When a rotary machine is running, from which the acquired vibro-acoustic signals enable to reveal its operation status and health condition. The study proposed a DSP-based adaptive angular-velocity Vold-Kalman filtering order tracking (AV2KF_OT) algorithm with an online real-time nature for signal interpretation and machine condition monitoring. Theoretical derivation and numerical implementation of computation schemes are briefly introduced. An online real-time monitoring system based on the AV2KF_OT algorithm, which was implemented through both a digital signal processor and a user interface coded by using LabVIEW, was developed. Two experimental tasks were applied to justify the proposed technique, including (i) the detection of startup on the fluid-induced whirl performed through a journal-bearing rotor rig, and (ii) the separation of close orders from the measured signals of a multifunction transmission-element ball-bearing bench.

In relativity, the Newtonian concepts of velocity and acceleration are observer-dependent quantities that vary with the chosen frame of reference. It is well established that in the comoving frame, cosmic expansion is currently accelerating; however, in the rest frame, this expansion is actually decelerating. In this paper, we explore the implications of this distinction. The traditional measure of cosmic acceleration, denoted by q, is derived from the comoving frame and describes the acceleration of the scale factor a for a 3D space-like homogeneous sphere. We introduce a new parameter q_E representing the acceleration experienced between observers within the light cone. By comparing q_E to the traditional q using observational data from Type Ia supernovae (SN) and the radial clustering of galaxies and quasars (BAO)—including the latest results from DESI2024—our analysis demonstrates that q_E aligns more closely with these data. The core argument of the paper is that Λ—regardless of its origin—creates an event horizon that divides the manifold into two causally disconnected regions analogous to conditions inside a black hole’s interior, thereby allowing for a rest-frame perspective q_E in which cosmic expansion appears to be decelerating and the horizon acts like a friction term. Such a horizon suggests that the universe cannot maintain homogeneity outside. The observed cosmological constant Λ can then be interpreted not as a driver of new dark energy or a modification of gravity but as a boundary term exerting an attractive force, akin to a rubber band, resisting further expansion and preventing event horizon crossings. This interpretation calls for a reconsideration of current cosmological models and the assumptions underlying them.

This paper proposes an enhanced Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol by incorporating a Three-Dimensional Angular Momentum Representation (3D AMR) to address vulnerabilities inherent in traditional two-dimensional polarization states-based systems. The 3D AMR method expands the state space, potentially increasing security against sophisticated quantum attacks. We present a theoretical and computational framework that transitions from the conventional two-dimensional polarization to a three-dimensional angular momentum space, which inherently increases the complexity and security of the quantum states used in QKD.

This research explores the intricate relationship between gravitational and cosmic redshift phenomena, unveiling a profound understanding of how light behaves as it traverses the cosmos. The study begins with an examination of gravitational redshift, a well-established concept occurring when photons move away from massive gravitational sources, such as stars within galaxies. Gravitational redshift, expressed as λ/λ₀, manifests within the gravitational influence and extends to the boundary of the observed "zero-gravity sphere" enveloping galaxies. Within this remarkable zero-gravity sphere, gravitational effects persist, while the antigravity influence of dark energy remains negligible. As a result, gravitational redshift dominates, and cosmic redshift is notably absent within the sphere. Photons within this sphere maintain their constant speed 'c' and undergo gravitational redshift exclusively. However, as photons exit the zero-gravity sphere at a distance 'r' equivalent to the source star's radius, they encounter the onset of cosmic redshift, quantified as {(λ_obs - λ_emit)/ λ_emit}. Cosmic redshift blends with gravitational redshift, forming the effective redshift of the photon. Critically, the effective cosmic redshift surpasses gravitational redshift, illuminating a profound revelation: photons traverse a greater "light-traveled distance" than their proper distance from the source. In essence, cosmic redshift signifies that photons move across their intended distances at their intrinsic speed c, while the expanding universe introduces a relative distance expansion, influenced by antigravity. This research delves into the intricate dance between gravitational and cosmic redshift, shedding light on their remarkable implications for our comprehension of the expanding universe.

Recognition, decoding and tracking of vortex patterns is of increasing importance in many fields reaching from astronomical observation of distant galaxies to turbulence phenomena in liquids or gases. Currently, coherent light beams with orbital angular momentum (OAM) are of particular interest for optical communication, metrology, micro-machining or particle manipulation. One common task is to identify characteristic spiral patterns in pixelated intensity maps at real-world signal-to-noise ratios. Recently, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) was applied to the quantitative analysis of spiral interference patterns of OAM beams. Our study considers this approach in more detail. It is demonstrated that specific information can be extracted by combining conformal mapping by polar transform with determining one- or two-dimensional angular frequency spectra either in spatially fixed or scanning mode. Results of proof-of-principle experiments are presented.

Understanding neck pain is an important societal issue. Kinematic data from sensors may help to gain insight on the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with neck pain through a quantitative sensorimotor assessment of one patient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential usefulness of artificial intelligence with several Machine Learning (ML) algorithms in assessing neck sensorimotor performance. Angular velocity and acceleration measured by an inertial sensor placed on the forehead during the DidRen laser test in thirty-eight acute and subacute non-specific neck pain (ANSP) patients were compared to forty-two healthy control participants (HCP). Seven supervised ML algorithms were chosen for the predictions. The most informative kinematic features were computed using Sequential Feature Selection methods. The best performing algorithm is the Linear Support Vector Machine with an accuracy of 82% and Area Under Curve of 84%. The best discriminative kinematic feature between ANSP patients and HCP is the first quartile of head pitch angular velocity. This study has shown that supervised ML algorithms could be used to classify ANSP patients and identify discriminatory kinematic features potentially useful for the clinicians in the assessment and monitoring of the neck sensorimotor performance in ANSP patients.

Theoretical studies on the generation of nondiffracting and nondispersive light pulses and their experimental implementation are one of the renowned problems within electromagnetics. Current technologies enable creation of short-duration pulses of a few cycles with high power and fluency. An application of these techniques to the field of nondiffracting and nondispersive pulses requires a proper mathematical description of highly focused vector pulses. In this work, we study vector optical bullets in a dielectric medium with different polarization structures: linear, azimuthal, and radial. We report the differences caused by the vector model compared to the scalar model. We analyze effects caused by superluminal, subluminal, or even negative group velocity on properties of vector optical bullets inside a dielectric material.

The surface velocity of the Amery Ice Shelf (AIS) is vital to assessing its stability and mass balance. Previous studies have shown that the AIS basin has a stable multi-year average surface velocity. However, spatiotemporal variations in the surface velocity of the AIS and the underlying physical mechanism remain poorly understood. This study combined offset tracking and DInSAR methods to extract the monthly average surface velocity of the AIS and obtained the inter-annual surface velocity from the ITS_LIVE product. An uneven spatial distribution in inter-annual variation of the surface velocity was observed between 2000–2022, although the magnitude of variation was small at less than 20.5 m/yr. The increase and decrease in surface velocity on the eastern and western-central sides of the AIS, respectively, could be attributed to the change in the thickness of the AIS. There was clear seasonal variation in monthly average surface velocity at the eastern side of the AIS between 2017–2021, which could be attributed to variations in the area and thickness of fast-ice and also to variations in ocean temperature. This study suggested that changes in fast-ice and ocean temperature are the main factors driving spatiotemporal variation in the surface velocity of the AIS.

The advent of modern satellite technology has transformed observational astronomy and astrophysics, offering unprecedented insights into the large-scale behavior of gravitation and challenging established cosmological models. This technological progress has reinvigorated the study of relativistic cosmology, leading to a critical reassessment of foundational assumptions, particularly the cosmological principle, which posits that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales. While this principle underpins the Standard Cosmological Model and the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric, emerging data has increasingly been challenging its validity. Central to this investigation are the redshift-distance and light intensity-distance relations, essential for testing cosmological models. The integration of both parametric and nonparametric redshift models provides a more comprehensive analysis, addressing discrepancies in our understanding of the universe's structure and evolution. However, unresolved mysteries, particularly concerning dark matter and dark energy, complicate these models. This research critically examines the cosmological principle using the latest observational data and scrutinizes the Friedmann model's assumptions. The study shows that galaxy formation was most rapid in the early universe, especially within the redshift range of , with notable peaks around at and These two characteristic redshift values, predicted by our standard Friedmann redshift model used in this work, are confirmed by the observational data utilized in this research. The research also highlights that dark matter plays a significantly more critical role than dark energy in the process of galaxy formation. While dark energy primarily affects the large-scale expansion of the universe, dark matter seems to go beyond the domination of local galaxy formation and evolution of cosmic structures. These findings underscore the limitations of current models and contribute to the ongoing refinement of cosmological theories, offering a clearer understanding of the universe’s evolution.

