The corrosion inhibition behavior of cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) on mild steel (MS) in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution was examined using the weight loss method and potentiodynamic polarization method. The experimented MS surface was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Corrosion rate and corrosion efficiency was calsulated via weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization methods where the corrosion rate in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ , 0.000192 M, and 0.0077 M of CPC solution was 12.09×10^-3, 8.23×10^-3, 6.63×10^-5 (mm/Year), respectively and the inhibition efficiency of 94.42% and 98.54%. FESEM studies demonstrated the corrosion attack on MS surface. Also, the EDX showed the presence of nitrogen of CPC. Thus, CPC acts as an important corrosion inhibitor.

Selection of efficient corrosion inhibitors requires detailed knowledge regarding interaction mechanism, which depends on the type and amount of functional groups within the inhibitor molecule. Position of functional groups between different isomers is often overlooked but not less important since factors like steric hinderance may significantly affect the adsorption mechanism. In this study we have presented how different dihydroxybenzene isomers interact with aluminium alloy 5754 surface, reducing its corrosion rate in bicarbonate buffer (pH = 11). We have shown the highest inhibition efficiency among tested compounds belongs to catechol at 10 mM concentration, although differences were moderate. Utilization of novel impedance approach to adsorption isotherm determination allowed to confirm that while resorcinol chemisorbs on aluminium surface, catechol and quinol follows ligand exchange model of adsorption. Unlike catechol and quinol, the protection mechanism of resorcinol is bound to interaction with insoluble aluminium corrosion products layer and was only found efficient at concentration of 100 mM (98.7%). The aforementioned studies were confirmed with scanning electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. There is a significant increase of the corrosion resistance offered by catechol at 10 mM after 24 h exposure in electrolyte: from 63 to 98%, with only negligible changes in inhibitor efficiency observed for resorcinol at the same time. However, in the case of resorcinol a change in electrolyte color was observed. We have revealed that the differentiating factor is the keto-enol tautomerism. The NMR studies of resorcinol indicate the keto form in structure in presence of NaOH, while the chemical structure of catechol does not change significantly in alkaline environment.

The inhibition of localised corrosion is known to involve multiple processes taking place over a range of time and length scales that are difficult to study by conventional electrochemical methods. This work demonstrates an approach to probing complex localised electrochemical processes by combining an electrochemically integrated multi-electrode array (also known as wire beam electrode (WBE)), scanning vibrating electrode technique, scanning electrochemical microscopy and surface analytical techniques. Each technique reveals certain aspects of the dynamically changing, multi-scale, inhibitor-microstructure interactions and local chemistry over a heterogeneous AA2024-T3 alloy surface in the presence of an environmentally friendly inhibitor; cerium diphenyl phosphate (Ce(dpp)3).

The inhibition impacts of 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-diamine (PTDA) on mild steel in 1 M HCl solution were investigated through weight loss method. The inhibition efficiencies of PTDA increase with increase in PTDA concentration at the temperature 303. Weight loss method indicate that PTDA is an excellent inhibitor the inhibition efficiency of 81.5% at the maximum PTDA concentration of 0.5 g/L at the temperature 303K.

Herein, we describe precisely on covalent modification of pure magnesium (Mg) surface and applied to induce in vitro osteogenic differentiation. A new concept, chemical bonding method is proposed for developing stable chemical bonds on Mg surface through serial assembly of bioactive additives including ascorbic acid (AA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The coating with such potential materials shows strong integrity to the Mg and could suitable for cell-interface interaction with the host tissue during implantation in bone tissue repair. The physicochemical and electrochemical properties of surface modified Mg assess how these nanoscales layered of biomolecules could demonstrate the significance improvement in chemical stability of coating. The modified Mg-OH-AA-BSA exhibits better anti-corrosion behavior with high corrosion potential (Ecorr ~ ‒ 0.96 V) and low corrosion current density (Icorr ~ 0.2 µA cm-2) as compared to pure Mg (Ecorr ~ ‒1.46 V, Icorr ~ 10.42 µA cm-2). Outer layer of BSA on Mg protects fast degradation rate of Mg which is the consequence of strong chemicals bonds between amine groups on BSA with carboxylic groups on AA. Collectively, the results suggest that surface modified Mg provides strong bio-interface and enhances the proliferation and differentiation of pre-osteoblast (MC3T3-E1) cells through protein-lipid interaction. Owing to this fact, the cost-effective and scalable covalent functionalization of Mg surface inherits biological advantage in orthopedic and dental implants with long term stability.

1-[(4-ethyl-2-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-4-yl)methyl]-4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (Ph4) and1-[(4-ethyl-2-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazol-4-yl)methyl]-5-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (Ph5) are new isomers of the triazole derivative family, were synthesized and tested on the corrosion of mild steel in molar hydrochloric acid molar media using weight loss, electrochemical polarization and impedance spectroscopy. Then the experimental results were confirmed by quantum chemical calculations using DFT at B3LYP /6-31G (d,p). The compound Ph4 is the best inhibitor and its inhibitory efficiency increased with increasing concentration and reaching 95% at 10⁻³ M. Polarization curves studies show that both compounds tested are mixed-type inhibitors. Nyquist curves presented a single capacitive loop, their diameter increases progressively with both inhibitors concentration. The change of the substitution phenyl from position 5 to position 4 in the triazole ring increases the inhibitory effect of the triazole compounds. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of iron indicates that the inhibitory efficiency of the two inhibitors decreases with increasing temperature in the range of 308 to 338K. DFT study is in good correlationwith the experimental results.

A novel and simple method to improve the corrosion resistance of copper by constructing a 3D 1-dodecanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in 3.5% NaCl solution is reported in this study. Several drops of 1% H3PO4 solution are thinly and uniformly distributed on copper surface to form a 3D nanostructure constituted by Cu3(PO4)2 nanoflowers. The anticorrosion properties of 1-dodecanethiol SAMs on copper surface and on copper surface treated with H3PO4 solution were evaluated. Results demonstrated that 1-dodecanethiol SAMs on bare copper surface exhibit good protection capacity, whereas a copper surface pretreated with H3PO4 solution can substantially enhance the corrosion resistance of 1-dodecanethiol SAMs.

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Furthermore, patients with pancreatic cancer experience limited benefit from current chemotherapeutic approaches because of drug resistance. Therefore, an effective therapeutic strategy for patients with pancreatic cancer is urgently required. Deguelin is a natural chemopreventive drug that exerts potent antiproliferative activity in solid tumors by inducing cell death. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this activity have not been fully elucidated. Here we show that deguelin blocks autophagy and induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Autophagy induced by doxorubicin plays a protective role in pancreatic cancer cells, and suppressing autophagy by chloroquine or silencing autophagy protein 5 enhanced doxorubicin-induced cell death. Similarly, inhibition of autophagy by deguelin also chemosensitized pancreatic cancer cell lines to doxorubicin. These findings suggest that deguelin has potent anticancer effects against pancreatic cancer and potentiates the anti-cancer effects of doxorubicin. These findings provide evidence that combined treatment with deguelin and doxorubicin represents an effective strategy for treating pancreatic cancer.

Fe-(9, 19, 28, 37)wt.% Cr alloys were corroded at 700 and 800 ^oC for 70 h under 1 atm of N₂, 1 atm of N₂/3.2%H₂O-mixed gas, and 1 atm of N₂/3.1%H₂O/2.42%H₂S-mixed gas. The corrosion rate of Fe-9Cr alloy increased with the addition of H₂O, and furthermore with the addition of H₂S in N₂ gas. Fe-9Cr alloy was always nonprotective. In contrast, Fe-(19, 28, 37) wt.%Cr alloys were protective in N₂ and N₂/H₂O-mixed gas because of formation of the Cr₂O₃ layer. They were, however, nonprotective in N₂/H₂O/H₂S-mixed gas because sulfidation dominated to form the outer FeS layer and the inner Cr₂S₃ layer containing some FeCr₂S₄.

Based on screening in computational biology and biological in vitro assays, five natural products isolated from extracts of the herbal medicine toad skin, such as cinobufagin (CBFi), bufalin (BFi), arenobufagin (ABFi), telocinobufagin (TBFi), bufotalin (BFTi), were subjected to molecular docking calculations with the use of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (PDB 6LU7 and 7BTF) and top-scoring ligand-receptor complexes were obtained. The results showed that the binding energy of ABFi to the 3CL protein was -17.044kcal/mol, which was higher than CBFi and TBFi. However, the binding energy of ABFi to the RdRp protease was -23.250 kcal/mol, which was much lower than that of CBFi and TBFi, EVEN lower than that of ABFi to the 3CL protein. ABFi also has polar interactions with amino acids such as Glu811, Ser814, Ser681 and Thr680 of RdRp enzyme. The results revealed that ABFi had a moderate inhibitory effect on the cell proliferation of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, with an inhibition rate of 61.12%, even weaker than Remdesivir. This new discovery provides us with new ideas for in-depth studies on the development of natural products with this class of structural generalizations as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2, and provides an experimental basis for the next step of mechanistic studies.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder presenting a dysregulated immune response and derangement of the epidermal barrier lipids. The Th2-type cytokines interleukin IL-4 and IL-13 play a prominent role in AD by activating the Janus Kinase/Signal Transduction and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) intracellular signal axis. This study aimed to investigate the role of JAK/STAT in the lipid perturbations induced by Th2 signaling in 3D-epidermal equivalents. We used tofacitinib, a low-molecular-mass JAK inhibitor, to screen for the JAK/STAT-mediated deregulation of lipid metabolism. Th2 cytokines decreased the expression of elongases 1, 3, and 4, and serine-palmitoyl-transferase and increased that of sphingolipid delta(4)-desaturase, and carbonic anhydrase 2. Th2 cytokines inhibited the synthesis of palmitate and caused a depletion of triglycerides. This depletion was associated with altered PC profiles and fatty acid (FA) metabolism. Overall, the ceramide profiles were minimally affected. Except for most sphingolipids and very long chain FAs, the effects of Th2 on lipid pathways were reversed by co-treatment with tofacitinib. An increase in the mRNA levels of CPT1A and ACAT1, reduced by tofacitinib, suggests that Th2 cytokines promote FA beta-oxidation. In conclusion, pharmacological inhibition of JAK/STAT activation prevents the lipid disruption caused by halted homeostasis of FA metabolism.

A series of waterborne polyurethane (WBPU)/modified lignin amine (MLA) adhesives was prepared using modified lignin amine (MLA) as a chain extender by a prepolymer mixing process. A successful Mannich reaction was achieved during the synthesis of MLA by reacting lignin with bis(3-aminopropyl)amine. Higher tensile strength, Young’s modulus and thermal stability were recorded for WBPU/MLA adhesives with higher MLA contents. The WBPU/MLA adhesive materials were used to coat PVC substrates. The adhesive strength increased with increasing MLA content. More importantly, the MLA also enhanced the WBPU/MLA coating in terms of adhesive strength at moderately high temperatures as well as under natural weather exposed conditions. The adhesive strength was essentially unaffected with 6.48 mole% MLA in the WBPU/MLA coating after exposure to natural weather conditions for 180 days.

Although various atmospheric corrosion simulation models have been developed that give good results, industrial environments are still challenging. This paper aims to investigate the effect industrial atmospheres in Bor on the mechanical properties of structural steel S235JR and to create a constitutive model and also laboratory experimental conditions that will give the best results as an accelerated corrosion test. Atmospheric corrosion tests lasted six months, using sites close to the Electrolytic Refining Plant and Sulphuric Acid Plant, as well as air quality monitoring stations at a remote location in the city of Bor. The laboratory experiments included a salt chamber test lasting 120 h and 240 h and immersing the specimen in the electrolyte from the Electrolytic Refining Plant for 30 days. The results were compared with the standard specimens stored in the laboratory. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) method was used to identify the composition of corrosion products. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was applied to analyze the fracture surfaces of the specimens. The use of the Complete Gurson Model (CGM) described the tensile characteristics of the corroded specimens. The study has shown that an enhanced acceleration model and conditions could be developed using numerical analysis of the test results.

