of NWW-approx. EW strike-slip structures in the metallogenic province, but the mechanism of rock and ore-controlling action of the structural system remains unclear. Based on detailed analysis of tectonite-mineralized alteration lithofacies of R1 “black/fracture zone”, the tectonite-mineralized alteration lithofacies zones can be divided into 4 types in succession outward from the Pb-Zn mineralization center, i.e., ① brecciated and stockwork-like Pb-Zn mineralization-complex breccia facies zone, ② stockwork-like Pb-Zn mineralization-simple breccia and cataclasite facies zone, ③ veined pyrite-sulfide-dolomitic cataclasite facies zone, and ④ fine-veined calcite-black carbonized dolomite facies zone; Cl- and SO42--rich high-temperature oxidizing ore-bearing fluid mixes with reducing fluid in Zone ① while migration and precipitation occur in Zone ④. With the evolution of ore-forming fluid, the homogenization temperature decreases from Zone ① to Zone ④, the salinity increases from Zone ① to Zone ② and then decreases to Zones ③ and ④, and the fluid density has little change on the whole; the contents of Zn, Pb, Cu, Ga, Ge, Cd, Ag, and other metallogenic elements, the Zn/Pb ratio, and the CaO/MgO mole ratio decrease gradually from Zone ① to Zone ④; and REE fractionation, calcilization, silicification, and pyritization enhance gradually from Zone ① to Zone ④. This series of changes are the product of diapirism (cryptoexplosion) of strike-slip structures and “black/fracture zone”, among which the second-order structures (F5, F100, and other faults) derived from NWW-approx. EW striking dextral shear-tension faults F1 and F15 control the brecciated and stockwork-like Pb-Zn mineralized complex breccia facies zones and the stockwork-like Pb-Zn mineralized simple breccia and cataclasite facies zones. Therefore, this paper establishes the zoning mode of tectonite-mineralized alteration lithofacies of “black/fracture zone” and proposes that Zones ① and ② are important prospecting criteria. conclusions.

The treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals and the utilization of wool waste are very important for the sustainable development of textile mills. In this study, the wool keratin modified magnetite (Fe3O4) powders were fabricated by using wool waste via a co-precipitation technique for removal of Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions. The morphology, chemical compositions, crystal structure, microstructure, magnetism properties, organic content, and specific surface area of as-fabricated powders were systematically characterized by various techniques including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and BET surface area analyzer. The effects of experimental parameters such as the volume of wool keratin hydrolysate, the dosage of powder, the initial Cu2+ ion concentration, and the pH value of solution on the adsorption capacity of Cu2+ ions by the powders were examined. The experimental results indicated that the Cu2+ ion adsorption performance of the wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders exhibited much better than that of the chitosan modified ones with a maximum Cu2+ adsorption capacity of 29.2 mg/g under favorable conditions (0.05 g powders; 50 mL of 40 mg/L CuSO4; pH 5; temperature 293 K). The high adsorption capacity towards Cu2+ ions on the wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders was primarily because of the strong surface complexation of -COOH and -NH2 functional groups of wool keratins with Cu2+ ions. The Cu2+ ion adsorption process on the wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic model. After Cu2+ ion removal, the wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders were easily separated using a magnet from aqueous solution and efficiently regenerated using 0.5 M EDTA-H2SO4 eluting. The wool keratin modified Fe3O4 powders possessed good regenerative performance after five cycles. This study provided a feasible way to utilize waste wool textiles for preparing magnetic biomass-based adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions.

Exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is induced by infection with several members of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. There is evidence that PS is used by the equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) during entry, but the exact role of PS and other phospholipids in the entry process remains unknown. Here, we investigated the interaction of differently charged phospholipids with virus particles and determined their influence on infection. Our data show that liposomes containing negatively charged PS or positively charged DOTAP [N-[1-(2,3-Dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)] inhibited EHV-1 infection, while neutral phosphatidylcholine (PC) had no effect. Inhibition of infection with PS was transient, decreased with time, and was dose dependent. Our findings indicate that both cationic and anionic phospholipids can interact with the virus and reduce infectivity, while acting through different mechanisms. Charged phospholipids were found to have antiviral effects and can may be used to inhibit EHV-1 infection.