Low-energy cosmic rays (LECRs) play a crucial role in the formation of planetary systems, and detecting and reconstructing the properties of early LECRs is essential for understanding the mechanisms of planetary system formation. Given that LECRs interact with the surrounding medium to produce nuclear de-excitation line emissions with energy mainly within 0.1–10 MeV, which are unaffected by stellar wind modulation, these gamma-ray emissions can accurately reflect the properties of LECRs. This study introduces an innovative method for using gamma-ray emissions to infer LECR properties. We employed the Parker transport equation to simulate the propagation and spectral evolution of LECRs in a protoplanetary disk and calculated the characteristic gamma-ray emissions resulting from interactions between LECRs and disk material. These gamma-ray emissions encapsulate the spectral information of LECRs, providing a powerful tool to reconstruct the cosmic ray environment at that time. This method, supported by further theoretical developments and observations, will fundamentally enhance our understanding of the impact of CRs on the origin and evolution of planetary systems and address significant scientific questions regarding the cosmic ray environment at the origin of life.

The quiet-time solar wind electrons feature non-thermal characteristics when viewed from the perspective of their velocity distribution functions. They typically have an appearance of being composed of a denser thermal “core” population plus a tenuous energetic “halo” population. At first, such a feature was empirically fitted with the Kappa velocity space distribution function, but ever since the ground-breaking work by Tsallis, the space physics community has embraced the potential implication of the Kappa distribution as reflecting the non-extensive nature of the space plasma. From the viewpoint of microscopic plasma theory, the formation of non-thermal electron velocity distribution function can be interpreted in terms of the plasma being in a state of turbulent quasi equilibrium. Such a finding brings forth the possible existence of a profound inter-relationship between the non-extensive statistical state and the turbulent quasi-equilibrium state. The present paper further develops the idea of solar wind electrons being in the turbulent equilibrium, but unlike the previous model, which involves the electrostatic turbulence near the plasma oscillation frequency (i.e., Langmuir turbulence), the present paper considers the impact of transverse electromagnetic turbulence, particularly, the turbulence in the whistler-mode frequency range. It is found that the coupling of spontaneously-emitted thermal fluctuations and the background turbulence leads to the formation of non-thermal electron velocity distribution function of the type observed in the solar wind during quiet times. This demonstrates that the whistler-range turbulence represents an alternative mechanism for producing the Kappa-like non-thermal distribution, especially close to the Sun and in the near-Earth space environment.

The fundamental divergence in foundation of modern physics lies in the incompatibility between quantum theory and relativity. This study created a relative continuum, found a mathematical tool for the cosmic continuum; proposed dark particle hypothesis, filled gap on minimum existence quantity particle; discovered new equivalence principle, bridged differences in foundation of physics; and established an ideal model, revealed deep essence of cosmic and material structure. In this model, any cosmic system is a continuum composed of existence continuum relative to the wavelength of bosons energy waves and its dimension continuum. This model provides new perspectives on the fundamental problems of physics and cosmology. Firstly, it elucidated the physical mechanism of bosons in fundamental interactions. Secondly, it reconstructed the understanding of the basic unit of the cosmic and material structure. Thirdly, it updated the inherent concepts about the existence form and existence dimension. Fourthly, it restored the causality truth of wave function collapse in quantum mechanics.

Proper Post-Activation Performance Enhancement helps to improve athletic performance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of two different velocity loss (VL), 10%VL and 20%VL, on post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) in 20m sprint performance among sprint athletes. Twenty-four male sprint athletes (100m sprint time: 10.96±0.15 s) were recruited. A randomized crossover experimental design was used for traditional group (TG), 10%VL, and 20%VL interventions. Sprint tests were conducted at the 4th, 8th, 12th, and 16th minutes after the intervention. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed an interaction effect between group and time on 20m sprint performance (F=2.817, p=0.037, partial η²=0.585). Simple effect analyses showed significant differences compared to baseline at the 4th minute for the 20%VL group (P<0.05). Cohen's d values indicated improvement in 10m sprint times at the 8th minute of the rest interval for all three intervention groups (TG: ES=-0.270, 10%VL: ES=-0.038, 20%VL: ES=-0.279). Improvement in 20m sprint times was observed at the 4th minute for the 20%VL group (ES=-0.296) and at the 16th minute for the 10%VL group (ES=-0.276). Compared to traditional PAPE schemes based on 1RM, PAPE schemes based on velocity loss (20%VL) can better induce PAPE effects in sprint athletes.

Recent analyses of cosmic microwave background (CMB) maps have been interpreted as demonstrating that the Universe was born without an initial rotation. However, these analyses are based on unrealistic models and do not contain essential ingredients such as quantum effects, the strong, weak and gravitational interactions between the components, their intrinsic spins and magnetic moments, as well as primordial black holes. If the Universe was born spinning these effects would distribute the initial spin angular momentum among its components long before the CMB forms at recombination. A primordial spin would now appear as a nonzero total angular momentum of its components along the direction of the original spin, and a primordial large-scale rotation would no longer be apparent. The existence of a special axis or direction would break a fundamental symmetry assumed in general relativity, cosmic isotropy, and a net angular momentum implies a cosmic parity violation.

The relativistic effects of the dynamical properties of light at angular incidence were analyzed from the perspectives of Bohr indeterminacy and Heisenberg uncertainties and statistical dispersion. It was found that these effects report minimal uncertainties that agree with one or the other according to the angular range of incidence and that decrease with increasing refringence of the medium, constituting a specific relativistic uncertainty at angular incidence. An anomaly is indicated for the uncertainty principle in the Quantum Theory (QT) setting for small angles of incidence, where the accuracy of the angular position does not imply an increase in the uncertainty of the linear momentum. The anomalies arise because TQ does not predict the alternation between the classical and relativistic regimes of photon inertia at angular incidence. Specific relativistic uncertainty particularizes the uncertainty principle in the transmission of light between media pairs at angular incidence for the relativistic scenario, considering an observer that registers the relativistic effects of measurements that interfere with the observed system, in another inertial referential.

Traditional seismic wave-based tunnel advanced geological forecasting techniques are primarily designed for drill and blast method construction tunnels. However, given the fast excavation speed and limited prediction space in Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) construction tunnels, traditional methods have significant technical limitations. This paper analyzes the characteristics of different types of TBM construction tunnels and, considering the practical construction conditions, identifies an effective observation system and data acquisition method. Utilizing numerical simulation, a model for advanced detection of typical unfavorable geological formations is established by obtaining the wave field response characteristics of seismic waves in three-dimensional space. The seismic wave reflection method can effectively receive information from unfavorable geological formations in front of the tunnel face. To address the challenges in advanced forecasting for TBM construction tunnels, a method of ellipsoid positioning velocity analysis, which takes into account the constraints of three-component data directions, is proposed. Based on the characteristics of the advanced forecasting observation system, the method compares the maximum values on the spatial isochronous ellipsoidal surface to determine the average velocity of the geological layer rays, thereby enabling accurate inversion of the spatial distribution ahead. Field verification of advanced geological forecasting based on ellipsoid positioning velocity analysis for TBM tunnels is conducted. The results indicate that this method can be used to obtain the three-dimensional velocity of the predicted unfavorable geological formations in front of the tunnel and is effective for the application of geological forecasting in TBM construction tunnels, thus providing crucial references and assurances for construction.

We present a series of computer-assisted high resolution transmission electron (HRTEM) simulations to determine Moiré patters by induced twisting effects between slabs at rotational angles of 3°, 5°, 8°, and 16°, for molybdenum disulfide, graphene, tungsten disulfide, and tungsten selenide layered materials. In order to investigate the electronic structure, a series of numerical simulations using DFT methods was completed using CASTEP with a generalized gradient approximation to determine both band structure and density of states on honeycomb like new superlattices. Our results indicate metallic transitions when rotation approaches 8° with respect to each other for most of the two-dimensional systems that were analyzed.

The recent Planck Legacy release confirmed the existence of an enhanced lensing amplitude in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) power spectra, which endorses the positive curvature of the early Universe with a confidence level exceeding 99%. In this study, the pre-existing curvature is incorporated to extend the field equations where the derived wave function of the Universe is utilized to model Universe evolution with reference to the scale factor of the early Universe and its radius of curvature upon the emission of the CMB. The wave function reveals both positive and negative solutions, implying that matter and antimatter of early Universe plasma evolve in opposite directions as distinct Universe sides. The wave function indicates that a nascent hyperbolic expansion is followed by a first phase of decelerating expansion away from early plasma during the first 10 Gyr, and then, a second phase of accelerating expansion in reverse directions, whereby both Universe sides free-fall towards each other under gravitational acceleration. Simulations of the predicted conformal curvature evolution demonstrate the fast orbital speed of outer stars owing to the external fields exerted on galaxies as they travel through conformally curved space-time. Finally, the wave function predicts an eventual time-reversal phase comprising rapid spatial contraction that culminates in a Big Crunch, signalling a cyclic Universe. These findings reveal that early plasma could have separated and evolved into distinct sides that collectively and geometrically influencing the Universe evolution, physically explanting the effects attributed to dark matter and energy.