Cisplatin is a widely used anticancer drug for treating solid tumors, but it is associated with severe side effects, including nephrotoxicity. Various studies have suggested that the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin could be overcome; nonetheless, an effective adjuvant drug has not yet been established. Oleanolic acid acetate (OAA), a triterpenoid isolated from Vigna angularis, is commonly used to treat inflammatory and allergic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of OAA against cisplatin-induced apoptosis and necroptosis using TCMK-1 cells and a mouse model. In cisplatin-treated TCMK-1 cells, OAA treatment significantly reduced Bax and cleaved-caspase3 expression, whereas increased Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, in cisplatin-induced kidney injury mouse model, OAA treatment alleviated weight loss in the body and major organs and also relieved cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity symptoms. RNA sequencing analysis of kidney tissues identified lipocalin-2 as the most upregulated gene by cisplatin. Additionally, necroptosis-related genes such as receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK) and mixed lineage kinase domain like (MLKL) were identified. In vitro study, the phosphorylation of RIPKs and MLKL was reduced by OAA pretreatment in both cisplatin-treated cells and cells boosted by co-treatment with z-VAD-FMK. In conclusion, OAA could protect the kidney from cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and may serve as an anticancer adjuvant.

Clusterin (CLU) protein is involved in various pathophysiological processes including carcinogenesis and tumor progression. In recent years, the role of the secretory isoform has been demonstrated in tumor cells, where it inhibits apoptosis and favors the acquisition of resistance to conventional treatments used to treat cancer. To determine the possible therapeutic potential of inhibiting this protein, numerous studies have been carried out in this field. In this paper, we show the existing knowledge on the inhibition of this protein in different types of cancer and discuss the importance it could have in the development of new therapies directed against this pathology.

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in over 720 million confirmed cases and 7 million deaths worldwide, with insufficient treatment options. Innumerable efforts are being made around the world for faster identification of therapeutic agents to treat the deadly disease. Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 (PASC), also called Long COVID, is still being understood and lacks treatment options as well. A growing list of drugs are being suggested by various in silico, in vitro and ex vivo models, however currently only two treatment options are widely used: the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor remdesivir, and the main protease inhibitor nirmatrelvir in combination with ritonavir. Computational drug development tools and in silico studies involving molecular docking, molecular dynamics, entropy calculations and pharmacokinetics can be useful to identify new targets to treat COVID-19 and PASC, as shown in this work and our recent paper that identified alendronate as a promising candidate. We have now investigated all bisphosphonates which can bind competitively to nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyl (NiRAN) transferase domain, and systematically down selected seven candidates (CHEMBL608526, CHEMBL196676, CHEMBL164344, CHEMBL4291724, CHEMBL4569308, CHEMBL387132, CHEMBL98211), two of which closely resemble the approved drugs minodronate and zoledronate. This work and our recent paper together provide an in silico mechanistic explanation for alendronate and zoledronate users having dramatically reduced odds of SARS-CoV-2 testing, COVID-19 diagnosis, and COVID-19-related hospitalizations, and indicate that similar observational studies with minodronate could be valuable.

The corrosion inhibition performance of pyridine derivatives (4-methylpyridine and its quaternary ammonium salts) and sulfur-containing compounds (thiourea and mercaptoethanol) with different molar ratios on carbon steel in CO2-saturated 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution was investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The synergistic corrosion inhibition mechanism of mixed inhibitors was elucidated by the theoretical calculation and simulation. The molecule of pyridine derivatives compound with larger volume has the priority to adsorb on the metal surface, while the molecules of sulfur-containing compounds with smaller volume fill in vacancies. A dense adsorption film would be formed when 4-PQ and sulfur-containing compounds are added at a proper mole ratio.

For better understanding the corrosion and corrosion products behavior in the primary circuit of lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) coolant reactor, the concentration distribution of soluble impurities and the transport of solid particles are investigated through finite-element method. An axisymmetric model of the primary circuit of LBE reactor was constructed to accelerate the calculation the thermal hydraulic filed of circuit. The saturation concentration of solute Fe, Cr and Ni in LBE coolant are identified through the equilibrium of their oxides and PbO. And the very different saturation concentrations of Fe/Cr/Ni in LBE will lead to significant element selective corrosion. The migration of solid oxides particles in the primary circuit is also investigated by the Euler-Lagrange tracing model. The simulation shows that driving force for the movement of particles >100 μm is buoyancy, which lets particles float on a free surface, while particles <10 μm tend to suspend in coolant. However, the behavior of particles also depends on the formation position, the particles formed above the core have the high possibility of re-entering in the core.

This study introduces a novel nanocomposite coating composed of PANI/CeO2 nanocomposite films, aimed at addressing corrosion protection needs. Analysis through FTIR spectra and XRD patterns confirms the successful formation of the nanocomposite films. Notably, the PANI/CeO2 nanocomposite films exhibit a hydrophilic nature. The bandgap energy of the PANI composite film measures at 3.74 eV, while the introduction of CeO2 NPs into the PANI matrix reduces the bandgap energy to 3.67 eV. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity of the PANI composite film is observed to be 0.40 S.cm-1, with the incorporation of CeO2 NPs leading to an increase in electrical conductivity to 1.07 S.cm-1. To evaluate its efficacy, electrochemical measurements were conducted to assess the corrosion protection performance. Results indicate a high protection efficiency of 92.25% for the PANI/CeO2 nanocomposite film.

Contact inhibition (CI) represents a crucial tumor-suppressive mechanism responsible for controlling the unbridled growth of cells, thus preventing the formation of cancerous tissues. CI can be further categorized into two distinct yet interrelated components: CI of locomotion (CIL) and CI of proliferation (CIP). These two components of CI have historically been viewed as separate processes, but emerging research indicates that they share both distinctive and common pathways. Moreover, they exhibit intriguing intersections with mechanotransduction, a process that involves cells sensing and responding to mechanical forces. This review article describes the intricate interplay between mechanical forces and CI, shedding light on how these forces regulate CIL and CIP. Emphasis is placed on filamin A (FLNA)-mediated mechanotransduction, elucidating how FLNA senses mechanical forces and translates them into crucial biochemical signals that regulate cell locomotion and proliferation. In addition to FLNA, trans-acting factors (TAFs) emerge as sensitive players in both CI and the mechanotransduction process. This article presents methods for identifying these TAFs and profiling the associated changes in chromatin structure, offering valuable insights into CI and mechanotransduction regulation. Finally, it addresses unanswered research questions in these fields and delineates their possible future directions.

Cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary liver cancer, with increasing incidence worldwide and inadequate therapeutic options. Intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts have distinctly different embryonic origins and developmental behavior, and accordingly intra- and extrahepatic CCAs (ICC vs. ECC) are molecularly different. A promising strategy in oncotherapy is targeted therapy, targeting proteins that regulate cell survival and proliferation; such as the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. Inhibitors of these pathways have been tested previously in CCA cell lines. However, these cell lines could not be clearly assigned to ICC or ECC, and results indicated apoptosis induction by targeted therapeutics. We tested targeted therapeutics (selumetinib, MK2206) in three defined ICC cell lines (HuH28, RBE, SSP25). We observed cooperative effects of dual inhibition of the two pathways, in accordance with inhibition of phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK1/2 expression. Proliferation was blocked more effectively with dual inhibition than with each single inhibition, but cell numbers did not drop below baseline. Accordingly, we observed G1-phase arrest, but not apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3, AIFM1 regulation, subG1-phase) or necroptosis (phospho-MLKL). We conclude that dual inhibition of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways is highly effective to block proliferation of ICC cell lines, but therapy must certainly be supplemented with standard therapies.

Limited understanding exists regarding the intricate dynamics between the levels of social inhi-bition exhibited by both wives and husbands concerning their perceived family support and de-pressive symptoms, particularly within couples who are parents of children diagnosed with au-tism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study used the actor-partner, interdependence mediation model to analyze data collected from 397 pairs of Chinese parents with children diagnosed with ASD. The findings of the study revealed significant indirect actor effects, indicating that the levels of social inhibition exhibited by both wives and husbands were associated with their own de-pressive symptoms through their respective perceptions of family support. In general, the study did not find significant partner effects, except for some indirect effect (IE) of wives on their hus-bands' depressive symptoms through the wives' perceived social support. This observation sug-gests that cultural norms and role expectations within the family context may influence these dy-namics. These results underscore the potential importance of interventions aimed at addressing social inhibition and enhancing perceived family support to alleviate depressive symptoms in this population. Additionally, interventions targeting fathers should emphasize the importance of their involvement in parenting and collaboration with their partners in caring for children with ASD. Such collaborative efforts may contribute to improved outcomes for both parents and chil-dren within families affected by ASD.

The chemical investigation of the anti-yeast methanol extract from the stem bark of Terminalia mantaly led to the isolation of seven compounds: 3-O-methyl-4-O-α-rhamnopyranoside ellagic acid (1), 3-O-mehylellagic acid (2), arjungenin or 2,3,19,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oïc acid (3), arjunglucoside or 2,3,19,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oïc acid glucopyranoside (4), 2α,3α,24-trihydroxyolean-11,13(18)-dien-28-oïc acid (5), stigmasterol (6), stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7). Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic analysis and comparison with published data. Compounds 1-5 were tested in vitro for activity against three pathogenic yeast isolates, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei. The activity of compounds 1, 2 and 4 were comparable to that of the reference compound fluconazole (MIC values below 32 µg/ml) against the three tested yeast isolates. They were also tested for inhibitory properties against four enzymes of metabolic significance: Glucose-6-Phosphate Deshydrogenase (G6PD), human erythrocyte Carbonic anhydrase I and II (hCA I and hCA II), Glutathione S-transferase (GST). Compound 4 showed highly potent inhibitory property against the four tested enzymes with overall IC₅₀ values below 4 µM and inhibitory constant (Ki) <3 µM.

Cancer therapy resistance is a persistent clinical challenge. Recently, inhibition of the mutagenic translesion synthesis (TLS) protein REV1 was shown to enhance tumor cell response to chemotherapy by triggering senescence hallmarks. These observations suggest REV1’s important role in determining cancer cell response to chemotherapy. Whether REV1 inhibition would similarly sensitize cancer cells to radiation treatment is unknown. This study reports a lack of radiosensitization in response to REV1 inhibition by small molecule inhibitors in ionizing radiation-exposed cancer cells. Instead, REV1 inhibition unexpectedly triggers autophagy, which is a known biomarker of radioresistance. Collectively, we report a possible role of REV1 TLS protein in determining cancer treatment outcomes depending upon the type of DNA damage inflicted. Furthermore, we discover REV1 inhibition directly triggers autophagy, an uncharacterized REV1 phenotype, with significant bearing on cancer treatment regimens.

In this work, the inhibition properties of new bio-based lignine ILs on the corrosion of mild steel in an aqueous solution of 0.01 M NaCl were investigated by Potentiostatic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (PEIS), Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization (CPP). Moreover, the surface was characterized using SEM, EDS, and optical profilometry. The influence of cation and anion on the inhibitor properties and a possible synergistic effect were investigated. The IL choline syringate showed a promising performance, reducing the corrosion current after 24-hour immersion in 0.01 M sodium chloride, from 1.66 µA/cm2 for the control to 0.066 µA/cm2 with 10 mM of the IL present. In addition to the performance as a corrosion inhibitor, both components of this IL also meet or exceed current additional desired properties of such compounds, being readily available, economically efficient, and well tolerated in organisms and the environment.

New corrosion inhibitor derived from coumarin-3-amine namely 3-((2-chlorobenzylidene)amino)coumarin was synthesized and characterized by CHN elemental analysis in addition to Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The anti-corrosion ability of 3-((2-chlorobenzylidene)amino)coumarin to inhibit the impacts of corrosion has been demonstrated and damage reduction of the mild steel also. 3-((2-chlorobenzylidene)amino)coumarin, has been employed as a good corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in HCL solution. The efficiency of the inhibition was figured according to weight loss method and it was 74.6%.

This study delves into the atmospheric corrosion behavior of chromium-free complex-phase steel (CP), specifically investigating the influence of wet/dry frequency and ratio in cyclic corrosion tests (CCT). The study employs a modified ISO 14993 standard CCT method, which involves salt spray, dry, and wet stages. After 15 and 30 CCT cycles, mass loss, maximum corrosion depth, and corrosion products were analyzed to gain insights into corrosion mechanisms. In general, increasing the frequency and wet/dry stage ratio in CCT extends the time for autocatalytic reactions to occur, leading to accelerated localized CP corrosion and increased pitting factors. However, as the rust layer thickens, uniform corrosion may also intensify, so careful considerations are necessary. This study underscores the importance of controlling the frequency and ratio of wet/dry stages in CCT for effectively analyzing localized corrosion behavior in specimens.