In the present work, the charged B1, B2 and B3 bastons with the condition of k(mm) = k >> k(dd) > k(dm) = k(lq) = 0 are explained as the good candidates of the dark matters. The proposed rest mass (26.12 eV/c²) of the B1 dark matter is indirectly confirmed from the supernova 1987A data. The missing neutrinos are newly explained by using the dark matters and lepton charge force. The neutrino excess anomaly of the MinibooNE data is explained by the B1 dark matter scattering within the Cherenkov detectors. And the rest masses of 1.4 TeV/c² and 42.7 GeV/c² are assigned to the Le particle and the B2 dark matter, respectively, from the cosmic ray observations. In the present work, the Q1 baryon decays are used to explain the anti-Helium cosmic ray events. Because of the graviton evaporation and photon confinement, the very small Coulomb’s constant (k(dd)) of 10^x-54k and gravitation constant (G_N(dd)) of 10^xG_N for the charged dark matters at the present time are proposed. The x value can have the positive, zero or negative value around zero. Therefore, F_c(mm) > F_g(dd) (?) F_g(mm) > F_g(dm) > F_c(dd) > F_c(dm) = F_c(lq) = 0 for the proton-like particle.

People who suffer a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) have heterogeneous symptoms and disease trajectories, which make it difficult to precisely diagnose and assess complications long-term. Insufficient information is available regarding how to precisely diagnose and assess mTBI. This study identified and compared deficits in cognitive, psychosocial, visual functions, and balance performance between college students with and without histories of mTBI. Global DNA methylation ratio (5-mC%) in blood was also compared as a peripheral epigenetic marker. Twenty-five volunteers participated in this pilot study, including 11 mTBI cases (27.3% females; mean age of 28.7 years, SD=5.92) and 14 healthy controls (64.3% females; mean age of 22.0, SD=4.13). All the participants were assessed for cognitive (by NIH toolbox—executive function, memory, and processing speed), psychological (by PROMIS—depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances), visual function (by King-Devick and binocular accommodative tests), postural balance performance (by a force plate), and blood 5-mC% (global methylation) levels. Students with mTBI reported significantly poorer episodic memory, severe anxiety, and more sleep disturbance problems. They also had higher blood 5-mC% level (all p’s<.05). No significant differences were found in visual function and postural balance. These findings validate changes in cognitive, psychosocial, and global DNA methylation long after mTBI.

In the present work, the charged dark matters of B1, B2 and B3 bastons are explained as the right-handed partners of the left-handed neutrinos. The new Higgs mechanism of SU(2)_DM×SU(2)_Weak×SU(2)_Strong including electromagnetic and gravitational forces is applied. And the rest masses of the elementary particles depend on their charge configurations. The left-handed neutrinos have only the lepton charges (LC) and the right-handed dark matters have only the electric charges (EC). This explains the fact that the rest masses of the left-handed neutrinos are so small, and the rest masses of the right-handed dark matters are relatively very large. The proposed rest mass (26.12 eV/c²) of the B1 dark matter is indirectly confirmed from the supernova 1987A data. The missing neutrinos are newly explained by using the dark matters and lepton charge force. The neutrino excess anomaly of the MinibooNE data is explained by the B1 dark matter scattering within the Cherenkov detectors. The quark mixing and neutrino mixing are not required in the present model. It is shown that our matter universe and its partner antimatter universe can be created from the big bang in the point of view of time -, charge -, space -, and quantum state – symmetric universe evolution.