The paper investigates the accuracy of the angular velocity estimation based on measurements of the components of the induction vector of the Earth's magnetic field. A comparative analysis of angular velocity estimates using the Boer formula, the derivative of the induction vector of the Earth's magnetic field and direct measurements of the components of the angular velocity vector using a gyroscopic sensor for the ISOI small spacecraft (SXC3-219) is carried out. The results obtained make it possible to investigate the accuracy of estimates of the angular velocity of a small spacecraft in various ways to improve the quality of its target tasks.

The Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is a newly formed, global collaboration dedicated to observing and studying cosmic rays (CR) and cosmic ray ensembles (CRE): groups of a minimum of two CR with a common primary interaction vertex or the same parent particle. The CREDO program embraces testing known CR and CRE scenarios, and preparing to observe unexpected physics, it is also suitable for multi-messenger and multi-mission applications. Perfectly matched to CREDO capabilities, CRE could be formed both within classical models (e.g. as products of photon-photon interactions), and exotic scenarios (e.g. as results of decay of Super Heavy Dark Matter particles), their fronts might be significantly extended in space and time, and they might include cosmic rays of energies spanning the whole cosmic ray energy spectrum. CRE are expected to be partially observable on Earth even if the initiating interaction or process occurs as far as ~1 Gpc away. They would have a footprint composed of at least two extensive air showers with correlated arrival directions and arrival times. Since CRE are mostly expected to be spread over large areas and, because of the expected wide energy range of the contributing particles, CRE detection might only be feasible when using available cosmic ray infrastructure collectively, i.e. as a globally extended network of detectors. Thus, with this review article, the CREDO Collaboration invites the astroparticle physics community to actively join or to contribute to the research dedicated to CRE, and in particular to share any cosmic ray data useful for the specific CRE detection strategies.

The Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is a project dedicated to global studies of extremely extended cosmic-ray phenomena, the cosmic-ray ensembles (CRE), beyond the capabilities of existing detectors and observatories. Up to date cosmic-ray research has been focused on detecting single air showers, while the search for ensembles of cosmic-rays, which may overspread a significant fraction of the Earth, is a scientific terra incognita. Instead of developing and commissioning a completely new global detector infrastructure, CREDO proposes approaching the global cosmic-ray analysis objectives with all types of available detectors, from professional to pocket size, merged into a worldwide network. With such a network it is possible to search for evidences of correlated cosmic-ray ensembles. One of the observables that can be investigated in CREDO is a number of spatially isolated events collected in a small time window which could shed light on fundamental physics issues. The CREDO mission and strategy requires active engagement of a large number of participants, also non-experts, who will contribute to the project by using common electronic devices (e.g. smartphones). In this note the status and perspectives of the project is presented.

The spin-torsion theory is a gauge theory approach to gravity that expands upon Einstein's general relativity (GR) by incorporating the spin of microparticles. In this study, we further develop the spin-torsion theory to examine spherically symmetric and static gravitational systems that involve free-falling macroscopic particles. We posit that the quantum spin of macroscopic matter becomes noteworthy on cosmic scales. We further assume that the Dirac spinor and Dirac equation adequately capture all essential physical characteristics of the particles and their associated processes. A crucial aspect of our approach involves substituting the constant mass in the Dirac equation with a scale function, allowing us to establish a connection between quantum effects and the scale of gravitational systems. This mechanism ensures that the quantum effect of macroscopic matter is scale-dependent and diminishes locally, a phenomenon not observed in microparticles. For any given matter density distribution, our theory predicts an additional quantum term, the quantum potential energy (QPE), within the mass expression. QPE induces time dilation, distance contraction, and thus mimics a gravitational well. When applied to cosmology, our theory yields a static cosmological model. The QPE serves as a counterpart to the cosmological constant introduced by Einstein to balance gravity in his static cosmological model. The QPE also offers a plausible explanation for the origin of the Hubble redshift (traditionally attributed to the universe's expansion). The predicted luminosity distance-redshift relation aligns remarkably well with SNe Ia data from the cosmological sample of SNe Ia. In the context of galaxies, QPE functions as the equivalent of dark matter. The predicted circular velocities align well with the rotation curve data from the SPARC (Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves database) sample. Importantly, our conclusions in this paper are reached through a conventional approach, with the sole assumption of the quantum effects of macroscopic matter on large scales, without the need for additional modifications or assumptions.

The material properties and structural characteristics of ballistic composites are crucial to their ballistic performance. Investigation for the influence of the material and structural parameters of UHMWPE body armor on anti-fragmentation penetration performance has been made by numerical simulation in this paper, with a numerical modeling simulating the penetration of a 1.1 g FSP into the target plate of UHMWPE body armor, by which the simulation results demonstrate that the failure process of the body armor target plate primarily involves shear damage, interlayer delamination, and tensile damage. Furthermore, the study evaluates the effects of elastic modulus, tensile strength, shear strength, number of layers, and interlayer strength on the ballistic limit velocity of UHMWPE body armor. The findings reveal that the ballistic limit velocity is most sensitive to changes in shear strength, with variation rates ranging from -18.02% to 10.81%, showing an approximate positive correlation, while the elastic modulus has the smallest impact on ballistic limit velocity, with variation rates ranging from -1.8% to 3.6%. Additionally, appropriate interlayer strength can improve the ballistic limit velocity of the body armor to a certain extent. This study provides theoretical methods and recommendations for optimizing anti-penetration performance of UHMWPE body armor.

Micro-gyroscopes based on the Coriolis principle are widely employed in inertial navigation, motion control, and vibration analysis applications. This paper presents our main contributions which include a novel dual-frame optomechanical gyroscope, a unique photonic crystal cavity design, and advanced numerical simulation and optimization methods. The proposed design utilizes an optical cavity formed between dual oscillating frames, whereby input rotation induces a measurable phase shift via optomechanical coupling. Actuation of the frames is achieved electrostatically via an interdigitated comb-drive design. Through theoretical modeling based on cavity optomechanics and finite element simulation, the operating principle and performance parameters are evaluated in detail. Results indicate an expected angular rate sensitivity of 22.8 mV/°/s and angle random walk of 7.1×10-5 °/h1/2, representing superior precision than to existing micro-electromechanical systems gyroscopes of comparable scale. Detailed analysis of the optomechanical transduction mechanism suggests this dual-frame approach could enable angular vibration detection with resolution exceeding state-of-the-art solutions.

In this paper, we revisit a modified version of the classical Whitehead's theory of gravity in which all possible bilinear forms are considered to define the corresponding metric. Although, this is a linear theory that fails to give accurate results for the most sophisticated predictions of general relativity, such as gravity waves, it can still provide a convenient framework to analyze some new phenomena in the Solar System. In particular, recent development in the accurate tracking of spacecraft and the ephemerides of planetary positions have revealed certain anomalies in relation with our standard paradigm for celestial mechanics. Among them the so-called flyby anomaly and the anomalous increase of the astronomical unit play a prominent role. In the first case the total energy of the spacecraft changes during the flyby and a secular variation of the semi-major axis of the planetary orbits is found in the second anomaly. For this to happen it seems that a net energy and angular momentum transfer is taken place among the orbiting and the central body. We evaluate the total transfer per revolution for a planet orbiting the Sun in order to predict the astronomical unit anomaly in the context of Whitehead's theory. This could lead to a more deeply founded hypothesis for an extended gravity model.

As 180-degree meanders are observed in abundance in nature, a meandering channel with two consecutive 180-degree bends was designed and constructed to investigate bed topography variations. These two 180-degree mild bends are located between two upstream and downstream straight paths. In this study, different mean velocity to critical velocity ratios have been tested at the upstream straight path to determine the meander's incipient motion. To this end, bed topography variations along the meander and the downstream straight path were addressed for different mean velocity to critical velocity ratios. In addition, the upstream bend's effect on the downstream bend has been investigated. Results indicated that the maximum scour depth at the downstream bend has increased as a result of changing the mean velocity to critical velocity ratio from 0.8 to 0.84, 0.86, 0.89, 0.92, 0.95, and 0.98 by respectively 1.5, 2.5, 5, 10, 12, and 26 times. Moreover, increasing the ratio increased the maximum sedimentary height by 3, 10, 23, 48, 49, and 56 times. The upstream bend's incipient motion was observed for the mean velocity to critical velocity ratio of 0.89, while the downstream bend was equal to 0.78.