Anterior-tooth (ANT) contacts induce short latency reflex inhibition of human jaw-closing muscles. The jaw is a rigid class 1 lever for pinpoint-targeting muscle force into a single bite-point, the pivoting food particle. See-saw reflex movements around the food particle fulcrum multiply the food-crushing force. Unpredictable jolts of reaction force caused by food-crushing are subjected to the rostral ANT and caudally to the two articulate ends of the jaw triangle. Compression/distraction strains of food-crushing must be monitored and inhibited by withdrawal reflexes. The mesencephalic ganglion (Vmes), neural myelin sheath, and muscle stretch receptors evolved subsequently to the advent of jaws to improve the velocity of proprioceptive and withdrawal reflexes. In mammalians, the spindles of the taut motor units, stretched by the food-fulcrum send excitatory monosynaptic feedback for the efferent neurons of the respective ipsilateral muscle units, via Vmes. In the Vmes, the spindle-input-mediating afferent neurons are coupled with another source of afferent feedback, which is also excitatory, from the back-tooth (BAT) mechanoreceptors. The two sources of excitatory pulses are summated and targeted for the efferent neurons to boost the stretched and taut motor units. Likewise, the afferent feedback from ANT mechanoreceptors is also coupled in the Vmes with concomitant feedback from spindles. The ANT output, however, is inhibitory to negate the excitatory feedback from the stretched jaw-muscle units. The inhibitory feed from ANT temporarily blocks the excitatory potential of masticatory motor efferent neurons to protect the ANT and jaw-joints from inadvertent strains. The inhibitory inputs from ANT alternate with the excitatory inputs from BAT to determine which jaw-closing muscle units are activated or inhibited at any given instant of food-crushing. The Vmes exists in all jawed vertebrates, and its’ evolution was probably motivated by demands for the control of bite force. The monosynaptic unilateral food-crushing excitatory and inhibitory reflexes (UFCR) override the coexisting bilaterally executed feed for jaw muscles from the central nervous system. Hypothesis: The Vmes-mediated UFCR combine neural inputs from tooth contacts with concomitant feedback from muscle stretch receptors for the control of mammalian food-crushing bite force.

Aluminum base alloys containing chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) were produced using extrusion and heat treated powder metallurgy. Cr addition ranged between 5 to 10 wt. % while Zn was added in an amount between 0 to 20 wt. %. Heat treatment processes were performed during powder metallurgy process at different temperatures followed by water quenching. Similar alloys were extruded, with an extrusion ratio of 4.6 to get proper densification. Optical microscopy was used for microstructure investigations of the produced alloys. The element distribution microstructure study was carried out using the Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis method. Hardness and tensile properties of the investigated alloys have been examined. Wear resistance tests were carried out and the results were compared with these of the Al-based bulk alloys. Results showed that the aluminum base alloys containing 10wt. % Chromium and heat treated at 500°C for one hour followed by water quenching exhibited the highest wear resistance and better mechanical properties.

Corrosion inhibitors are the natural or synthetic compounds that have the ability to inhibit the average of corrosion and reduce the damage of the mild steel. Enormous organic inhibitors nowadays employed in the corrosion domain but excluded due to costly. Comparatively cheap, and stable organic compound, namely 3-((4-nitrobenzylidene)amino)coumarin, have been utilized as an excellent corrosion inhibitor in hydrochloric acid for mild steel. The inhibition efficiency has been figured regarding to weight loss method. The corrosion inhibitor was identified according to spectroscopic techniques namely Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance in addition to micro-elemental analysis. Inhibition efficiency for the studied inhibitor was 71.4% that, at the highest studied concentration.

Information taken from David A. Scott’s book “Copper and Bronze in Art” was crucial for research on copper corrosion products in Stuttgart. Examples discussed are the nature and variability of ‘Black Spots’ (aka ‘Brown Fuzzies’); cupric hydroxide by cleaning, patination, and pigment synthesis; the wondrous phenomenon of curly malachite; chalconatronite formed by contact to soda glass; the formation of copper formates by glass-induced metal corrosion; and synthesis and X-ray diffraction of basic copper acetates (‘verdigris’).

it still undergoes corrosion when exposed to corrosive environments. This paper proposes an evaluation method for assessing the corrosion level of SPCC steel specimens using traditional eddy current testing (ECT), along with two different machine learning approaches. The objective is to classify the corroded state of the specimens into two states: a less corroded state (state-1) and a highly corroded state (state-2). Generative and discriminative models were implemented for classification. The generative classifier was based on the Gaussian mixture model (GMM), while the discriminative model was based on the logistic regression model. The models used features based on the absolute maximum of the perturbation magnetic field components at two different frequencies. The performance of the classifiers was evaluated using metrics such as absolute error, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. The results indicate that high classification accuracy can be achieved based on both methods using traditional eddy current testing.

Nano-titanium has excellent corrosion resistance and can be widely used in the field of corrosion resistant coatings. This paper introduces nano-weight titanium modified phenolic resin coatings and their anti-corrosion properties to explore the principle of nano-titanium modification and the mechanism of anti-corrosion to further develop more advanced corrosion resistant coatings. The article uses scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectrophotometer to characterise the morphology and structure of the nano-titanium modified phenolic resin coatings and to determine the corrosion resistance properties of the modified phenolic resin coatings. The results show that the 4% nano-titanium modified phenolic resin coating, nano-titanium powder and phenolic resin will maximize the dispersion and combination, and the structure is good; nano-titanium grafted on phenolic resin, the successful preparation of nano-titanium modified phenolic resin; modified nano-titanium added to improve the coating's ability of UV absorption. The corrosion resistance of the coating is much better than that of the unmodified phenolic resin coating.

Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation (PEO) is a surface treatment, similar to anodizing, that produces thick oxide films on the surface of metals. In the present work, PEO coatings were obtained on zinc-aluminized (ZA) carbon steel using as electrolyte a solution containing sodium silicate and potassium hydroxide, and working with high current densities and short treatment times in DC mode. The surface morphology resulted the typical one of PEO layers, with the presence of a lot of pores and micro-cracks. Considering the cross section, the thickness of the coating was strongly influenced by the process parameters, with different dissolution grades of the ZA layer depending on the current density and treatment time. The PEO layer resulted mainly composed by aluminum and zinc oxides and silicates. The corrosion resistance was remarkable increased in the samples with the PEO coating.

Akt1 is a proto-oncogene that is over active in most cancers. Akt1 activation requires phosphorylation at Thr308; phosphorylation at Ser473 further enhances catalytic activity. Akt1 activity is also regulated via interactions between the kinase domain and the N-terminal auto-inhibitory pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. As it was previously difficult to produce Akt1 in site-specifically phosphorylated forms, the contribution of each activating phosphorylation site to auto-inhibition was unknown. Using a combination of genetic code expansion and in vivo enzymatic phosphorylation, we produced Akt1 variants containing programmed phosphorylation to probe the interplay between Akt1 phosphorylation status and the auto-inhibitory function of the PH domain. Deletion of the PH domain increased the enzyme activity for all three phosphorylated Akt1 variants. For the doubly phosphorylated enzyme, deletion of the PH domain relieved auto-inhibition by 295-fold. We next found that phosphorylation at Ser473 provided resistance to chemical inhibition by Akti-1/2 inhibitor VIII. The Akti-1/2 inhibitor was most effective against pAkt1T308 and showed 4-fold decreased potency with Akt1 variants phosphorylated at Ser473. The data highlight the need to design more potent Akt1 inhibitors that are effective against the doubly phosphorylated and most pathogenic form of Akt1.

Improvement of hydrophysical properties and corrosion resistance of self-compacting concrete to the effects of alternate freezing-thawing and aggressive soils of southern and central Kazakhstan is of interest to a wide range of researchers from the side of practical application of the obtained results in construction practice. It is proposed to form a spatially reinforced fine crystalline structure of cement matrix with maximum dense packing by using a complex modifier (Hyperplasticiser + Polymer + Microsilica + Fibro fibers) in the composition of self-compacting concretes (SCC). The introduction of the calculated amount of the above additives increases the operational reliability of the current SCC compositions, increasing the water resistance to W16, frost resistance to F=500, increasing the compressive strength by 20%, reducing the mass loss of samples during corrosion leaching to 50%. It has been experimentally established that the proposed addition of complex modifier (Hyperplasticiser + Polymer + Microsilica + Fiber fibers) to the SCC composition allows obtaining self-compacting concrete of high quality with improved performance characteristics (compressive strength, water resistance, frost resistance and corrosion resistance). Studies have shown that the complex modifier-modified SCC compositions have a high degree of resistance in aggressive environments and leaching corrosion. Based on the results of the conducted tests, it is possible to recommend the obtained SCC compositions for production of building products working in the zone of alternating freezing-thawing and aggressive soils.

This article utilized electrodeposition technology to fabricate Zn and Zn-Y₂O₃-Al₂O₃ composite coatings on Q235 steel plates. The composite coatings were obtained by adding Y₂O₃/Al₂O₃ nanoparticles (0, 5, 10, and 15 g/L) to acidic chloride solutions. This study then examined the impact of these nanoparticles on the microstructure, morphology, microhardness, hydrophobicity, and corrosion resistance of the composite coatings. The results indicate that the addition of the nanoparticles increased the nucleation sites on the surface of the coating, thereby refining the grain size and reducing the roughness of the coating surface. When 10g/L of Y₂O₃ and 10g/L of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were added, the hardness of the composite coating (369 Hv) was 2.49 times higher than that of the pure Zn coating (148 Hv), which was attributed to the dispersion strengthening and grain refinement effects of the nanoparticles. The corrosion resistance of the Zn and Zn-Y₂O₃-Al₂O₃ composite coatings was studied using linear sweep voltammetry and AC impedance spectroscopy. The addition of the nanoparticles improved the corrosion resistance of the composite coating, and the composite coating prepared in an electrolyte containing 10 g/L of Y₂O₃ and 10 g/L of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles exhibited the best corrosion resistance. Meanwhile, the composite coating exhibited good hydrophobicity, with a contact angle of 120.9°, 1.94 times that of the pure Zn coating (62.2°). The Zn-Y₂O₃-Al₂O₃ nanocomposite coating material has significant potential advantages in the field of steel corrosion.

The 70/30 copper–nickel alloy is mainly used in critical parts with more demanding conditions in marine settings. There is a need for innovative methods that offer fast production and cost-effectiveness to supplement current copper–nickel alloy manufacturing processes. In this study, we employ wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) to fabricate the 70/30 copper–nickel alloy. The as-built microstructure is characterized by columnar grains with prominent dendrites and chemical segregation in the inter-dendritic area. The aspect ratio of the columnar grain increases with increasing travel speed (TS) at the same wire feed speed (WFS). This is in contrast to an equiaxed grain structure with a more random orientation of conventional sample. The sample built with a WFS of 8 m/min, TS of 1000 mm/min, and a track distance of 3.85 mm exhibits superior corrosion properties in the 3.5 wt% NaCl solution compared to the conventional one, as evidenced by a higher film resistance and breakdown potential, along with a lower passive current density of the WAAM sample. The corrosion morphology reveals the critical roles played by the nickel element unevenly distributed between the dendrite core and inter-dendritic area.

The study’s objective is to analyse the mechanical properties of steel pipe piles as a part of a trestle bridge subjected to five years of natural marine corrosion degradation. Sixteen tensile specimens were extracted from the steel pipe piles in the splash, tidal, and immersion zones. The experimental tensile test results are used to establish regression equations defining elastic modulus, yield strength, strain hardening index, and strength coefficient for the true stress-strain curves of the three regions. A non-linear time-dependent mathematical model is exploited to identify the corrosion degradation using the data from one single corrosion degradation measurement campaign. The analysis indicated that the splash zone experiences the most severe corrosion degradation, and there are progressive losses in the mechanical properties of each zone as the corrosion degradation progresses. The established relationships of the mechanical properties, as a function of the ratio of corroded plate thickness to the as-built one, can be used as a fast-engineering approach to identify the mechanical properties of severely corroded piles. The corrosion degradation allowance is also defined using the First Order Reliability Method, accounting for existing uncertainties covered by the partial safety factors. By examining the impact of marine corrosion on the mechanical properties of marine structures and developing predictive models to assess the corrosion’s effect on material strength and corrosion allowance, the study aims to improve offshore structures’ safety, design, and maintenance.

The development of Al-Ni alloys with a controlled microstructure has had a great impact on the field of study of aluminum-based alloys. In the present research, the influence of thermal parameters on the grain structures resulting from the directional solidification process of Al-Ni alloys with different alloy content has been studied. It has also been evaluated how different structures and the distribution of second phases influence the corrosion behavior and microhardness of alloys. The columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) was observed to occur when the temperature gradient in the melt decreased to values between 1.3 to 2.9 ° C/cm. In addition, a small increase in the microhardness values was observed as a function of the Ni-content. When the Ni-content increase, the resistance to polarization decreases for samples with equiaxed grain structure, throughout the range of compositions studied. Furthermore, the equiaxed grain structure presents higher resistance to polarization values than the columnar grain zone, for alloys with a composition equal to or lower than the eutectic composition.