The generalized dual-kinetic-balance approach for axially symmetric systems is employed to solve the two-center Dirac problem. The spectra of one-electron homonuclear quasimolecules are calculated and compared with the previous calculations. The analysis of the monopole approximation with two different choices of the origin is performed. Special attention is paid to the lead and xenon dimers, Pb82+–Pb82+–e− and Xe54+–Xe54+–e−, where the energies of the ground and several excited σ-states are presented in the wide range of internuclear distances. The developed method provides the quasicomplete finite basis set and allows for construction of the perturbation theory, including within the bound-state QED.

We present a tutorial to realize a multidimensional fitting procedure capable of extracting all the relevant information contained in a sequence of charged particle images acquired as a function of time in femtosecond pump-probe experiments. The images are reproduced using a 3D fitting method, which provides the velocity (or center-of-mass kinetic energy) and angular distributions contained in the images and their time evolution. A detailed example of the method is shown through the analysis of the time-resolved predissociation dynamics of CH₃I on the B-band origin [Gitzinger et al., J. Chem. Phys. 133, 234313 (2010)]. We show that the multidimensional approach is essential for the analysis of complex images that contain several overlapping contributions where reduced dimensionality analyses cannot provide a reliable description of the features present in the image sequence. This methodology can be generalized to many types of multidimensional data analysis.

We consider the thermodynamic and stability problem of Kerr black holes arising from the nonextensive/nonadditive nature of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula. Nonadditive thermodynamics is often criticized by asserting that the zeroth law cannot be compatible with nonadditive composition rules, so in this work we follow the so-called formal logarithm method to derive an additive entropy function for Kerr black holes satisfying also the zeroth law's requirement. Starting from the most general, equilibrium compatible, nonadditive entropy composition rule of Abe, we consider the simplest, non-parametric approach that is generated by the explicit nonadditive form of the Bekenstein-Hawking formula. This analysis extends our previous results on the Schwarzschild case and shows that the zeroth law compatible temperature function in the model is independent of the mass-energy parameter of the black hole. By applying the Poincaré turning point method we also study the thermodynamic stability problem in the system.

Magnetic permeability (μ), dielectric permittivity (ε) and electrical conductivity (σ) of the six elastomer samples obtained by mixing silicone rubber (RTV-530) with a kerosene-based ferrofluid in different volume fractions, φ: 1.31%, 2.59% and 3.84%, were determined using the complex impedance measurements, over the frequency range (500 Hz-2 MHz). Three samples (A0, B0 and C0) were manufactured in the absence of a magnetic field and the other three samples (Ah, Bh and Ch) in the presence of the magnetic field, H=43 kA/m. The component μ″ of the complex magnetic permeability of all samples presents a maximum, at a frequency fmax, which moves to higher values by increasing, φ, this maximum being attributed to Brownian relaxation processes. The conductivity spectrum, σ(f) for all samples, follows the Jonscher universal law, which allows both the determination of the static conductivity σDC, and the barrier energy of electrical conduction process, Wm. For the same φ, Wm is lower and σDC is higher in the samples Ah, Bh and Ch than in the samples A0, B0 and C0. The performed study is useful in manufacturing elastomers with predetermined properties and for possible applications, such as magneto-dielectric flexible electronic devices, which can be controlled by the volume fraction of particles or by an external magnetic field.

The urgency to develop vaccines against Covid-19 is putting pressure on the long and expensive development timelines which are normally required for development of lifesaving vaccines. There is a unique opportunity to take advantage of new technologies, smart and flexible design of clinical trials, and evolving regulatory science to speed up vaccine development against Covid-19 and transform vaccine development altogether.