It is generally assumed that the universe expands only on large scales. For some time now, there has also been a well-founded assumption in the literature that cosmic expansion also exists in gravitationally bound systems. In this article we attempt to establish whether cosmic expansion also takes place on scales such as the Earth's sphere of influence. In the examples presented, we find the expansion rate of the size required by the "constant" found by Hubble and Lemaître. This is supported by other examples that also contradict the general assumption mentioned at the beginning. However, this leads to conclusions that also call other cosmological assumptions into question.

Abstract: A new method for constructing exact solutions of the General Relativity equations for a dusty matter with fractal property is proposed. This method allows to find the solution of the GR-equations in terms of matter velocities : the connection coefficients and the Ricci tensor of space-time are expressed in terms of matter velocities; the metric tensor and the matter density are found as functions of velocity from the GR-equations. The connection coefficients and the Ricci tensor are invariant with respect to the discrete scaling transformation of velocity , where is constant. Therefore, the found solution can be used to simulate the fractal properties of the cosmic web in terms of matter velocities. This solution includes isotropic and anisotropic distributions of matter density. In an isotropic case, there is a class of exact solutions including both the well-known Friedmann’s solution and a solution with a periodic distribution of the matter density in space. This last solution may be used to simulate the quasi-periodic distribution of matter in the cosmic web. It is possible that, the cosmic web and its fractal properties are the space-time primary properties. These properties are described with a deformation tensor of the space-time.

We present a thermodynamic approach in modeling the evolution of the universe based on a theory that space consists of energy quanta, the spaceons. From wave-particle duality, they can be treated as an ideal gas. The model is similar to the Big Bang but without Inflation. It provides an insight into the nature of dark energy and dark matter, and an explanation for the accelerated expansion of the universe. The universe started from an atomic size volume of spaceons at very high temperature and pressure. Upon expansion and cooling, phase transitions occurred resulting in the formation of fundamental particles, and matter. These nucleate and grow into stars, galaxies, and clusters due to the action of gravity. From the cooling curve of the universe we constructed a thermodynamic phase diagram of cosmic composition, from which we obtained the correlation between dark energy and the energy of space. Using Friedmann’s equations, our model fits well the WMAP data on cosmic composition with an equation of state parameter, w= -0.7. The dominance of dark energy started at 7.25 x 10⁹ years, in good agreement with BOSS measurements. The expansion of space is attributed to a scalar quantum space field. Dark Matter is identified as a plasma form of matter similar to that which existed during the photon epoch, prior to recombination. The thermodynamics of expansion of the universe was adiabatic and decelerating during the first 7 billion years after the Big Bang; it accelerated thereafter. A negative pressure for Dark Energy is required to sustain the latter. This is consistent with the theory of General Relativity and the law of conservation of energy. We propose a mechanism for the acceleration as due to consolidation of matter forming Dark Energy Stars (DES) and other compact objects. The resulting reduction in gravitational potential energy feeds back energy for the expansion. Space will continue to expand and dark energy will undergo phase transition to a Bose-Einstein condensate, a superfluid form of matter. Self-gravitation can cause a bounce and start a new Big Bang. We show how the interplay of gravitational and space forces leads to a cyclic, maybe eternal, universe.

Acquisition of real-time hydraulic data is an essential component for flood forecasting. However, we frequently face difficulties in obtaining discharge data using classical contact methods during high magnitude floods and for systems experiencing rapid hydro-geomorphological adjustment. Therefore, we developed low-cost, non-contact sensors and platforms that are designed to overcome these difficulties. These advances enable flood flow properties to be monitored at multiple locations across a river catchment, at low-cost, and communicated in near real-time by using an image velocimetry method. This is an optics-based approach for stream flow measurement using commercially available near-infrared digital cameras to acquire video footage in full HD (30fps). Video footage is then subjected to optical flow tracking techniques based on cross-correlation, and feature-based tracking, enabling the displacement rates of detected features (for example natural foam, seeds, woody debris, and turbulent structures) to be computed. This manual provides step by step guidance to install an image-based gauging station. It contains the list of necessary components, the calibration process of a new camera and the assembly procedure of the system.

(1) Background: The significant progress observed over last two decades in coherent beam combining (CBC) technology has mainly focused on its applications in high-energy physics and laser weapons. This work provides insight into the basic principles of CBC and the search for an alternative, namely optical angular momentum (OAM) generation using CBC; (2) Methods: The semi-analytical model based on the paraxial wave equation explored generating OAM-CBC beams by manipulating the tilts and phases of CBC (T&P-CBC) of hexagonal architecture; (3) Results: The specially arranged T&P-CBC shows typical properties of OAM, such as annular profiles for the zero diffraction order and 1-st order replicas in the far field and correlation coefficients of 1% between different OAM-CBC fields; (4) Conclusions: The differences between classical OAM beams and OAM-CBC are substantial due to hexagonal lattice properties. Moreover, applications in free space optical communications are feasible as T&P CBC fulfills the main conditions and requirements for OAM generation.

In order to enhance the accuracy of the relative velocity measurement for the Mars explorer formation flight, we develop a relative velocity measurement method. In this method, the spectrometers at two Mars explorers are adopted to measure the starlight frequency shift and to estimate the velocity with respect to the star. Unfortunately, the instantaneous velocity of star can not be predicted accurately, which results in a large error in the velocity measurement. The difference of these two velocities, which does not include the proper motion of star, is the relative velocity between a pair of Mars explorers at the direction of the star. However, this navigation method can not work alone because of unobservability. To make the navigation system observable and improve the accuracy of both absolute and relative navigation for the Mars explorer formation flight, we combine it with X-ray pulsar navigation and the inter-satellite links, and propose an autonomous integrated navigation method with observability. In this integrated navigation scheme, the extended Kalman filter is adopted to deal with the relative velocity, the inter-satellite links and the pulse time-of-arrival, and estimate the absolute and relative navigation information for the Mars explorer formation flight. The simulation results demonstrate that both absolute and relative navigation accuracy of the proposed method are higher than that of the pulsar navigation, especially the relative one.

In the weak-field approximation of covariant theory of gravitation the problem of 4/3 is formulated for internal and external gravitational fields of a body in the form of a ball. The dependence of the energy and the mass of the moving substance on the energy of field accompanying the substance, as well as the dependence on the characteristic size of the volume occupied by the substance are described. Additives in the energy and the momentum of the body, defined by energy and momentum of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields associated with the body are explicitly calculated. The conclusion is made that the energy and the mass of the body can be described by the energy of ordinary and strong gravitation, and through the energies of electromagnetic fields of particles that compose the body.

Clinical rehabilitation and sports performance analysis both require the objectification of movement. Kinovea^© is a free 2D motion analysis software that enables the establishment of kinematics parameters. This low-cost technology has been used in sports sciences, as well as clinical field and research work. Although it has been validated as a tool with which to assess time-related variables, this is not yet the case regarding angular and distance variables. The main objective of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Kinovea software in obtaining angular and distance data at different perspectives of 90°, 75°, 60° and 45°. For this purpose, a figure with 29 points was designed (in AutoCAD) and 24 frames analysed. Each frame was examined by three observers who each made two attempts. For each export data item, 20 angles and 20 distance variables were calculated, with intra- and inter-observer reliability also analysed. To evaluate Kinovea reliability and validity a multiple approach was applied involving the following analysis: -systematic error with a two-way ANOVA 2x4; -relative reliability with ICC and CV (95% confidence interval); -absolute reliability with Standard Error. The results thus obtained indicate that the Kinovea software is a valid and reliable tool that is able to measure accurately at distances up to 5 m from the object and at an angle range of 90°–45°. Nevertheless, for optimum results an angle of 90° is suggested.

The suspended test masses of gravitational-wave (GW) detectors require precise alignment to be able to operate the detector stably and with high sensitivity. This includes the continuous counter-acting of seismic disturbances, which, below a few Hertz, are not sufficiently reduced by the seismic isolation system. The residual angular motion of suspended test masses is further suppressed by the Angular Sensing and Control (ASC) system. However, in doing so, the angular motion can be enhanced by the ASC at higher frequencies where the seismic isolation system is very effective. This has led to sensitivity limitations between about 10 Hz and 25 Hz of the LIGO detectors in past observation runs. The observed ASC noise was larger than simple models predict, which means that more accurate detector models and new simulation tools are required. We present Lightsaber, a new time-domain simulator of the ASC in LIGO. The simulation is a nonlinear simulation of the optomechanical system consisting of the high-power cavity laser beam and the last two stages of suspension in LIGO including the ASC. The main noise inputs are power fluctuations of the laser beam at the input of the arm cavities, read-out noise of sensors used for the ASC, displacement noise from the suspension platforms, and noise introduced by the suspension damping loops. While the plant simulation uses local degrees of freedom of individual suspension systems, the control is applied on a global angular basis, which requires a conversion between the local and global bases for sensing and actuation. Some of the studies that can be done with this simulation concern mis-centering of the beam-spot (BS) position on the test masses, the role of laser power fluctuations for angular dynamics, and the role of the various nonlinear dynamics.