In the present study, the corrosion resistance of amorphous coating and composite coatings in 3.5 wt.% NaCl, 0.5 M H₂SO₄ and 10 wt.% NaOH solution were studied. The composite coatings exhibit superior corrosion resistance. When the content of AT13 （Al₂O₃–13 wt.% TiO₂）was 15 wt.%, the composite coating has the lowest corrosion current density (1.75×10^-6 A cm^-2), which is 5.14×10^-5 A cm^-2 for Fe-based metallic glassy coating, and the highest corrosion potential (-411 mV), which is -580 mV for Fe-based metallic glassy coating. The breakdown potential of the passivation film in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution was much higher than that of 316L.The long-time immersion corrosion tests carried out on different coatings showed that the corrosion protection effect of coating was enhanced with the increase of the amount of AT13 added.

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) regulates many physiological processes that are involved in cancer development and progression such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, motility, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, by deacetylation of multiple substrates and association with interacting proteins. Due to its the ability to remove misfolded proteins, induce autophagy, and regulate unfolded protein response, HDAC6 plays a protective role in responses to stress and enables tumor cells survival. HDAC6 is often overexpressed in tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC) and is correlated with poor disease prognosis. However, it has been shown in animal models that HDAC6 is not essential for normal mammalian development. Therefore, it represents a good target for the development of novel cancer therapeutics. Selective inhibition of HDAC6 impairs growth and progression of many tumors without inducing major adverse events in experimental animals. In CRC, HDAC6 inhibitors have shown potential to reduce tumor progression and to enhance the therapeutic effect of other drugs. As HDAC6 is involved in regulation of immune responses, HDAC6 inhibitors have shown potential to improve antitumor immunity by increasing immunogenicity of tumor cells, augmenting immune cell activity and alleviating immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment. Therefore, HDAC6 inhibitors may represent promising candidates to improve the effect and to overcome resistance to immunotherapy.

Cellular automata (CA) models have emerged as a valuable tool in corrosion management. This manuscript provides an overview of the application of cellular automata models in corrosion research, highlighting their benefits and contributions to understanding the complex nature of corrosion processes. Cellular automata models offer a computational approach to simulate corrosion behavior at the microscale, capturing the intricate interactions between electrochemical reactions, material properties, and environmental factors generating a new vision of predictive maintenance. It discusses the key features of cellular automata, such as the grid-based representation of the material surface, the definition of state variables, and the rules governing cell-state transitions. The ability to model local interactions and emergent global behavior makes cellular automata particularly suitable for simulating corrosion processes. Finally, cellular automata models offer a powerful and versatile approach to studying corrosion processes, expanding models that can continue to enhance our understanding of corrosion and contribute to the development of effective corrosion prevention and control strategies.

Our investigations show that electrochemical corrosion of copper is faster than electrochemical corrosion of aluminium at temperatures below 100oC. Literature data analysis shows that the Al atoms diffuse faster than the Cu atoms at temperatures higher than 475oC, Al rich intermetallic compounds (IMCs) are formed faster in the Cu-Al system, and the Kirkendall plane shifts toward Al side. Electrochemical corrosion occurs due to electric current and due to diffusion. An electronic devise working time, for example, depends on initial copper cover thickness on aluminium wire, connected to the electronic devise, temperature, and volume and dislocation pipe diffusion coefficients, so copper, iron, and aluminium electrochemical corrosion rates are investigated experimentally at room temperature and at temperature 100oC. Intrinsic diffusivities ratios of copper and aluminium at different temperatures and diffusion activation energies in the Cu-Al system are calculated by proposed here methods using literature experimental data. Dislocation pipe and volume diffusion activation energies of pure iron are calculated separately by earlier proposed method using literature experimental data. Aluminium dissolved into NaCl solution as the Al3+ ions at room temperature and at temperature 100oC, iron dissolved into NaCl solution as the Fe2+ (not Fe3+) ions at room temperature and at temperature 100oC, copper dissolved into NaCl solution as the Cu+ ions at room temperature and as the Cu+ and the Cu2+ ions at temperature 100oC. It is founded experimentally that copper corrosion is higher than aluminium corrosion, and ratio of electrochemical corrosion rates, kCu/kAl>1, decreases with temperature increasing, although iron electrochemical corrosion rate doesn’t depend on temperature below 100oC. It is obvious, because melting point of iron is more higher then melting point of copper or aluminium. It is calculated that copper electrochemical corrosion rate is approximately equal to aluminium electrochemical corrosion at temperature about 300oC, so copper can dissolve into NaCl solution mostly as the Cu2+ ions at temperature about 300oC. Ratio of intrinsic diffusivities, DCu/DAl <1, increases with temperature increasing, and intrinsic diffusivity of aluminium could be approximately equal to intrinsic diffusivity of copper at temperature about 460oC.

In this paper we overview all analytical engineering solutions for corrosion problems in pressure vessels delivered over the past 60 years. We briefly detail strengths and weaknesses of existing approaches, thus demonstrating the need for novel uniform corrosion analysis methods for both current and new applications. To complement the review, we also present a new analytical model allowing to estimate the lifetime of pressured elastic vessels with mechanically assisted corrosion. Both internal/external pressure and internal/external corrosion are captured and dissolution driven corrosion is also considered. The readily implemented method improves existing analytical approaches and is shown to be effective for thin and thick shells, as well as various loading and corrosion intensity and geometrical conditions.

The acoustic emission (AE) technique was applied to monitor the pitting corrosion of carbon steel in NaHCO₃ + NaCl solutions. The open circuit potential (OCP) measurement and the corrosion morphology in-situ capturing using optical microscope were conducted during AE monitoring. The corrosion micromorphology was characterized with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The propagation behavior and AE features of natural pitting on carbon steel were investigated. After the performing of signal processing including pre-treatment, shape preserving interpolation and denoising for raw AE waveforms, three types of AE signals can be classified in the correlation diagrams of new waveform parameters. Finally, a 2D pattern recognition method was established to calculate the similarity of different continuous AE graphics, which is quite effective to distinguish the localized corrosion from uniform corrosion.

Petrochemical plants use on-stream inspection more often to detect and monitor the corrosion on the equipment and piping system. Compared to ultrasonic thickness gauging and pulse-echo A-scan, phased array corrosion mapping has better coverability and can scan a large area to detect general and localized corrosion. This paper's objective is to obtain documentary evidence on the accuracy of corrosion detection from 30°C to 250°C on A36 low-carbon steel by carrying out simulation experiments every 10°C steps. A minimum of three sets of phased array corrosion mapping data in each temperature were collected to study and evaluate the detectability. The data evidence could enhance the confidence level of the plant's end users to use the phased array mapping in the future during an inspection. The experiments were found to be insufficiently thorough despite addressing the initial concerns, leaving more area for discussion in further studies, such as expanding the investigation to thicker carbon steel, stainless steel, and wedge materials.

BUB1 is overexpressed in most human solid cancers including breast cancer. Higher BUB1 levels are associated with poor prognosis especially in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Women with TNBC often develop resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, which are still the mainstay of treatment for TNBC. Our previous studies demonstrated that BUB1 kinase inhibitor (BAY1816032) reduced tumor cell proliferation and significantly enhanced radiotherapy efficacy in TNBC. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of BAY1816032 with a PARP inhibitor (olaparib), platinum agent (cisplatin), and microtubule poison (paclitaxel) alone or in combination with radiotherapy using cytotoxicity and clonogenic survival assays. BUB1 inhibitor sensitized BRCA1/2 wild-type SUM159 and MDA-MB-231 cells to olaparib, cisplatin and paclitaxel synergistically (combination index; CI

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is manifested by hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, hepatocyte death, and systemic inflammation. Obesity induces steatosis and chronic inflammation in the liver. However, the precise mechanism underlying hepatic steatosis in the setting of obesity remains unclear. Here we report studies that address this question. Methods: 14 weeks on high-fat diet (HFD) with high sucrose, C57BL/6 mice revealed a phenotype of liver steatosis. Transcriptional profiling analysis of the liver tissues was performed using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Results: Our RNA-seq data revealed 692 differentially expressed genes involved in processes of lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, immune responses, and cell proliferation. Notably, the gene encoding neutral sphingomyelinase SMPD3, was predominantly upregulated in the liver tissues of the mice displaying a phenotype of steatosis. Moreover, nSMase2 activity was elevated in these tissues of the liver. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of nSMase2 prevented intracellular lipid accumulation and TNFα-induced inflammation in in-vitro HepG2-steatosis cellular model. Furthermore, nSMase2 inhibition ameliorates oxidative damage by rescuing PPARα and prevent cell death associated with high glucose/oleic acid-induced fat accumulation in HepG2 cells. Conclusions: Collectively, our findings highlight the prominent role of nSMase2 in hepatic steatosis which could serve as a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD and other hepatic steatosis-linked disorders.

Worldwide the steel corrosion is one of the greatest deterioration problems for reinforced concrete structures. Comparing some literature experimental results with a complex FEM model, the present paper points out the principal aspects those characterize the static behavior of RC elements damaged by corrosion. Moreover, the non-dimensional abaci defined for some specific case studies finalized to the evaluation of the residual flexural strength of corroded elements highlight the dangerousness of the corrosion degradation if the failure of the element is governed by the steel

Conventional heat treatment is not capable of converting a sufficient amount of retained austenite into martensite in high-carbon or high-carbon and high-alloyed iron alloys. Cryogenic treatment induces the following alterations in the microstructures: (i) a considerable reduction in the retained austenite amount, (ii) formation of refined martensite coupled with an increased number of lattice defects, such as dislocations and twins, (iii) changes in the precipitation kinetics of nano-sized transient carbides during tempering, and (iv) an increase in the number of small globular carbides. These microstructural alterations are reflected in mechanical property improvements and better dimensional stability. A common consequence of cryogenic treatment is a significant increase in the wear resistance of steels. The current review deals with all the mentioned microstructural changes as well as the variations in strength, toughness, wear performance, and corrosion resistance for a variety of iron alloys, such as carburising steels, hot work tool steels, bearing and eutectoid steels, and high-carbon and high alloyed ledeburitic cold work tool steels.

Topoisomerases, common targets for anti-tumor therapeutics, are crucial enzymes for DNA replication, transcription, and many other aspects of DNA metabolism. The potential anti-cancer effect of thiosemicarbazones (TSC) and metal-TSC complexes has been demonstrated by targeting several biological processes, including DNA metabolism. Human topoisomerases were discovered among the molecular targets for TSCs, and metal-chelated TSCs specifically displayed significant inhibition. The processes by which metal-TSCs or TSCs inhibit topoisomerases are still being studied. In this brief review, we summarize the TSCs and metal-TSCs that inhibit various types of human topoisomerases.

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes invasive infections such as otitis media, pneumonia and meningitis. It produces pneumolysin (Ply) toxin, which forms a pore to host cell membrane and has multiple functions in S. pneumoniae pathogenesis. The Ply C-terminal domain 4 mediates binding to membrane cholesterol and induces the formation of pores composed of up to 40 Ply monomers. Ply has a key role in the establishment of nasal colonization, pneumococcal transmission from host to host and pathogenicity. Altogether, 27 hydrolyzable tannins were tested for Ply inhibition in hemolysis assay and tannin-protein precipitation assay. Pentagalloylglucose (PGG) and gemin A showed nanomolar inhibitory activity. Ply oligomerization on the erythrocyte surface was inhibited with PGG. PGG also inhibited Ply cytotoxicity to A549 human lung epithelial cells. Molecular modelling of Ply interaction with PGG suggested that it binds to the pocket formed by domains 2, 3 and 4. In this study, we reveal the structural features of hydrolyzable tannins that are required for interaction with Ply. Monomeric hydrolysable tannins containing a sufficient number of polyvalent and flexible galloyl groups have highest inhibitory power to Ply cytotoxicity, and are followed by oligomers. Of the oligomers, macrocyclic and C-glycosidic structures were weaker in their inhibition than the glucopyranose-based oligomers. Accordingly, PGG-type monomers and certain oligomers might have therapeutic value in the targeting of S. pneumoniae infections.