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) can use food by-products or residues as a growth substrate, and their use is considered a strategic solution to improve the sustainability and efficiency of animal production. BSFL need to be reared under controlled environmental conditions, as temperature can affect the welfare of the larvae and the efficiency of their bioconversion. The goal of this experiment was to test different diets: control, vegetable, carnivorous, omnivorous and to assess their effect on larval growth performance, chemical composition, and substrate temperature. BSFL (6-days-old) were randomly selected and allocated to one of the four diets for the entire experiment (8 days). The temperature in each container was measured twice daily using a thermal imaging camera. The vegetable diet led to significantly lower growth performance (p

Many manufacturing sectors require high surface finishing. After machining operations such as milling or drilling, undesirable burrs or insufficient edge finishing may be generated. For decades, many finishing processes have been handmade-basis; this fact is accentuated when dealing with complex geometries especially for high value-added parts. In recent years, it’s a tendency of trying to automate as far as possible this kind of processes, repeatability and time/money savings are main purposes. Based on that idea, the aim of this work is to check new tools and strategies for finishing aeronautical parts, especially critical engine parts made on Inconel 718, a very ductile nickel alloy. Automating edge finishing of chamfered holes is a complicated but really important goal. In this paper, flexible abrasive tools were used for this purpose. A complete study of different abrasive possibilities was carried out, mainly focusing on roughness analysis and final edge results obtained.

Vitamin D has previously been quantified in some plants and algae, particularly in leaves of the Solanaceae family. We measured the vitamin D content of Australian native food plants and Australian-grown edible seaweed. Using liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, 13 samples (including leaf, fruit and seed) were analysed in duplicate for vitamin D₂, vitamin D₃, 25-hydroxyvitamin D₂ and 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃. Five samples contained vitamin D₂: raw wattleseed (Acacia victoriae) (0.03 µg/100 g dry weight (DW)); fresh and dried lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) leaves (0.03 and 0.24 µg/100 g DW, respectively); dried leaves and berries of Tasmanian mountain pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata) (0.67 and 0.05 µg/100 g DW, respectively). Fresh kombu (Lessonia corrugata) contained vitamin D₃ (0.01 µg/100 g DW). Detected amounts were low; however, it is possible that exposure to ultraviolet radiation may increase the vitamin D content of plants and algae if vitamin D precursors are present.

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are materials with high aspect ratio. Typically, TEMPO-oxidised, or cationic CNFs consist of long fibrils (up to 2 μm) with very low thickness (less than 10 nm). Derived from their high aspect ratio, CNFs form strong hydrogels with high elasticity at low concentrations. Thus, CNF suspensions appear as an interesting rheology modifier to be applied in cosmetics, paints, foods, as a mineral suspending agent, among other applications. The high viscosity results from the strong 3D fibril network, which is related to good fibrillation of the material, allowing the nanofibrils to overlap. The overlap concentration (c*) was found to vary from ca. 0.13 to ca. 0.60 wt.% depending on the type and intensity of the pre-treatment ap-plied during the preparation of the CNFs. The results confirm the higher tendency for the fibres treated with CHPTAC (cationic) and TEMPO to form a 3D network, resulting in the lowest c*. For the TEMPO-oxidised CNF suspensions, it was also found that aggregation is improved at acidic pH conditions due to lower charge repulsion among fibrils, leading to an increase in the suspension viscosity, as well as higher apparent yield stresses. TEMPO CNF suspensions with low content of carboxylic groups tend to precipitate at moderate acidic pH values.