In the digital age, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is emerging as a transformative force in various sectors, in-cluding medicine. This article explores the potential of AI, akin to the magical genie of Aladdin's lamp, particularly within thoracic surgery and lung cancer management. It examines AI applications like ma-chine learning and deep learning in achieving more precise diagnoses, preoperative risk assessment, and improved surgical outcomes. The challenges and advancements in AI integration, especially in computer vision and multi-modal models, are discussed alongside their impact on robotic surgery and operating room management. Despite its transformative potential, implementing AI in medicine faces challenges regarding data scarcity, interpretability issues, and ethical concerns. Collaboration between AI and medi-cal communities is essential to address these challenges and unlock the full potential of AI in revolution-izing clinical practice. This article underscores the importance of further research and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure the safe and effective deployment of AI in real-world clinical settings.

This work focuses on the well-known issue of mass conservation in the context of the finite element technique for computational fluid dynamic simulations. Specifically, non-conventional finite element families for solving Navier-Stokes equations are investigated to address the mathematical constraint of incompressible flows. Raviart-Thomas finite elements are employed for the achievement of a discrete free-divergence velocity. In particular, the proposed algorithm projects the velocity field into the discrete free-divergence space by using the lowest-order Raviart-Thomas element. This decomposition is applied in the context of the projection method, a numerical algorithm employed for solving Navier-Stokes equations. Numerical examples validate the approach’s effectiveness, considering different types of computational grids. Additionally, the presented paper considers an interface advection problem using marker approximation, in the context of multiphase flow simulations. Numerical tests, equipped with an analytical velocity field for the surface advection, are presented to compare exact and non-exact divergence-free velocity interpolation.

Seismic velocity inversion is one of the most critical issues in the field of seismic exploration and has long been the focus of numerous experts and scholars. In recent years, the advancement of machine learning technologies has infused new vitality into the research of seismic velocity inversion and yielded a wealth of research outcomes. Typically, seismic velocity inversion based on machine learning lacks control over physical processes and interpretability. Starting from wave theory and the physical processes of seismic data acquisition, this paper proposes a method for seismic velocity model inversion based on Physical Embedding Recurrent Neural Networks. Firstly, the wave equation is a mathematical representation of the physical process of acoustic waves propagating through a medium, and the finite difference method is an effective approach to solving the wave equation. With this in mind, we introduce the architecture of recurrent neural networks to describe the finite difference solution of the wave equation, realizing the embedding of physical processes into machine learning. Secondly, in seismic data acquisition, the propagation of acoustic waves from multiple sources through the medium represents a high-dimensional causal time series (wavefield snapshots), where the influential variable is the velocity model, and the received signals are the observations of the wavefield. This forms a forward modeling process as the forward simulation of the wavefield equation, and the use of error back-propagation between observations and calculations as the velocity inversion process. Through time-lapse inversion and incorporating the causal information of wavefield propagation, the non-uniqueness issue in velocity inversion is mitigated. Through mathematical derivations and theoretical model analyses, the effectiveness and rationality of the method are demonstrated. In conjunction with simulation results for complex models, the method proposed in this paper can achieve velocity inversion in complex geological structures.

Stellar NGC 6853, also known as the Dumbbell Nebula, is a remarkable example of an elliptical morphological type 1 multiple shell planetary nebula, which is now in one of its last evolutionary stages. This project focuses on examining the distinct varieties of the nebula temperatures and densities using observation data from the Issac Newton Group of Telescopes and comparing them with the observation data from Observatoire de Haute Provence from 14th to 18th of October 2019, with a primary focus on the data from the Issac Newton Telescope (INT). The densities ranged from diffused regions of 376.63 ± 228.97 atoms per cm³ to dense regions of 6441.11 ± 228.90 atoms per cm³; these values are slightly lower approximately by 2000 than the values from the Observatoire de Haute Provence. The radial velocity and the expansion velocity were also calculated using the spectroscopic data and were found to be 29.50 ± 0.38 km⁻¹ and 37.40 ± 0.38 km⁻¹ respectively. This result is expected from a multi-shell nebula that consists of the main body and surrounding halo

In the present work, the charged B1, B2 and B3 bastons with the condition of k(mm) = k >> k(dd) > k(dm) = k(lq) = 0 are explained as the good candidates of the dark matters. The proposed rest mass (26.12 eV/c²) of the B1 dark matter is indirectly confirmed from the supernova 1987A data. The missing neutrinos are newly explained by using the dark matters and lepton charge force. The neutrino excess anomaly of the MinibooNE data is explained by the B1 dark matter scattering within the Cherenkov detectors. And the rest masses of 1.4 TeV/c² and 42.7 GeV/c² are assigned to the Le particle and the B2 dark matter, respectively, from the cosmic ray observations. In the present work, the Q1 baryon decays are used to explain the anti-Helium cosmic ray events. Because of the graviton evaporation and photon confinement, the very small Coulomb’s constant (k(dd)) of 10^x-54k and gravitation constant (G_N(dd)) of 10^xG_N for the charged dark matters at the present time are proposed. The x value can have the positive, zero or negative value around zero. Therefore, F_c(mm) > F_g(dd) (?) F_g(mm) > F_g(dm) > F_c(dd) > F_c(dm) = F_c(lq) = 0 for the proton-like particle.

We measure the accelerated cosmic expansion rate of the late-time Universe and derive constraints on cosmological parameters from the final baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) uncorrelated measurements of different surveys after two decades of dedicated spectroscopic observation combined with the Pantheon sample of Type Ia supernovae, the Hubble diagram of gamma-ray bursts & quasars data, the Cosmic Chronometers data, and the recent Hubble constant value measurement from the Hubble Space Telescope and the SH0ES Team as an additional prior. In Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) scenario, the model fit yields Ωm=0.313±0.034 and ΩΛ=0.672±0.025. Combining BAO with CC+Pantheon+QSR+GRB data sets we get H0=69.21±1.22 km s−1 Mpc−1, rd=133.46±2.49 Mpc. For the a flat wCDM model, we get w=−1.111±0.030. For a dynamical evolution of dark energy in a flat w0waCDM cosmology, we get wa=−0.292±0.167. We apply the Akaike information criteria probe to compare the three models, and see that all models are favored and cannot be discarded from the current data.

In this research, the other reasonable explanations for the cosmic microwave background radiation is revealed. Due to the microwave resolution, it very roughly shows the image of galaxies in the universe. Moreover, the intensity measurement on each pixel of the image is the sum of the incident microwaves from different directions, so the microwave image cannot represent the microwave sources clearly far away from the Earth. Hence, we propose a simulation after removing several strongest microwave sources, the remaining microwave radiation sources can establish a very uniform intensity distribution over a range of several ten light years. On the other hand, Sloan Digital Sky Survey reveals 200 million galaxies in the universe and, in fact, only to eliminate the contributions of all galaxies from the microwave image is impossible. The way to further obtain the fine-scale structure by only removing the few strongest microwave sources as the foreground effect will keep the other contributions from all the rest galaxies and stars. Therefore, the Cosmic Microwave Background cannot be uniquely explained the radiation which was left after the initial formation of the universe. Moreover, it is the mainly residual radiation from the un-calculated galaxies and inaccurate estimation of the microwave source strength.

The Universe, rather than being homogeneous, displays an almost infinite topological genus, because it is punctured with a countless number of gravitational vortexes, i.e., black holes. Starting from this view, we aim to show that the occurrence of black holes is constrained by geometric random walks taking place during cosmic inflationary expansion. At first, we introduce a visual model, based on the Pascal’s triangle and linear and nonlinear arithmetic octahedrons, which describes three-dimensional cosmic random walks. In case of nonlinear 3D paths, trajectories in an expanding Universe can be depicted as the operation of filling the numbers of the octahedrons in the form of “islands of numbers”: this leads to separate cosmic structures (standing for matter/energy), spaced out by empty areas (constituted by black holes and dark matter). These procedures allow us to describe the topology of an universe of infinite genus, to assess black hole formation in terms of infinite Betti numbers, to highlight how non-linear random walks might provoke gravitational effects also in absence of mass/energy, and to propose a novel interpretation of Beckenstein-Hawking entropy: it is proportional to the surface, rather than the volume, of a black hole, because the latter does not contain information.