For many years marine algae has been subject of numerous researches and as a source of natural products with antiviral activity, such as terpenes, alkaloids and sulphated polysaccharides. However, the anti-Zika virus (ZIKV) potential of algae has not been studied. In this study we evaluated extracts seven species of the three major classes of seaweeds (Phaeophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Rhodophyceae) against ZIKV. All seaweeds tested are native of the Brazilian coast, except for Kappaphycus alvarezii that can be cultivated. ZIKV a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has become a public health problem. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of cases and a strong association between ZIKV outbreak and the spread of cases of Guillain-Barré Syndrome and microcephaly. All seaweed extracts tested in this work inhibits ZIKV replication in a dose-dependent manner. Caulerpa racemosa, Kappaphycus alvarezii and Osmundaria obtusiloba extracts were able to inhibit viral replication at low concentrations with EC₅₀ values ranging from 1.38 to 1.98 µg/mL. We observed that O. obtusiloba presented a significant virucidal effect. Our results suggest that extracts of C. racemosa, K. alvarezii and O. obtusiloba presented very promising results, being excellent candidates for further studies, demonstrating that marine algae are an interesting source for the development of novel anti-ZIKV agents.

Two austenitic stainless steel (ASS) plates, 304L and 316L, were cold-rolled (304R and 316R) with a 10 % reduction in thickness then subjected to laser welding. Cold-rolling caused a slight surface hardening and introduced residual tensile stress into the ASS plates. The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of the welds (304RW and 316RW) was determined using the U-bend test pieces in a salt spray. To highlight the stress concentration at the weld’s fusion boundary (FB), the top weld reinforcement was not ground off before bending. Moreover, micro-shot peening (MSP) was performed to mitigate the SCC of the welds by imposing high residual compressive stress and forming a fine-grained structure. Cold-rolling increased the susceptibility of the 304R specimen to pitting corrosion (PTC) and intergranular (IG) microcracking. Moreover, PTC and SCC were found more often at the FBs of the 304RW. The corrosion pits of the peened 304RW (304RWSP) were finer but greater in amount than the un-peened one. The results also indicated that the 316L ASS welds with MSP was resistant to the incidence of PTC and SCC in a salt spray. The better reliability and longer service life of dry storage canister could be achieved by using 316L ASS for construction and application of MSP on it.

Porous metals possess low bulk density, large specific strength, high stiffness and special thermal, electromagnetic and acoustic conductivity, so that porous metals are widely used in filtration and separation, flame retardant explosion-proof, biomedical application, etc. Compared with its corresponding dense metal, the presence of porous structures also leads to different corrosive performances of porous metal. So, some researches have utilized weight loss method, electrochemical impedance to evaluate porous metals’ corrosion behavior; however, the influence of pore structure on metal corrosion is still controversial, and present methods used for analyses of porous metals’ corrosion are statistical averages of the corrosion behavior of the entire porous material, which cannot accurately reflect the corrosion behavior inside the pore structure. Herein, we prepare porous copper samples with 0, 24, 72, 96 pores using mechanical process, and employ scanning kelvin probe combined with electrochemical polarization curve and impedance spectroscopy to test the corrosion performance of the porous copper in static and dynamic NaCl solution. The relevant results indicate that in static solution, the corrosion resistance of samples gradually increases with the rise of the number of pores. By contrast, the sample with 24 pores exhibits more susceptible to corrosion than the sample without pore.

Concrete is the most utilized construction material worldwide. In the marine environment, it is subject to chemical degradation through reactions with chloride (the most important ion), sulfate and magnesium ions in seawater and to biodeterioration resulting from biological (initially microbiological) activities, principally acid production. These two types of corrosion are reviewed and the failure of attempts to predict the degree of deterioration resulting from each is noted. Chemical (abiotic) corrosion is greatest in the splash zone of coastal constructions, while phenomenological evidence suggests that biodeterioration is greatest in tidal zones. There have been no comparative experiments to determine the rates and types of microbial biofilm formation in these zones. Both chemical and microbiological concrete deterioration are complex and have not been successfully modeled. The interaction between abiotic corrosion and biofilm formation is considered. EPS can maintain surface hydration, potentially reducing abiotic corrosion. The early marine biofilm contains relatively specific bacterial colonizers, including cyanobacteria and proteobacteria; these change over time, producing a generic concrete biofilm, but adhesion of microorganisms to concrete in the oceans is little investigated. The colonization of artificial reefs is briefly discussed. Concrete appears to be a relatively prescriptive substrate, with modifications necessary to increase colonization for the required goal of increasing biological diversity.

Inclusions in steels and alloys are known as factors that could lower deformation, mechanical, corrosion and other properties. Study of inclusions in nickel based alloys is important since these materials could suffer from corrosion degradation in harsh operational conditions, where inclusions could lead to a pitting initiation. For estimation of a harmful effect of different inclusions on corrosion resistance of Ni-based alloys, inclusion characteristics (such as composition, morphology, size, number and location) on film filter and dissolution of metal matrix around different inclusions on surfaces of metal samples after electrolytic extraction (EE) were investigated in two samples of industrial Ni-based alloys (alloy 718 and EP718). It was found that both Ni-based alloys have various inclusions: carbides (large size NbTi-C and small multicomponent carbides), nitrides TiNb-N and sulfides (TiNb-S in EP718 alloy). The higher harmful effect on corrosion resistance of metal was detected around sulfides and small carbides containing Mo, W, Cr. Dissolution effect was also observed around large carbides and nitrides, especially around inclusions having size more than 10 µm. Moreover, the dissolution of metal matrix around inclusions and clusters located on the grain boundaries is 2.1-2.7 times larger compared to that for those inclusions inside of grains of the given alloy samples.

1) Background: The objective was to evaluate the corrosion resistance of different commercially pure ultrafine-grained (UFG) titanium and its alloys with acid etched surface processed by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP); 2) Methods: Coarse-grained and UFG titanium samples were investigated using polarization resistance technique. Surface characteristics of the native oxidized layer were evaluated by TEM and XRD. Electrochemical tests were under physiological electrolyte at a rate of 1 and 10 mV/s. Weight loss tests were performed after immersion into HCl solution for up to 3 years; 3) Results: UFG titanium was less susceptible to corrosion which was identified under lower rates and at higher polarization resistance than its coarse grain counterparts. Titanium Grade 2 and Grade 4 demonstrated similar corrosion susceptibility. Titanium Grade 5 revealed a thin and tightly adhered native oxide layer with adequate corrosion resistance; 4) Conclusions: ECAP process imposed a more compact and adhered oxidized layer. Surface etching techniques delivered a thicker native TiO₂ layer, being both grain refinement and surface etching techniques responsible for the improved corrosion resistance of Titanium samples under physiological environment after 3 years of observation.

In this work, we investigated the effects of heat treatment on the microstructure, hydrogen storage characteristics and corrosion rate of a Ti₃₄V₄₀Cr₂₄Fe₂ alloy. The arc melted alloy was divided into three samples, two of which were separately quartz-sealed under vacuum and heated to 1000 °C for 1 h; one of these samples was quenched and the other furnace cooled to ambient temperature. The crystal structures of the samples were studied via X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. Absorption/desorption characteristics were investigated using a Sievert apparatus. Potentiostat corrosion tests on the alloys were performed using an AutoLab^® corrosion test apparatus and electrochemical cell. All samples exhibited a mixture of body-center-cubic (BCC) and Laves phase structures. The corrosion rate, maximum absorption, and useful capacities increased after both heat treatments. The annealed sample had the highest absorption and reversible capacity. The plateau pressure of the as-cast alloy increased after quenching. The corrosion rate increased from 0.0004 mm/y in as-cast sample to 0.0009 mm/y after annealing and 0.0017 mm/y after quenching, due to a decrease in the Cr-content of the C14 phase.

The integrated stress response is a signaling network comprised of four branches, each of which senses different cellular stressors, converging on the phosphorylation of eIF2α to depress global translation and initiate recovery. One of these branches is composed of GCN2, which senses cellular amino acid insufficiency and participates in the maintenance of amino acid homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that GCN2 is a viable cancer target when amino acid stress is provoked by inhibiting an additional target. In this light, we screened a combination of drugs to identify biologically active compounds which synergize with the GCN2 inhibitor TAP20. First, a panel of 25 compounds was assayed in six cancer cell lines for drug sensitivity. Each compound was then combined with TAP20 at concentrations below their IC50, and the impact on cell growth was assessed. Selected strongly synergistic combinations were further characterised using synergy analyses and matrix-dependent invasion assays. Inhibitors of proteostasis, of the MEK-ERK pathway and pan-CDK inhibitors flavopiridol and seliciclib were found to potently synergize with TAP20 in two of the tested cell lines. Among their common CDK targets is CDK7, which was selectively targeted with THZ-1 and found to synergize with TAP20. Finally, these combinations were found to be partially synergistic when assessed using matrix-dependent invasion assays. However, we found that TAP20 alone was sufficient to restrict invasion at concentrations well below its growth-inhibitory IC50. We conclude that GCN2 can be targeted for treating cancers by polytherapy or even monotherapy.

BRAF is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes, with an overall frequency of about 50%. Targeting BRAF and its effector mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) is now a key therapeutic strategy for BRAF-mutant tumors, and therapies based on dual BRAF/MEK inhibition showed significant efficacy in a broad spectrum of BRAF tumors. Nonetheless, BRAF/MEK inhibition therapy is not always effective for BRAF tumor suppression, and significant challenges remain to improve its clinical outcomes. First, certain BRAF tumors have an intrinsic ability to rapidly adapt to the presence of BRAF and MEK1/2 inhibitors by bypassing drug effects via rewired signaling, metabolic, and regulatory networks. Second, almost all tumors initially responsive to BRAF and MEK1/2 inhibitors eventually acquire therapy resistance via an additional genetic or epigenetic alteration(s). Overcoming these challenges requires identifying the molecular mechanism underlying tumor cell resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors and analyzing their specificity in different BRAF tumors. This review aims to update this information.

Several preclinical and clinical reports have demonstrated that levels of circulating high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) are increased early after trauma and are associated with systemic inflammation and clinical outcomes. However, the mechanisms of the interaction between HMGB1 and inflammatory mediators that lead to the development of remote organ damage after trauma remain obscure. HMGB1 and inflammatory mediators were analyzed in plasma from 54 combat casualties, collected on admission to a military hospital in Iraq, and at 8 and 24 hours after admission. Forty-five (83%) of these patients had traumatic brain injury (TBI). Nine healthy volunteers were enrolled as controls. HMGB1 plasma levels were significantly increased in the first 8 hours after admission, and were found to be associated with systemic inflammatory responses, injury severity score, and presence of TBI. These data provided the rationale for designing experiments in rats subjected to blast injury and hemorrhage, to explore the effect of HMGB1 inhibition by CX-01. Animals were cannulated, then recovered for 5-7 days before blast injury in a shock tube and volume-controlled hemorrhage. Blast injury and hemorrhage induced an early increase in HMGB1 plasma levels that coincided with severity of tissue damage and mortality. CX-01 inhibited systemic HMGB1 release, decreased local and systemic inflammatory responses, significantly reduced tissue and organ damage, and tended to increase survival. These data suggest that CX-01 has potential as an adjuvant treatment for traumatic hemorrhage.

Fucoidan is a brown algae-derived polysaccharide having several biomedical applications. This study simultaneously compares the anticancer activities of crude fucoidans from Fucus vesiculosus and Sargassum filipendula, and effects of low (LMW, 10-50kDa), medium (MMW, 50-100kDa) and high (HMW, >100kDa) molecular weight fractions of S. filipendula fucoidan against osteosarcoma cells. Glucose, fucose and acid levels were lower and sulphation was higher in F. vesiculosus crude fucoidan compared to S. filipendula crude fucoidan. MMW had highest the levels of sugars, acids and sulphation among molecular weight fractions. There was a dose dependent drop in focal adhesion formation and proliferation of cells for all fucoidan-types, but F. vesiculosus fucoidan and HMW had the strongest effects. G1-phase arrest was induced by F. vesiculosus fucoidan, MMW and HMW, however F. vesiculosus fucoidan treatment also caused accumulation in sub G1-phase. Mitochondrial damage occurred for all fucoidan-types, however F. vesiculosus fucoidan led to mitochondrial fragmentation. Annexin V/PI, TUNEL and cytochrome c staining confirmed stress induced apoptosis-like cell death for F. vesiculosus fucoidan but features of stress-induced necrosis-like cell death for S. filipendula fucoidans. There was also variation in penetrability of different fucoidans inside the cell. These differences in anti-cancer activity of fucoidans are applicable for osteosarcoma treatment.