This research was presented the special designed microfluidic device generated for sperm separation based on assumption of different surface electrical charged of sperms X and Y. However, to avoid ethical problem, the microfluidic chip has been tested with the mimic electrical charged particles, TiO₂-coated Polystyrene beads, (TiO₂-coated Ps-beads), instead of spermatozoa. The work has been separated into three main parts. Firstly, the simply but efficient fabrication of negatively charged TiO₂-coated Ps-beads has been presented. In addition, various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Tungsten Scanning Electron Microscopy (W-SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mode, and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), have been reported in this work to elucidate the reasons behind the persistence of negatively charged on the surface of TiO₂-coated Ps-beads. Results show that the fabricated TiO₂-coated Ps-beads was partly coated in the mixed forms of amorphous Ti⁴⁺ and had caused a negatively charge to appear on the surface after fabrication and had sustained its electrical charged for long. Secondly, process of simulation and fabrication of microfluidic device was presented. Finally the negatively charged TiO₂-coated Ps-beads were tested in this microfluidic devices. For design of microfluidic devices integrated with a couple of microelectrodes, the simulated structures were fabricated by photolithographic technique and tested with the Ps-beads. Percentage of validation for Ps-beads separation indicated that the 100 mm-distance-between-electrodes microfluidic device exhibits to be the highest performance prototype at 86.96%. For further confirmation, another model so called the single path prototype has been established. It is confirmed by 92.59% of validation for the utilization of the device. The successfully designed microfluidic devices can be examined with actual spermatozoa later. Furthermore, process to fabricate the negatively charged TiO₂-coated Ps-beads can be established as testified samples for development of other microfluidic devices.

Risk-averse areas such as the medical, aerospace and energy sectors have been somewhat slow towards accepting and applying Additive Manufacturing (AM) in many of their value chains. This is partly because there are still signi cant uncertainties concerning the quality of AM builds. This paper introduces a machine learning algorithm for the automatic detection of faults in AM products. The approach is semi-supervised in that, during training, it is able to use data from both builds where the resulting components were certi ed and builds where the quality of the resulting components is unknown. This makes the approach cost ecient, particularly in scenarios where part certi cation is costly and time consuming. The study speci cally analyses Selective Laser Melting (SLM) builds. Key features are extracted from large sets of photodiode data, obtained during the building of 49 tensile test bars. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) tests were then used to categorise each bar as `faulty' or `acceptable'. A fully supervised approach identi ed faulty specimens with a 77% success rate while the semi-supervised approach was able to consistently achieve similar results, despite being trained on a fraction of the available certi cation data. The results show that semi-supervised learning is a promising approach for the automatic certi cation of AM builds that can be implemented at a fraction of the cost currently required.

The fundamental mechanism underlying negative-ion catalysis involves bond-strength breaking in the transition state (TS). Doubly-charged atomic/molecular anions are proposed as novel dynamic tunable catalysts and demonstrated in water oxidation to peroxide. Density Functional Theory TS calculations have found tunable energy activation barrier reduction ranging from 0.030 eV to 2.070eV, with Si²ˉ, Pu²ˉ, Pa²ˉ and Sn²ˉ the best catalysts; the radioactive elements usher in new application opportunities. C₆₀²ˉ reduces significantly the standard C₆₀ˉ TS energy barrier while graphene increases it, behaving like cationic systems. Rank-ordered catalysts according to their reaction barrier reduction efficiency, variation across charge states and systems reveal their tunable and wide applications, ranging from water purification to biocompatible anti-viral and anti-bacterial sanitation systems.

The nephrite belt in Altun Mountain-Western Kunlun Mountain region spanning approximately 1300 km in Xinjiang, NW China, constituting the world's largest preeminent nephrite deposit. The Qiemo region in the Altun Mountain is a crucial nephrite-producing area in China with demonstrating substantial prospects for future explorationl. While extant research has extensively study on secondary deposits in the Karakash River and native black nephrite deposits in Guangxi Dahua, a lacuna exists in the comprehensive investigation of black nephrite from original deposits in Xinjiang. Margou nephrite represents a recent discovery of black-toned nephrite deposits in Qiemo County, Xinjiang, warranting a comprehensive investigation into this primary source of black nephrite within the region. This scholarly inquiry deploys a suite of sophisticated analytical techniques, encompassing Polarizing microscope, electric microprobe, Backscattered Electron Image, X-ray Fluorescence, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. The rigorous experimental test is dedicated to elucidating the chemical and mineralogical composition, and further clarify the type of its genetic types of black-black cyan nephrite from Margou deposit in Qiemo, Xinjiang. Results delineate the mainly composed of tremolite-actinolite, characterized by Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) ratios ranging from 0.86 to 1.0. Minor minerals include diopside, epidote, pargasite, apatite, zircon, pyrite and iron hydroxide. Bulk-rock rare earth element patterns exhibit distinctive features such as negative Eu anomalies (δEu=0.00~0.17), decreasing light rare earth elements, a relatively flat distribution of heavy rare earth elements, and low with total REE concentrations (1.64~38.9 μg/g), concurrently, the Cr (6~21 μg/g) and Ni (2.5~4.5 μg/g) contents are conspicuously low. The magmatic influence of granite emerges as pivotal factor in the genesis of magnesia skarn hosting the Margou nephrite. The distinctive black-black cyan colour is attributed to heightened iron content, mainly associated with FeO (0.08~6.29%). The discerned chemical composition characteristics posit the Margou nephrite as an exemplar of the magnesia skarn-type nephrite deposit.