The flywheel is a widespread mechanical component used for the storage of kinetic energy and angular momentum. It typically consists of a cylindrical inertia rotating about its axis on rolling bearings, which involves undesired friction, lubrication, and wear. This paper presents an alternative mechanism that is functionally equivalent to a classical flywheel while relying exclusively on limited-stroke flexure-joints. This novel 1-degrees-of-freedom zero-stiffness mechanism has no wear and requires no lubrication: it is thus compatible with extreme environments, such as vacuum, cryogenics, or ionizing radiation. The mechanism is composed of two coupled pivoting rigid bodies whose individual angular momenta vary during motion but whose sum is constant at all times when the pivoting rate is constant. The quantitative comparison of the flexure-based flywheel to classical ones based on a hollow cylinder as inertia shows that the former stores typically 6 times less angular momentum and kinetic energy for the same mass while occupying typically 10 times more volume. The freedom of design of the shape of the rigid bodies offers the possibility of modifying the ratio of the kinetic energy stored versus angular momentum, which is not possible with classical flywheels. For example, a flexure-based flywheel with rigid pivoting bodies in the shape of thin discs stores 100 times more kinetic energy than a classical flywheel with the same angular momentum. A proof-of-concept prototype was successfully built and characterized in terms of reaction moment generation, which validates the presented analytical model.

The study of angular correlations of heavy-flavor particles in hadronic collisions can provide crucial insight into the heavy-quark production, showering and hadronization processes. The comparison with model predictions allows us to discriminate among different approaches for heavy-quark production and hadronization, as well as different treatments of the underlying event employed by the models to reproduce correlation observables. In ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, where a deconfined state of matter, the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), is created, heavy-flavor correlations can shed light on the modification of the heavy-quark fragmentation due to interaction of charm and beauty quarks with the QGP constituents, as well as characterize their energy loss processes while traversing the medium. Insight into possible emergence of collective-like mechanisms in smaller systems, resembling those observed in heavy-ion collisions, can also be obtained by performing correlation studies in high-multiplicity proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions. In this review, the most recent and relevant measurements of heavy-flavor correlations performed in all collision systems at the LHC and RHIC will be presented, and the new understandings that they provide will be discussed.

We review recent progress in high-speed orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexed free-space optical communication systems. The outdoor atmospheric turbulence is emulated by an indoor turbulence emulator, which is based on split-step beam propagation method. Adaptive optics, channel coding, Huffman coding combined with LDPC coding, and spatial offset are used for turbulence mitigation; while OAM multiplexing and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) are applied to boost aggregate capacity.

We consider an alternative formula for time delay in gravitational lensing. Imposing a smoothness condition on the gravitationally deformed paths followed by the photons from the source to the observer, we show that our formula displays the same degrees of freedom of the standard one. In addition to this, it is shown that the standard expression for time delay is recovered when small angles are involved. These two features strongly support the claim that the formula for time delay studied in this paper is the generalization to arbitrary angles of the standard one, which is valid at small angles. This could therefore result in a useful tool in view of softening the known discrepancy between the various estimates of the Hubble constant. As an aside, two interesting consequences of our proposal for time delay are discussed: the existence of a constraint on the gravitational potential generated by the lens and a formula for the mass of the lens in the case of central potential.

On-stream inspections are the most appropriate method for routine inspections during plant operation without going through production downtime. Ultrasonic inspection, one of the on-stream inspection methods, faces challenges when performed at high temperatures exceeding the recommended 52°C. This study aims to determine the ultrasonic velocity and attenuation with the known material grade, thickness, and temperatures by comparing theory calculation versus experiment with temperatures ranging between 30°C to 250°C on low carbon steel covering most petrochemical equipment material and working conditions. The theoretical analysis was to obtain Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and longitudinal velocity at different temperatures. The experiments validated the predicted results of ultrasonic change due to temperature increase and showed a maximum error of 3%. The experimental data of velocity and decibel change from the temperature range provide a reference for the future when dealing with unknown materials information on site that require a quick corrosion status determination.

Recently, some authors have developed a shell-less culture system for chick embryos by using a plastic lm as culture vessels. We will show that velocity of rotation of vessels in incubator and temperature have direct relations with growth of chick embryos. We also obtain a mathematical relation between velocity, temperature and rate of growth of chick embryo.

To solve a series of major problems, such as the singularity before the Big Bang, the inflation of the early universe and the accelerating expansion of the present universe, this series of studies start with super gravity, dark energy and dark matter, go beyond the surface of a lot of observation data, and systematically reveal the arche-internal mechanism of all things, to establish the arche-unity of physics, and give a natural and reasonable explanation. At present, there are at least three basic pathways that are leading our research field to repulsion against gravitation, quantum repulsion against quantum gravitation and high-dimensional superrepulsion against high-dimensional supergravity, that is, the research on the accelerating expansion mechanism of the current universe, the research on the dynamic mechanism of the early cosmic inflation, and the research on the rebound mechanism near the singularity before the Big Bang. In this series of studies, the arche problem of everything is always placed under the extreme environmental conditions of the initial universe, the starting point of scientific logic is closely combined with the starting point of the universe history, the pseudo vacuum energy considered by the inflationary universe model, the Higgs field predicted by the standard physical model and the dark energy speculated by the observational cosmology are reduced to the positive energy system with strong negative pressure, and they are reduced to the repulsion (all the resistance to gravity) that forms a conjugate relation with gravity. In our opinion, dark energy and dark matter are essentially at the level of quantum gravity and quantum repulsion. Therefore, we not only consider the conventional quantum effect and non commutative quantum effect, but also further consider the arche-conjugate effect and the cluster resonance-at-cofrenquence effect. For noncommutative space-time, we put forth the ultimate supersymmetry, the arche-conjugation and the cluster resonance-at-cofrenquence. A relatively complete natural mechanism forms such an important inference: the closer they get to Planck scale, the stronger the conventional quantum effect, non commutative quantum effect, arche-conjugate effect and co-frequency resonance effect are. In the high-dimensional space-time (the 11 dimensional hyperspace compactly reduced to M 4 × N r ), corresponding to the introduction of supergravity with the supersymmetry between the graviton and the gravitino, we put forth the superrepulsion with the supersymmetry between the repulsion and the repulsitino, and establish the arche-conjugate relationship between the high-dimensional supergravity and the high-dimensional superrepulsion. Therefrom, we propose a basic inference that can be promoted to the principle of hyperholography of high-dimensional universe (or multiuniverse): in a parallel universe formed by mutual coupling and holographic correspondence between the P universe dominated by negative pressure (high-dimensional superrepulsion and quantum repulsion of accumulating positive energy, mainly composed of dark energy) and the N universe dominated by positive pressure (high-dimensional supergravity and quantum gravity of accumulating negative energy, mainly composed of dark matter), there is a correspondence between the small-scale physics (ultraviolet cutoff) of the P universe and the large-scale physics (infrared cutoff) of the N universe, while there is a correspondence between the large-scale physics (ultraviolet cutoff) of the P universe and the small-scale physics (infrared cutoff) of the N universe. In the new research paradigms set in this series, the arche-conjugation between the high-dimensional supergravity and the high-dimensional super repulsion, as well as between the quantum gravity and the quantum repulsion, is higher than the supersymmetry, so it becomes the core concept of the new theory. The arhce-unity of physics is a super unity that transcends the grand unification of four basic interaction, which is formed between high-dimensional supergravity (related to dark matter) and high-dimensional superrepulsion (related to dark energy), between quantum gravity (related to dark matter) and quantum repulsion (related to dark energy). From the basic component point of view, before or after the big bang, the gravitons and repulsons are coupled together, the negative energy contraction dominated by the positive pressure and the positive energy expansion dominated by the negative pressure work alternately, forming the arche-conjugate pulsaton of neither the point particle nor the linear superstring. Under the big unified framework of quantum gravitational field and quantum repulsive field, this series of work comprehensively expands the general relativity and loop quantum ring gravitation theory, sets up the quantum repulsive field equation corresponding to the quantum gravitational field equation, and then establishes the quantum hedge-unified field equation describing the interaction of quantum gravitational field and quantum repulsive field; On this basis, the quantum repulsive universe equation corresponding to the quantum gravitational universe equation is established, thus a set of new equations describing the expansive universe with quantum hedge-unified field are established. On the one hand, scalar disturbance is considered as the exhibition of repulsive effect, on the other hand, tensor disturbance is considered as the exhibition of gravitational effect. In the initial stage of the big ripping, due to the mutual restraint of quantum repulsion and quantum gravity, the scalar and tensor perturbations are not obvious. However, at the end of the big ripping, the scalar and tensor perturbations are very significant, and there is a large power spectral exponential run. Between particle physics and cosmology, we improve and expand the path integral of quantum gravity, create the path integral of quantum hedge-unified field, and set up the basic equation of quantum cosmic-synergetic dynamics, and then establish the basic equation of quantum-cosmic paradigm dynamics. Thus we put up the operator distribution function and its dynamic equation of the quantum arche- pulsaton, and finally use the Wigner-Ville distribution as a non-linear time-frequency distribution to establish the Wigner joint-distribution of quantum-conjuagted pulsation function, so as to analyze the arche of all things with three evolutionary forms: quantum chaotic-pulsaton, quantum quasi-spherical pulsaton and quantum spherical-pulsaton. In this series of work, the mechanism to avoid the singularity of the universe is put forward fundamentally, and the dark energy and dark matter are explained through new mechanisms and effects at the level of quantum gravity. Between particle physics and cosmology, we improve and expand the path integral of quantum gravity, establish the path integral of quantum hedge-unified field, thus establish the basic equation of quantum cosmic-synergy dynamics, and then establish the basic equation of quantum cosmic-paradigm dynamics. Thus the covariant gravitational mass and the covariant inertial mass formed by the ultra-synergy between particles and the universe are presented, and the equivalence hypothesis on the covariant non-inertial system which can be elevated to the basic principle, is presented. Based on this hypothesis, a systematic calculation and analysis of binary stars composed of neutron stars and black holes are made. The master equation, variance and Fokker-Planck equation for the birth-death and migration of a large number of particles are established between binary stars composed of neutron stars and black holes.