Inositol is a natural carbocyclic sugar that plays an essential role in regulating the vital cellular functions of plants and animals. Current research has explored methyl derivatives of inositol, reporting on their various biological activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-osteoporosis activities. Our previous study demonstrated that L-quebrachitol, a methyl derivative of inositol, enhances osteoblastogenesis and bone formation; however, its effect on osteoclastogenesis remains unclear. Consequently, we aimed to investigate the effect of L-quebrachitol on the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis in pre-osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells. The results revealed that L-quebrachitol suppressed RANK-mediated signalling, including nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and Fos proto-oncogene (cFOS) pathways, at both gene and protein levels. Moreover, the critical transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis, nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1), was downregulated. Inhibition of osteoclast-associated marker genes encoding proteolytic enzymes, such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), and cathepsin K, led to reduced formation of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells and resorption pits. These findings demonstrate the dose-dependent inhibitory effect of L-quebrachitol on osteoclastogenesis through the modulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK)-mediated signalling pathways. However, further exploration of L-quebrachitol's potential as a therapeutic approach for osteoporosis is warranted.

The nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy 625 exhibits an excellent combination of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. However, the high temperature plastic deformation process and the heat treatment represent critical aspects and the adoption of non-optimal parameters can result in excessive grain coarsening and loss in mechanical strength. This detrimental behavior is worsened by the presence of a narrow region of temperatures and strain rates for complete recrystallization and the absence of phase transformation temperatures. In this alloy, the presence of sufficient amounts of niobium, titanium and aluminum permits slow age-hardening response upon single-aging treatments. Therefore, when the soft- or solution-annealed condition is associated with insufficient mechanical properties, this potentiality can be exploited to improve the mechanical strength and prevent waste of material and resources. Since the precipitation kinetic of the hardening γ^'' phase can be accelerated by prior nucleation treatment, different time-temperature combinations of double aging at 732 °C and 621 °C are investigated to reduce the overall heat treatment time. However, the simultaneous formation of Cr-rich carbides can dramatically affect the intergranular corrosion resistance. For this reason, a performance map is developed to compare all the tested conditions and identify the best compromise in terms of mechanical strength and corrosion rate.

The corrosion resistance of two cast CoCr based alloys, with different amounts of chromium and with different alloying elements in the bulk composition of the alloy, was assessed. Herewith, we investigated the corrosion behavior of Co21Cr8Mo7W and Co29Cr7W by open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization (PP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at 37°C for long time immersion. After 1000 hours of immersion, the corrosion current density (icor), estimated from anodic polarization tests, is lower for Co21Cr8Mo7W (i.e. 49 nA cm-2) alloy compared to Co29Cr7W alloy (180 nA cm-2). As regards the corrosion potential (Ecor), a nobler value was observed for Co21Cr8Mo7W (i.e. -59 mV vs. Ag/AgCl) compared to Co29Cr7W (i.e. -114 mV vs. Ag/AgCl). These findings suggest a better corrosion resistance of the film formed on the alloy containing lower amount of Cr and two alloying elements, namely Mo and W. These results are promising ones in terms of medical applications because they open new strategies in obtaining alloys with lower content of chromium and with higher protective properties against corrosion attack.

Activated Corrosion Products (ACPs) formation and deposition pose a critical safety issue for nuclear fusion reactors. The working fluid transports the ACPs towards regions accessible to worker personnel. Predicting ACPs formation deposition and transport is fundamental for source term identification, reduction of radiation exposure assessment, maintenance plan definition, design optimization, and waste management. The code OSCAR-Fusion has been developed by the CEA (France) to evaluate the ACPs generation and transport in closed water-cooled loops for fusion application. This work aims at assessing the impact of water chemistry on the transport, precipitation, and deposition of corrosion products for the EU-DEMO divertor Plasma Facing Unit Primary Heat Transfer System. Sensitivity analyses and uncertainty quantification are needed due to the multi-physics phenomena involved in ACPs formation and transport. The OSCAR-Fusion/RAVEN code coupling developed by the Sapienza University of Rome and ENEA has been used. This work presents the perturbation results of different parameters chosen for a closed water-cooled loop considering a continuous scenario of 1888 days. The aim of this work is to assess the variation of build-up of ACPs, perturbing the alkalizing agent concentration into the coolant and the corrosion and release rates of different materials.

The corrosion morphology in grade 2205 duplex stainless steel wire has been studied to understand the nature of pitting and the causes of the ferrite phase's selective corrosion in acidic NaCl solution. It is shown that the corrosion mechanism is always pitting, which either manifests lacy cover perforation or densely-arrayed selective cavities developing on the ferrite phase. Pits with a lacy metal cover form in concentrated chloride solutions, whereas the ferrite phase's selective corrosion develops in diluted electrolytes, showing dependency on the chloride-ion concentration. The pit perforation is probabilistic and occurs on both austenite and ferrite grains. The lacy metal covers collapse in concentrated solutions but remain intact in diluted electrolytes. The collapse of the lacy metal cover happens due to hydrogen embrittlement. Pit evolution is deterministic and occurs selectively in the ferrite phase in light chloride solutions.

Diatomite (DME) consists of natural ordered porous structures that are excellent candidates as microcontainers. However, to the best of our knowledge, the application of DME loaded with corrosion inhibitors in anti-corrosion coatings has not hitherto been reported. In this study, DME has been used as a source of microcontainers to load benzotriazole (BTA) inhibitor by an immersion method. In order to prevent unwanted early release of the small molecule BTA inhibitor from the DME microcontainers, inspired by the adhesion characteristics of catechol and amine in mussel adhesion protein, polydopamine (PDA) was coated on their surfaces to generate BTA@DME/PDA microcapsules. Because of the depolymerization characteristics of PDA at low pH, the synthesize microcapsules showed a controllable release function. The SEM morphology, chemical structure, and loading capacity of the synthesized BTA@DME/PDA microcapsules were characterized. The corrosion resistances of epoxy coatings with different contents of BTA@DME/PDA microcapsules were compared by saline immersion and electrochemical impedance tests. A scratched coating with 5wt.% BTA@DME/PDA microcapsules showed the best anti-corrosion effect.

This research investigated high-temperature corrosion (500 °C) of Cr-Mo steel processed using water jet peening or multifunction cavitation (MFC), and the suitability of such steel for high-temperature boilers and reaction vessels. High-temperature corrosion was induced using an embedment test and a coating test using sulfide-type K2SO4-Na2SO4 powder. To measure the relaxation of the residual stress due to the decrease in work hardening caused by an increase in specimen temperature and the difference in thermal shrinkage between the surface and interior of the specimen, a thermal cycling test was conducted. For the MFC-processed specimen, the oxide film that formed on the surface suppressed mass loss, prevented crack formation, and reduced the compressive residual stress caused by high-temperature corrosion. MFC-processed Cr-Mo steel is thus suitable for a high-temperature corrosion environment.

Psoriasis is a common chronic immune-mediated disease with many comorbidities and impacts on quality of life. Among the treatment options for psoriasis, phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibi-tors are emerging with expanding options. PDE4 inhibitors play a pivotal role in the inflamma-tory cascade by degrading cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), contributing to pro-inflammatory mediator production. Apremilast, an oral PDE4 inhibitor, is an approved class for psoriasis. While effective, its adverse effects can limit its utility. Roflumilast, a topical PDE4 inhibitor, was recently also approved for psoriasis and shows promise in clinical trials. Crisaborole, approved for atopic dermatitis, has also been studied in psoriasis. This updated re-view summarizes evidence from randomized clinical trials regarding the efficacy and safety of PDE4 inhibitors in psoriasis treatment. By highlighting their potential benefits and limitations, this review provides valuable insights for clinicians and researchers aiming to optimize psoriasis therapy.

This study investigated the effects of silibinin, derived from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced morphological changes in mouse macrophages. Silibinin was treated at various doses and time points to assess its effects on macrophage activation including morphological changes and phagocytosis. Silibinin effectively inhibited LPS-induced pseudopodia formation and size increase, while unstimulated cells remained round. Silibinin's impact on phagocytosis was dose- and time-dependent, showing a decrease. We explored its mechanism of action on kinases using a MAPK array. Among the three MAPK family members tested, silibinin had a limited effect on JNK and p38 but significantly inhibited ERK1/2 and related RSK1/2. Silibinin also inhibited MKK6, AKT3, MSK2, p70S6K, and GSK-3β. These findings highlight silibinin's potent inhibitory effects on phagocytosis and morphological changes in macrophages. We suggest its potential as an anti-inflammatory agent due to its ability to target key inflammatory pathways involving ERK1/2 and related kinases. Overall, this study demonstrates the promising therapeutic properties of silibinin in modulating macrophage function and inflammation.

Aims: Adolescence is a critical period because the brain is involved in the process of maturation that entails cognitive functions. On the way of maturation, an individual’s inhibitory control undergoes many changes and becomes vulnerable to different thrill-seeking like smoking, drinking, and so on. Smoking is highly prevalent among teenagers that are trying to take control of their behaviors in order to join society. They experience antisocial behavior too which is a trait that can lead adolescents to addiction. This trait is an inevitable part of psychopathy. Inhibitory deficits and psychopathy have been widely reported in addiction studies. The current study tried to investigate the relationship between psychopathic traits and behavioral inhibition between male smokers and non-smoker teenage students.Materials & Methods: Statistical sample of this research is 62 teenage students aged 17 years that are divided into smoker and non-smoker groups. The participants have been chosen through random sampling from the population of 10 high schools. The data have been gathered in Kordkoy and Gorgan in Golestan province. Behavioral bias has been measured by Go/NoGo task and psychopathic traits through youth psychopathic traits inventory. Also, the short form of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale test has been executed and used as a control variable.Findings: A meaningful difference has been found between the performance of smoker and non-smoker groups in Go/No Go task and psychopathic traits that are smokers performed weaker in comparison with non-smokers and psychopathic traits of smokers were meaningfully higher than non-smokers. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between these two groups in their Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale scores.Conclusion: The results have shown that smokers have higher psychopathic traits and lower behavioral inhibition when compared with their non-smoker peers. According to the results of current research, smoking can decline the cognitive functions.

This study focused on the investigation of myeloperoxidase through a Molecular Docking approach with various natural compounds to identify potential substances for cardiovascular research. Recent research has linked elevated myeloperoxidase levels to the severity of coronary artery disease. The results of the docking analysis revealed Polydatin, Daidzin, Astringin, Ginkgetin, and Amentoflavone as promising compounds with excellent binding capacity. To complement this, toxicity prediction studies were conducted using pkCSM. Overall, all four investigated molecules (Amentoflavone, Daidzin, Ginkgetin, and Astringin) were found to be non-toxic, exhibiting high maximum tolerated doses (human) and favorable values for Oral Rat Acute Toxicity and Oral Rat Chronic Toxicity. Moreover, they showed non-AMES toxicity and non-hepatotoxicity. Astringin, in particular, stood out with the highest positive effects, including a high maximum tolerated dose (human) and favorable values for Oral Rat Chronic Toxicity, along with dual inhibition of hERG II and hERG I. These findings suggest the potential utility of these compounds in cardiovascular research with minimized unwanted effects.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-born flavivirus which human infection became relevant dur-ing recent outbreaks in Latin America, due to its unrecognized association with fetal neurologi-cal disorders. Currently there are no approved effective antivirals or vaccines for treatment or prevention of ZIKV infections. Amantadine and rimantadine are approved antivirals used against susceptible influenza A virus infections, that have been shown to have antiviral activity against other viruses, such as dengue virus (DENV). Here, we report the in vitro effectiveness of both amantadine and rimantadine hydrochlorides against ZIKV replication, resulting in a dose-dependent reduction in viral titers of a ZIKV clinical isolate and two different ZIKV refer-ence strains. Additionally, we demonstrate similar in vitro antiviral activity of these drugs against DENV-1 and yellow fever virus (YFV), although at higher drug concentrations for the later. ZIKV replication was inhibited at drug concentrations well below cytotoxic levels of both compounds, as denoted by the high selectivity indexes obtained with the tested strains. Further work is absolutely needed to determine a potential clinical use of these antivirals against ZIKV infections, but our results suggest the existence of a highly conserved mechanism across fla-vivirus, susceptible to be blocked by modified more specific adamantane compounds.