A dark region and a bright part of accretion disk are viewed on the first image of the supermassive black hole in the galaxy M87 obtained by the Event Horizon Telescope. We demonstrate that a viewed dark region is a silhouette of the black hole event horizon, while the outline (contour) of this silhouette is an equator of the event horizon globe. A dark silhouette of the black hole event horizon is placed within the expected position of the black hole shadow, which is not revealed on the first image. We calculate numerically a relation between the viewed position of the black hole silhouette and the brightest point in a thin accretion disk in dependence of the black hole spin. A spin of the supermassive black hole in the galaxy M87, derived from this relation, is $a=0.75\pm0.15$.

Gonorrhea is a major global public health problem with emergence of multiple drug-resistant strains with no effective vaccine. This retrospective cohort study aimed to estimate the effectiveness of the New Zealand meningococcal B vaccine against gonorrhea associated hospitalization. The cohort consisted of individuals born 1984-1999 residing in New Zealand, therefore eligible for meningococcal B vaccination during 2004-2008. Administrative datasets of demographics, customs, hospitalization, education, income tax and immunization, were linked using the national Integrated Data Infrastructure. The primary outcome was hospitalization with a primary diagnosis of gonorrhea. Cox’s proportional hazards models were applied with a Firth correction for rare outcomes to generate estimates of hazard ratios. Vaccine effectiveness estimates were calculated as 1-Hazard Ratio expressed as percent. There were 1,143,897 eligible cohort members, with 135 missing information on gender, 16,245 missing ethnicity and/or 197,502 missing deprivation hence 935,496 were included in the analysis. After adjustment for gender, ethnicity and deprivation, vaccine effectiveness (MeNZB™) against hospitalization caused by gonorrhea was estimated to be 24% (95% CI 1-42%). In conclusion, vaccination with MeNZB™ significantly reduced the rate of hospitalization from gonorrhea. This supports prior research indicating possible cross protection of this vaccine against gonorrhea acquisition and disease in the outpatient setting.

Fragmentation processes of multiply charged ions of C10H8 isomers produced in fast proton collision (velocity between 1.41 and 2.4 a.u.) is discussed in view of their fundamental molecular dynamics. Especially so in the mechanisms to produce a variety of carbon clusters from such ions. This aspect is assessed with the help of a multihit analysis of daughter ions in coincidence with elimination of H+ and CHn+ (n = 0 to 3). The elimination of H+/C+ was found to be very different from CH3+ loss. The loss of CH3+ was found to be accompanied with the formation of heavy ions like C9H5+, C9H5++ and C7H3+ by a cascade of momentum correlated dissociations. The most probable structures of large fragment ions in the CH3+ loss cascade are predicted with the help of computed electronic energy and the multihit ToF correlations of second and third hit. In addition, we report observation of super-dehydrogenation of naphthalene and azulene targets, with evidence of complete dehydrogenation in a single collision.