In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration has officially classified flight crew (FC) consisting of commercial pilots, cabin crew or flight attendants as “radiation workers” since 1994 due to the potential for cosmic ionizing radiation (CIR) exposure at cruising altitudes originating from solar activity and galactic sources. Several epidemiological studies have documented elevated incidence and mortality for several cancers in FC, but it has not yet been possible to establish whether this is attributable to CIR. CIR and its constituents are known to cause a myriad of DNA lesions, which can lead to carcinogenesis unless DNA repair mechanisms remove them. But critical knowledge gaps exist with regard to CIR dosimetry, the role of other genotoxic exposures among FC, and possible biological mechanisms underlying higher cancer rates observed in FC exist. This review summarizes our understanding of the role of DNA damage and repair responses relevant to CIR exposure in FC. We aim to stimulate new research directions and provide information that will be useful for guiding regulatory, public health, and medical decision-making to protect and mitigate risks for those who travel by air.

In this work, we explore new constraints on phantom scalar field cosmologies with a scalar field employing early times catalogues related to CMB measurements, along with the local standard observables, like Supernovae Type Ia (SNIa), H(z) measurements (Cosmic Clocks), and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) baselines. In particular, we studied a tracker phantom field with hyperbolic polar coordinates that have been proposed in the literature. The main goal is to obtain precise cosmological constraints for H0 and σ8, in comparison to other constructions that present tension in early cosmological parameters. Our results show that phantom scalar field cosmologies have a reduced statistical tension on H0 that it is less than 3σ using model-independent CMB catalogues as SPT-3G+WMAP9 and ACTPol DR-4+WMAP9 baselines. This suggests these models using a different phantom potential might address the Hubble constant problem and reduce the systematics involved.

Two anisotropic exact Bianchi type I solutions of Einstein’s field equations that generalize the isotropic ΛCDM universe model, are used to investigate the Hubble tension. It is shown that the cosmic anisotropy as deduced from the Planck measurements of the fluctuations in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation, is ten billion times too small to solve the Hubble tension.

The question of whether some neutrinos are tachyons remains unresolved although various evidence from cosmic ray and other data exists that the electron neutrino has an effective $m_\nu^2\approx -0.25 eV^2,$ which would require that one or more mass states is also tachyonic. In 2013 the $3+3$ model of the neutrino masses, which includes one tachyonic mass state, was proposed based on supernova SN 1987A neutrino data. Here we update evidence for tachyonic electron neutrinos and the $3+3$ model and discuss one test which could prove conclusive. The update of earlier evidence includes many new elements, including new data which makes the earlier cosmic ray evidence more robust, new results on cosmic ray composition, the ankle of the spectrum, leptonic cosmic ray data, and the statistical significance of finding the three large neutrino masses stipulated in the $3+3$ model. Barring a galactic supernova, which occur only around twice a century, a decisive test of the $3+3$ model could involve observing an extragalactic supernova neutrino burst, that is a cluster of neutrinos in a specific time window well beyond what chance would predict. Even though existing searches for such bursts have yielded only upper limits on the extragalactic supernova frequency within a certain distance, it is shown that the choice of a one-day window for possible neutrino clusters in time might be far more sensitive. A search using a one day time window could be done using existing data, and if a signal is found it would confirm the $3+3$ model. Of course, the absence of any day-long neutrino burst would not disprove the model, since it could mean only that the nearest supernova during the period when detectors were active was simply too far to be detected. Finally, apart from testing the 3 + 3 model, an alternative type of search is suggested using existing hadronic cosmic ray data (from the IceCube Collaboration) that might verify the tachyonic neutrino hypothesis.

1) Background: the budget of non-thermal energy in galaxy clusters is not well constrained, owing to the observational and theoretical difficulties in studying these diluted plasmas on large scales. 2) Method: we use recent cosmological simulations with complex physics in order to connect the emergence of non-thermal energy to the underlying evolution of gas and dark matter. 3) Results: the impact of non-thermal energy (e.g. cosmic rays, magnetic fields and turbulent motions) is found to increase in the outer region of galaxy clusters. Within numerical and theoretical uncertainties, turbulent motions dominate the budget of non-thermal energy in most of the cosmic volume. 4) Conclusion: assessing the distribution non-thermal energy in galaxy clusters is crucial to perform high-precision cosmology in the future. Constraining the level of non-thermal energy in cluster outskirts will improve our understanding of the acceleration of relativistic particles by cosmic shocks and of the origin of extragalactic magnetic fields.

The transport and entanglement of photons is becoming prominent in optics applied to information and quantum computing, where the angular momentum of light stands out in the exchange and inversion of quantized states, with prospects for several technological applications, such as the transport and storage of quantum information. In order to contribute to the understanding of quantized states in photon-matter interaction, we describe a quantized state equation in multidimensional Hilbert space for the diagnosis of OAM states, where probabilities arise in a relativistic setting. It was found that the classical-relativistic variability of the probabilities constitutes a resultant capable of describing the quantized states of light, where the state variable is the variation of the angular momentum of the photon, capable of estimating the orbital angular momentum inversion points at angular incidence. It was found that the chances of finding the quantized states of light at angular incidence can be treated by purely relativistic probabilities, explaining that when both states have equal chances of being found and the angular momentum variation is zero, the source-observer synchronizations occur at the step of increasing relativistic regime of the photon dynamics. We found that the relativistic effect from the perspective of the source referential is able to alter the chances of an event occurring, dilating and contracting the probabilities of finding a quantized state of light at angular incidence.

Enhancement in the strength of austenitic steels with a small content of carbon can be achieved by a limited number of methods, among which is the ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure formation, especially efficient with the use of severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing that enables increasing significantly the contribution of grain-boundary strengthening, and also involves a combination of other strengthening factors (work hardening, twins, etc.). In this paper, we demonstrate that the use of SPD processing combined with conventional methods of deformation treatment of metals, such as rolling, may lead to an additional strengthening of UFG steel. Analysis of the results of the study on the change of the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Cr-Ni stainless austenitic steel after a combined deformation reveals a substantial increase in the strength properties of this steel, resulting from a consecutive application of SPD processing via equal-channel angular pressing and rolling at a temperature of 400 С, yielding a strength more than 1.5 times higher that that produced by any of these two methods used separately.

The teaching of the lunge technique in fencing is critical in the developmental age. The relations of anthropometrics with kinematics of lunge was studied only in adult fencers, and no study exist in young considering the different level of experience. Our aims were to assess, in young fencers, which factors, between the anthropometric and the kinematics, were mostly connected with lunge performance (speed and excursion) in different genders and expertise levels. Fifteen young fencers participated in this study. Lunge kinematics, anthropometric characteristics and force expressed in vertical jump tests were collected. Maximal lunge velocity resulted mainly correlated with the posterior knee’s extension ((r=0.56, p=0.031). The lunge distance and mean hip velocity were mostly correlated with fencers’ height (r=0.85, p=0.000 and r=0.76, p=0.001) and FFM (r=0.8, p=0.000 and r=0.73, p=0.002). Experts and non-experts show significant differences in fat free mass, area of upper arm, and of thighs (Effect Size = 1,27 – 1,33, p= 0,021-0,035). From our results it emerges that, in this age range, the analysed aspects of lunge performance are mainly correlated with participant’s anthropometry. Moreover, it is already possible in this age span, to find technical differences linked to the experience.