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a new highly pathogen virus that can suppress cell immune response (Poly ADPR process, and interferon releasing in infected cell) by viral macrodomain and create fatal pneumonia. Cytokine storm phenomenon which can create consequence of SARS COV-2 by increase of the performance of human TRPM2, is a dangerous condition for human and its body organ such as kidney, heart, and liver. it seems like prevention of beginning of these events is necessary. Material and methods: in this study drug and drug like database was used for inhibition of the viral macrodomain and human TRPM2 that can initiate of the viral cell cycle infection and human cytokine storm respectively. Ligand base drug designed, pharmacophore modeling, docking and molecular dynamic simulation was performed Results: among up to billion compounds, 20 compounds were screened by infinisee program. Then 7 compounds were selected by pharmacophore modeling. between 7 compounds, 5 compound was removed because of high similarity to ADPR and possibility of toxic effect for human RNA and DNA polymerase. One compound was losartan and selected for docking and molecular dynamic simulation. Conclusion: losartan earned a proper dock score and binding affinity to create the complexes with TRPM2 and macrodomain. Molecular dynamic simulation has shown losartan had an adequate binding free energy for human trpm2 and viral macrodomain. The inhibitory effect of losartan on these protein has shown and it could interfere in several points (PARP, PARG- macrodomain and TRPM2) and decreases oxidative stress, apoptosis, cytokine storm in COVID-19.

Marked changes in temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) content, and nutrient content typically occur in marine thermoclines, which are key factors that affect the corrosion of metals. Offshore platforms have required marine metals to be exposed to deep-sea environments and have thus increased their penetration into the marine thermocline. This study investigates the galvanic corrosion of E690 steel in a marine thermocline using a simulated marine thermocline (SMT). Specifically, the corrosion of E690 steel was analyzed using the wire beam electrode (WBE) technique, linear polarization (LP), corrosion morphology, and weight loss measurement. Results indicated that the SMT had a stable multilayer structure, and the variations of temperature, DO, pH and nutrient concentration in the SMT were similar to those in the natural marine thermocline. Galvanic corrosion occurred after the intrusion of E690 steel into the marine thermocline. The driver of galvanic corrosion was the of E690 steel at various depths of the marine thermocline. The Ecorr of E690 steel was influenced by the temperature, pH and DO of seawater, and the order was DO >> T > pH. The continuous reduction of Ecorr with depth contributed to the large-scale galvanic corrosion, and the oscillation variation of Ecorr with depth was the reason for small-scale galvanic corrosion. The primary anodic regions of galvanic corrosion were located in the area with the fastest temperature variation in the thermocline. The proportion of galvanic corrosion in the average corrosion rate could increase up to approximately 80% in the stable anodic region. There were many deep corrosion pits in the long-term and stable anodic region of galvanic corrosion.

In this work, nitrite intercalated CaAl-LDH was firstly prepared in this work. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) coupled with the energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) was used to characterize the morphology and element composition of the synthesized powder. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize the chemical composition and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyze the structure. The nitrite release curve and the chloride concentration change curve were obtained to study the anion-exchange reaction. The corrosion protection effect of the CaAl-LDH loaded with nitrites towards the carbon steel was evaluated in 0.02 M NaCl solution by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Then the powder was added in the epoxy coating with a percentage of 2% (vs. epoxy resin). The coating morphology and roughness was evaluated by SEM and laser microscopy, and the corrosion protection effect was investigated by EIS in an immersion period of 21 d. Local electrochemical impedance spectra (LEIS) was used to characterize the corrosion development process in micro-corrosion sites. The corrosion product of the scratched area after salt spray exposure was analyzed by EDS and Raman spectroscopy. The corrosion protection mechanism of the CaAl-LDH loaded with nitrites was proposed based on the above experimental results.

Corrosion is considered as one of the main factors in the structural performance deterioration of steel members. In this study, experimental and numerical methods were used to assess the reduction in compressive strength of short tubular steel columns with local corrosion damage. The corrosion damage was varied with different depths (0, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 4.5, and 6 mm), height (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, and 180 mm), circumference (0, 90, 180, 270, and 360°), and location along the column. A parametric numerical study was performed to establish a correlation between the residual compressive strength and the severity of corrosion damage. The results showed that as the corrosion depth, height and circumference increased, the compressive strength decreased linearly. As for the corrosion height, the residual compressive strength became constant after decreasing linearly when the corrosion height was greater than the half-wavelength of buckling of the short columns. An equation is presented to evaluate the residual compressive strength of short columns with local corrosion wherein the volume of the corrosion damage was used as a reduction factor in calculating the compressive strength. The percentage error using the presented equation was found to be within 11.4%.

MoS2 lithium-based grease is suitable for lubrication protection between bearings at high temperatures and loads due to its excellent tribological properties. However, there is little research on the influence of different addition methods of MoS2 additive on the tribology and corrosion properties of lithium grease. In this work, vegetable oil with low toxicity, high biodegradation rate, and low cost was selected as the base oil, lithium 12-hydroxystearate as the thickener, and MoS2 as the additive. The effects of different adding modes of MoS2 on the tribology and corrosion properties of lithium grease were studied. The experimental results showed that adding 0.01wt% MoS2 before thickening was more conducive to improving the tribological properties of lithium grease. The average friction coefficient was 0.034, and the average spot diameter was reduced by 0.16mm. After grinding and adding 0.01wt% MoS2, the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the steel sheet was as high as 96.97%. The main reason was that the longer stirring and grinding were conducive to the uniform distribution of MoS2 in the grease, and the protective film formed by MoS2 and GCr15-bearing steel improved the lubrication performance and corrosion inhibition performance of the friction system.

Although 4Ce4YSZ has high corrosion resistance, it faces challenges concerning sinterability and ionic conductivity. Therefore, we studied destabilization behavior caused by corrosion and oxygen vacancy ordering according to ZnO doping. The powders of (4Ce4YSZ)1-x(ZnO)x (x=0.5, 1, 2, 4 mol%) were synthesized through the sol-gel method. With the addition of ZnO, the cubic phase increased, and secondary phases were not observed. The (111) peak showed a higher angle shift in ZnO-doped 4Ce4YSZ compared to 4Ce4YSZ, and TEM-SAED revealed a reduction in the spacing of the (011)t plane, suggesting lattice contraction due to the substitution of the smaller Zn2+ (60 Å) for Zr4+ (84 Å) in the lattice. The local atomic structure analysis was conducted using EXAFS to investigate the oxygen vacancy ordering behavior. Zr K-edge Fourier-transform data revealed a decrease in the Zr-O1 peak intensity with an increasing amount o ZnO doping, indicating an increase in oxygen vacancies. The Zr-O1 peak position shifted to the right, leading to an increase in the Zr-O1 interatomic distance. In the Y K-edge Fourier-transform data, the Y-O1 peak intensity did not decrease, and there was little variation in the Y-O1 interatomic distance. These results suggest that the oxygen vacancies formed due to ZnO doping are located in the neighboring oxygen shell of Zn, rather than in the neighboring oxygen shells of Y and Zr. Impedance measurements were conducted to measure the conductivity, and as the amount of ZnO doping increased, the total conductivity increased, while the activation energy decreased. The increase in oxygen vacancies by ZnO doping contributed to the enhancement of conductivity and it is considered that these created oxygen vacancies did not interact with Zn2+ and did not form defect associations. Fluoride-based molten salts were introduced to the specimens to assess corrosion behavior in a molten salt environment. Yttrium depletion layers (YDLs) were formed on the surfaces of all specimens due to the leaching of yttrium. However, Ce remained relatively stable at the interface according to EDS line scans, suggesting a reduction in the phase transformation (cubic, tetragonal to monoclinic) typically associated with yttrium leaching in YSZ.

Molten LiCl-KCl salt and liquid cadmium are proposed as the electrolyte and the reactive cathode for the electrorefining of spent nuclear fuels. Corrosion testing of existing alloys is mandatory to ensure the service life of the electrorefiner vessel and electrode assemblies. Haynes C276, Inconel 600, AISI 316L stainless steel, and 42CrMo low alloy steel were exposed to LiCl-KCl melt at 500°C for 500 h in an argon atmosphere. All alloys suffered from dissolution attacks with the presence of oxide islands or porous oxide layer on the surface. AISI 316L, T91 steel and tungsten specimens were also submitted to corrosion tests in liquid cadmium at 500°C for 120 h. Corrosion of AISI 316L and T91 stainless steel were predominated by chemical oxidation with additional severe Ni dealloying occurred on AISI 316L. Tungsten only suffered from dissolution attack in comparison.

Zn–Ni plating is indispensable in various industries because of its high corrosion resistance. However, Ni has been reported to trigger allergies; thus, an alternative Ni-free plating is desired. Zn–Fe plating is considered to be a promising candidate, albeit its corrosion resistance still needs to be improved. The corrosion resistance of Zn–Fe plating is expected to increase by the addition of Mo as the third alloying element as it is more noble than Zn and Fe. In this study, Zn–Fe–Mo plating with a corrosion resistance nearly equivalent to that of the Zn–Ni plating was fabricated. Zn–Fe–Mo plating was electrically deposited from continuously agitated plating baths prepared by mixing ZnSO₄, FeSO₄, Na₂MoO₄, Na₃C₆H₅O₇, and Na₂SO₄ using Fe or Ni plates as the substrate. The surface morphology, composition, crystal phase, and electronic state of Mo of the platings were investigated by SEM-EDS, XRD, and XPS. The anti-corrosion performance was evaluated by Tafel extrapolation method. Formation of plating comprising a Mo containing alloy phase was found to be crucial for improving corrosion resistance. The Zn–Fe–Mo plating demonstrates promise for replacing anti-corrosion Zn–Ni platings.

The effects of environmental media on the corrosion fatigue fracture behavior of 25CrMo steel were investigated. The media include air, and a 3.5 wt.% and a 5.0 wt.% NaCl solutions. Experimental results indicate that the media induces the initiation of corrosion fatigue cracks at multiple sites. The multi-cracking sites cause the changes in the crack growth directions, the crack growth rate during the coupling action of the media and the stress amplitude. The coupling effects are important for engineering applications and research. The probability and predictions of the corrosion fatigue characteristic life can be estimated using the 3-parameter Weibull distribution function.

Leukemia encompasses diverse blood cancers marked by the unchecked growth and developmental blockage of myeloid or lymphoid precursor cells within the bone marrow and the bloodstream. Treatment traditionally involves intensive chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, albeit these approaches often yield severe side effects and encounter resistance from leukemia cells. Hence, the quest for novel therapies targeting leukemic cells selectively is paramount to enhancing leukemia outcomes. Exploring natural products is a promising avenue for pursuing effective chemotherapy and preventive measures against leukemia. These compounds serve as a crucial wellspring for drug development and offer a source of biologically active elements for potential therapeutic interventions in leukemia. The enzyme telomerase plays a vital role in stabilizing chromosomes by adding DNA sections to the end of chromosomes during the mitotic cycle. Notably, hTERT mRNA expression strongly correlates with telomerase activity, making it a potential target for therapeutic intervention without adverse systemic effects. Telomerase inhibition is a promising target in cancer therapy, especially in combination with natural ingredients, demonstrating less cytotoxicity than chemotherapies.

HIV-1 Tat protein interacts with TAR RNA and recruits CDK9/cyclin T1 and other host factors to induce HIV-1 transcription. Thus Tat-TAR RNA interaction, which is unique for HIV-1, represents an attractive target for anti-HIV-1 therapeutics. To target Tat-TAR RNA interaction, we used a crystal structure of TAR RNA with acetylpromazine bound to the bulge of TAR RNA, to dock compounds from Enamine database containing 1.6 million individual compounds. Docking identified 173 compounds that were analyzed for the inhibition of HIV-1 infection. Top ten inhibitory compounds with IC50 ≤ 6 µM were selected and the three least toxic compounds, T6780107 (IC50=2.97 μM), T0516-4834 (IC50=0.2 μM) and T5628834 (IC50=3.46 μM), were further tested for HIV-1 transcription inhibition. Only T0516-4834 compound showed selective inhibition of Tat-induced HIV-1 transcription, whereas T6780107 compound inhibited equally basal and Tat-induced transcription and T5628834 compound only inhibited basal HIV-1 transcription. The T0516-4834 compound also showed strongest inhibition of HIV-1 gag RNA expression and p24 production in CEM T cells infected with HIV-1 IIIB. Of the three compounds, only the T0516-4834 compound disrupted Tat-TAR RNA interaction indicating that it might target TAR RNA. Also, of the three tested compounds, T5628834 but not T6780107 or T0516-4834 disrupted Tat-CDK9/cyclin T1 interaction. Taken together, our study identified novel compound T0516-4834 that disrupted Tat-TAR RNA interaction and inhibited Tat-induced transcription and HIV-1 infection suggesting that this compound might serve as a new lead for anti-HIV-1 therapeutics.

Recent studies suggest that the developmental curves in adolescence, related to the development of executive functions, could be fitted to a non-linear trajectory of development with progressions and retrogressions. Therefore, the present study proposes to analyze the pattern of development in Perceptual Inhibition (PI), considering all stages of adolescence (early, middle, and late) in intervals of one year. To this aim, we worked with a sample of 275 participants between 10 and 25 years, who performed a joint visual and search task (to measure PI). We have fitted exGaussian functions to the probability distributions of the mean response time across the sample and performed a covariance analysis (ANCOVA). The results showed that the 10- to 13-year-old groups performed similarly in the task and differ from the 14- to 19-year-old participants. We found significant differences between the older group and all the rest of the groups. We discuss the important changes that can be observed in relation to the nonlinear trajectory of development that would show the PI during adolescence.

CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor crucial in tumor progression, although the angiogenic role of CXCR4 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has not been investigated. Here we show that CXCR4 is crucial for tumor angiogenesis thereby supports tumor survival in OSCC. Immunohistochemistry on human clinical specimens revealed that CXCR4 and a tumor vasculature marker CD34 were co-distributed in tumor vessels in human OSCC specimens. To ask the effects of CXCR4 inhibition, we treated the OSCC-xenografted mice with AMD3100, so-called plerixafor, an antagonist of CXCR4. Notably, we found a unique pathophysiological structure defined as Tumor Angiogenic Inhibition Triggered Necrosis (TAITN) induced by the CXCR4 antagonism. Treatment with AMD3100 increased necrotic area with the induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in the xenografted tumors, suggesting that AMD3100-induced TAITN was involved in hypoxia and ischemia. Taken together, we demonstrated that CXCR4 plays a crucial role in tumor angiogenesis required for OSCC progression, whereas TAITN induced by CXCR4 antagonism could be an effective anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategy in OSCC treatment.

Inflammation is a vital aspect of the body's immune response, appearing either as an acute reaction that swiftly develops (e.g., after injury or during an infection) or as a chronic condition that persists over a prolonged period, often linked with autoimmune disorders or cancer. This study introduces potential TNF-alpha inhibitors investigated by Molecular Docking investigation. They are Dactolisib with a binding energy of -10.1 kcal/mol, Nilotinib with -9.6 kcal/mol, Eltrombopag with -9.7 kcal/mol, Radotinib with -9.6 kcal/mol, and Nilotinib again with -9.7 kcal/mol. Additionally, Hypericin exhibited a notable binding energy of -9.9 kcal/mol, suggesting its potential as a natural TNF-alpha inhibitor. While these computational results are preliminary, they provide a foundation for further biological studies to confirm their efficacy. The significance of these findings extends to the scientific community, offering potential applications in the field of inflammatory diseases.

The impacts of spice (sumac, cumin, black pepper, and red pepper) extract on Gram-positive (S. aureus and E. faecalis) and Gram-negative (K. pneumonia, P. aureginosa, C. jejuni, A. hydrophila, S. Paratyphi A, and Y. enterocolitica) food-borne pathogen bacterial strains (FBP) for their antibacterial activity and accumulation of ammonia (AMN), trimethylamine (TMA), and biogenic amines (BAs) in tyrosine decarboxylase broth (TDB) were investigated. Sumac extract exhibited the highest an-tibacterial potential against all FBP followed by cumin and peppers. Ammonia (AMN) production (844.24-543 mg/L) was strongly inhibited by sumac extract (55.10 mg/L), whilst suppression of trimethylamine (TMA) production (53.66-3.21 mg/L) was observed by sumac (1.28 mg/L), followed by red pepper (0.91 mg/L) extract. Cumin extracts stimulated the production of cadaverine, spermidine, tryptamine, and 2-phenylethylamine. Furthermore, sumac extracts inhibited hista-mine and tyramine production in the majority of FBP. This research suggests the application of sumac extracts as natural preservatives for inhibiting the growth of FBP and inhibiting the pro-duction of AMN, TMA, and BAs.

Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response to various pathological insults including hypertension. However, sustained hypertrophy can cause impaired calcium regulation, cardiac dysfunction, and remodeling, accompanied by cardiac fibrosis. Our previous study identified miR-25 as a regulator of SERCA2a, and that inhibition of miR-25 improved cardiac function and reduced fibrosis by restoring SERCA2a expression in a murine heart failure model. However, the precise mechanism underlying the reduction of fibrosis by miR-25 inhibition remains unclear. Therefore, we postulate that miR-25 may have additional targets that contribute to regulating cardiac fibrosis. Using in silico analysis, Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) was identified as an additional target of miR-25. Further experiments confirmed that KLF4 was directly targeted by miR-25 and that its expression was reduced by long-term treatment with Angiotensin II, a major hypertrophic inducer. Subsequently, treatment with a miR-25 inhibitor alleviated the cardiac dysfunction, fibrosis, and inflammation induced by Angiotensin II. These findings indicate that inhibiting miR-25 not only enhances calcium cycling and cardiac function via SERCA2a restoration but also reduces fibrosis by restoring KLF4 expression. Therefore, targeting miR-25 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating hypertensive heart diseases.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in rice grains is posing a significant threat to global food security. To restrict the transport of Cd in the soil-rice system, an efficient way is to use the ionomics strate-gy. Since calcium (Ca) and Cd have similar ionic radii, their uptake and translocation may be linked in multiple aspects in rice. However, the underlying antagonistic mechanisms are still not fully understood. Therefore, we first summarized the current knowledge on the physiological and molecular footprints of Cd translocation in plants and then explored the potential antagonistic points between Ca and Cd in rice, including exchange adsorption on roots, plant cell wall compo-sition, co-transporter gene expression, and transpiration inhibition. This review provides sugges-tions for the Ca/Cd interacting study in rice and introduces the ionomics research to better control the accumulation of Cd in plants.

Synthesis of poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) and poly(o-phenylenediamine)-ZnO (PoPD-ZnO) nanocomposites on carbon steel by in-situ polymerization with HCl acid as doping acid Material coating. The composition and structure of PoPD-ZnO nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The corrosion protection ability of polymer coatings in 3.5% NaCl was studied by potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It can be seen from the electrochemical corrosion experimental data that PoPD-WPU coating (PWC) and PoPD-ZnO-WPU coating (PZWC) can effectively improve the corrosion resistance of the carbon steel substrate, and the corrosion rate is reduced by 2-3 orders of magnitude compared with carbon steel. The conclusion demontrates that PoPD can effectively extend the service life of carbon steel substrates. In addition, it is advantageous to form a compact and low-defect coating when added nano-particle ZnO, which is advantageous for the POPD film to develop its good barrier property and corrosion resistance.

This paper investigates the evolution of microstructures and precipitations of an ultra-low iron alloy 625 subjected to long term aging treatment by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD). Use ASTM G28A acid Fe3(SO4)2 erosion to represent intergranular corrosion weightlessness and corrosive morphology. The result shows that alloy at 750C by aging treatment for 40h, precipitated γ'' phase in the grain boundary. In high density area of γ'' phase, occurs γ'' phase to δ phase degeneration transformation by aging treatment for 200h and the needle-like δ phase becomes more with time prolonged. And γ'' phase degenerated to δ phase completely until treated for 1000h. The sample which has aging treatment tends to have intergranular corrosion and mainly because alloy element spreading leads to dilution area and grain boundary precipitated phase, plus interlaced δ phase’s dissolving, which makes sample grain particle fall off and this results in apparent weightlessness. The weightlessness rate(WLR) is related with precipitated volume score. With aging sensitization time change, can be described by Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation, i.e.: $WLR=44.32\left[1-\text{exp}\left(-\frac{t}{10.99}\right)\right]+44.62\left[1-\text{exp}\left(-\frac{t}{327.8}\right)\right]+1.267\left(mm/a\right)$

In this study, Fe-Mo-B based hardfacing electrodes containing different amounts of Mo were coated on an AISI 1020 steel substrate using the electric arc welding method. The findings show that molybdenum is highly effective on the microstructure and minor changes in the coating composition affect the phases and morphological properties. In the hardness tests, an increase of 73% was achieved in the Fe14Mo2B4 based hardfacing coating compared to the base material and a 30% increase compared to the Fe16B4 based coating. The highest macro hardness value was measured as 56.4 HRC and the highest phase hardness was measured as 3228 HV in the FeMo2B2 phase. The lowest wear rate was measured in the Fe14Mo2B2 based coating. The wear rate of the Fe14Mo2B4 based coating was 8.1 times lower than that of the substrate material and 4.7 times lower than that of the Fe16B4 based coating. According to corrosion test results, the highest corrosion resistance was obtained in Fe16B4 based coating. The current density value of the Fe16B4 based coating was measured to be 13.6 times lower than that of the substrate material.

Wirobond C is a commercial dental casting alloy suitable for the fabrication of crowns, bridges as well as metal-ceramic restorations. This work aims with the study of the effect of ready-to-use Listerine® and Meridol® mouthwashes and sodium fluoride on corrosion resistance of the CoCrMo dental alloy to electrochemical corrosion in artificial saliva at 37 °C. SEM, EDS, SKP, and microhardness investigations were carried out to characterize the material under study. In vitro corrosion resistance of the CoCrMo alloy was conducted by the open circuit potential method, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and anodic polarization curves. The presence of Co 59.8(8) wt.%, Cr 31.5(4) wt.%, and Mo 8.8(6) wt.% was confirmed. The CoCrMo alloy was characterized by Vickers microhardness of 445(31) µHV0.3. Based on EIS data, the capacitive behavior and high corrosion resistance of CoCrMo alloy was revealed. The kinetics of pitting corrosion in the artificial saliva was lower after the modification with NaF and Listerine and Meridol mouthwashes. The potentiodynamic characteristics revealed the passive behavior of CoCrMo alloy in all solutions. Based on the SKP measurements of the CoCrMo alloy after corrosion tests, the effect of artificial saliva modification on electronic properties of Bego Wirobond C dental alloy was found.

Chemical and mechanical properties of plasma-assisted nitrided (PAN), TiN cathodic arc coated, and PAN with TiN coated samples were thoroughly evaluated on tool steel samples of 1.2379. The evaluation involved SEM, nano-indentation, profilometer, micro scratch, and corrosion tests. The results revealed that PAN treatment alters the roughness of the surface, while it has minimal impact on the coefficient of friction. However, it increases the substrate's hardness, making it twice as hard and three times more resilient against scratch tests, along with improved corrosion resistance. TiN-coated samples are four times harder than untreated ones, but they exhibit a higher elastic modulus (E), leading to a lower H/E index. The most promising results were obtained with PAN+TiN treatment, combining high hardness (H) with lower E, resulting in a high H/E index, a crucial criterion for wear resistance. These samples also demonstrated superior scratch hardness and corrosion resistance, despite being thinner and rougher.

This paper investigates the effect of shot peening on the strength and corrosion properties of EN AW 6082-T651 aluminium alloy. Surface roughness, microhardness, residual stresses and corrosion performance were investigated and compared with the untreated aluminium alloy. Cracks and delaminations in the surface layer can only be seen on the treated specimens at a working pressure of 4 bar and 8 bar, while no such effect was observed at a working pressure of 1.6 bar. The effect of dislocation densification was confirmed by the microhardness measurement of the hardened layer, where microhardness increased by up to 23 % compared to the untreated aluminium alloy. Shot peening also results in a deeper layer with higher compressive residual stresses compared to untreated specimens. With higher working pressure, surface roughness increases, which can promote localized pitting corrosion. However, all treated specimens improve the corrosion resistance and have a lower degree of anodic dissolution. The current density of the shot peened specimen with the lowest surface roughness was more than twice lower than that of the untreated specimen.

There is an urgent need to identify effective therapies for COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 host factor protease TMPRSS2 is required for viral entry and thus an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. In mouse, knockout of tmprss2 led to protection against SARS-CoV-1 with no deleterious phenotypes, and in human populations genetic loss of TMPRSS2 does not appear to be selected against. Here, we mined publicly available gene expression data to identify several compounds that down-regulate TMPRSS2. Recognizing the need for immediately available treatment options, we focused on FDA-approved drugs. We found 20 independent studies that implicate estrogenic and androgenic compounds as transcriptional modulators of TMPRSS2, suggesting these classes of drugs may be promising therapeutic candidates for clinical testing and observational studies of COVID-19. We also note that expression of TMPRSS2 is highly variable and skewed in humans, with a minority of individuals having extremely high expression. Combined with literature showing that inhibition of TMPRSS2 protease activity reduces SARS-CoV-2 viral entry in human cells, our results raise the hypothesis that modulation of TMPRSS2 expression is a promising therapeutic avenue for COVID-19.