Some time ago, Kobayashi et al. experimentally studied the so-called Lee-Naughton-Lebed's (LNL) angular effect in strong electric fields [K. Kobayashi, M. Saito, E. Omichi, and T. Osada, Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{96}, 126601 (2006)]. They found that strong electric fields split the LNL conductivity maxima in $\alpha$-(ET)$_2$-based organic conductor and hypothetically introduced the corresponding equation for conductivity. In this Letter, for the first time we suggest quantum mechanical theory of the LNL angular oscillations in moderately strong electric fields. In particular, we demonstrate that the obtained by us approximate theoretical formula coincides with the hypothetical one and well describes the above mentioned experiments.

In the mean-field approximation, the well-known effect of the critical quantum collapse in a 3D gas of particles pulled to the center by potential U(r) = -U_0/(2r^2) is suppressed by repulsive interparticle interactions, which create the otherwise non-existing s-wave ground state. Here, we address excited bound states carrying the angular momentum, with the orbital and magnetic quantum numbers, l and m. They exist above a threshold value of the potential's strength, U_0 > l(l+1). The sectoral, tesseral, and zonal modes, which correspond to m = l, 0 < m < l, and m = 0, respectively, are found in an approximate analytical form for relatively small values of U_0 - l(l + 1). Explicit results are produced for the p- and d-wave states, with l = 1 and 2, respectively. In the general form, the bound states are obtained numerically, confirming the accuracy of the analytical approximation.

Based on orbital angular momentum (OAM) properties of Laguerre Gaussian beams LG(p,ℓ), a robust optical encoding model for efficient data transmission applications is designed. This paper presents an optical encoding model based on intensity profile generated by a coherent superposition of two OAM-carrying Laguerre-Gaussian modes and Machine-learning detection method. In the encoding process, the intensity profile for data encoding is generated based on selection of p and ℓ indices, while the decoding process is performed using support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. Two different decoding models based on SVM algorithm are tested to verify the robustness of optical encoding model, finding a BER =10−9 for 10.2dB of signal-to-noise ratio in one of the SVM models.

Power spectra always play an important role in the theory of inflation. In particular, the ability to reproduce the galaxy matter power spectrum $ P(k) $ and the CMB temperature angular power spectrum $ C_l $’s to high accuracy is often considered a triumph of inflation. In our previous work, we presented an alternative explanation for the matter power spectrum based on nonperturbative quantum field-theoretical methods applied to Einstein’s gravity, instead of inflation models based on scalar fields. In this work, we review the basic concepts and provide further in-depth investigations. We first update the analysis with more recent data sets and error analysis, and then extend our predictions to the CMB angular spectrum coefficients $ C_l $, which we did not consider previously. Then we investigate further the potential freedoms and uncertainties associated with the fundamental parameters that are part of this picture, and show how recent cosmological data provides significant constraints on these quantities. Overall, we find good general consistency between theory and data, even potentially favoring the gravitationally-motivated picture at the largest scales. We summarize our results by outlining how this picture can be tested in the near future with increasingly accurate astrophysical measurements.

Sea ice surface roughness affects ice-atmosphere interactions, serves as an indicator of ice age, shows patterns of ice convergence and divergence, affects the spatial extent of summer melt ponds, and ice albedo. We have developed a method for mapping sea ice surface roughness using angular reflectance data from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and lidar-derived roughness measurements from the Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM). Using an empirical data modeling approach, we derived estimates of Arctic sea ice roughness ranging from centimeters to decimeters meters within the MISR 275-m pixel size. Using independent ATM data for validation, we find that histograms of lidar and multi-angular roughness values are nearly identical for areas with roughness <20 cm but that for rougher regions, the MISR-derived roughness has a narrower range of values than the ATM data. The algorithm is able to accurately identify areas that transition between smooth and rough ice. Because of its coarser spatial scale, MISR-derived roughness data have a variance of about half that ATM roughness data.

Equal-Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) is a method used to introduce severe plastic deformation into a metallic billet without changing its geometry. In special cases strain localization occurs and a pattern consisting of regions with high and low deformation (so-called shear and matrix bands) can emerge. This paper studies this phenomenon numerically adopting two-dimensional finite element simulations of one ECAP pass. The mechanical behavior of aluminum is modeled using phenomenological plasticity theory with isotropic or kinematic hardening. The effects of the two different strain hardening types are investigated numerically by systematic parameter studies: While isotropic hardening only causes minor fluctuations in the plastic strain fields, a material with high initial hardening rate and sufficient strain hardening capacity can exhibit pronounced localized deformation after ECAP. The corresponding finite element simulation results show a regular pattern of shear and matrix bands. This result is confirmed experimentally by ECAP-processing of AA6060 material in a severely cold worked condition, where microstructural analysis also reveals the formation of shear and matrix bands. Excellent agreement is found between the experimental and numerical results in terms of shear and matrix band width and length scale. The simulations provide additional insights regarding the evolution of the strain and stress states in shear and matrix bands.

The purpose of this work is to optimize angular extrusion for sever plastic deformation of tubular specimens. A finite element model (FEM) was built in Deform-3D^® for three extrusion dies and analyzed. The dies were ECAP (135°), TCAP with external groove of 90° (denoted as TCAP-e) and TCAP with internal groove of 90° (denoted as TCAP-i). The analysis for process parameters (such as coefficient of friction-μ, die angles-ѱ and φ, temperature - T, and radius ratio-R) showed that TCAP-i was the optimal die in processing Al6063 tubes based on strain and load distribution of the model. The TCAP-i die model was further optimized for different parameters namely die angles, coefficient of friction, deformation ratio and temperature. The results showed that at constant process temperature of 25 °C, the optimal TCAP-i has the following parameters: φ₂=80⁰, Ѱ₁=30⁰, Ѱ₂=80⁰, Ѱ₃=30⁰, μ =0.4 and R =1.5.

A large set of undrained compression triaxial tests was carried out on different types of cohesionless soils, from sands to silty-sands and silts. Shear wave velocity measurements were carried out alongside. These tests exhibited distinct state transitions ranging from flow liquefaction to strain softening or strain hardening. With the purpose of defining a framework to assess soil liquefaction, it was found that the ratio between the shear wave velocity (VS0) and the peak undrained deviatoric stress, qpeak, VS0/qpeak, could be accurately used to define a boundary between liquefaction and strain hardening for sands, and between strain softening and strain hardening for silty-sands and silts. Since this ratio is a function of the tested material, it was also discovered that the prediction of these boundaries could be made as a function of soil grading, namely via the coefficient of uniformity, CU. Despite not being regarded as a strong geomechanical parameter, CU is easily determined from a grain-size distribution test and it has an empirically proven correlation with critical state parameters.

Purposely slow velocity resistance exercise (i.e., 10 s concentric and eccentric phases) is a popular training method, but limits the loads that can be lifted (e.g., <50% 1 RM). This study compared the biomechanical properties of purposely slow velocity (SLOW) and traditional resistance exercise (TRAD) that uses maximal lifting velocities. Healthy resistance-trained men (n=5) performed two testing sessions (barbell squat and bench press) in random-order; a SLOW session (1 set x 10 repetitions at 28% 1 RM, 10 s concentric & eccentric), and a TRAD session (3 x 10 at 70% 1 RM, controlled eccentric and maximal concentric). A force plate and linear position transducer were used to collect kinetic and kinematic data for every repetition of both protocols (α = 0.05). For both exercises, both concentric and eccentric mean force (N) and power (W) for each repetition was greater for TRAD. When the entire training session (squat + bench press) was examined, SLOW exhibited greater time under tension, while TRAD produced greater work (J) and impulse (N·s). Contrary to suggestions in both the lay and scientific literature, purposely slow resistance exercise produced less force, power, and work than traditional velocity resistance exercise.

In this study, we investigate Quantum Entanglement Asymmetry (QEA) as a potential explanation for the matter-antimatter imbalance observed in the universe. By integrating quantum mechanics with cosmological phenomena, the study proposes a model in which quantum entanglement among particle-antiparticle pairs in the early universe leads to an asymmetry favoring matter. Through theoretical development and numerical simulations, we explore how this model predicts unique patterns in Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies and the distribution of matter, setting a foundation for empirical verification. The study aims to enhance the understanding of cosmological asymmetries and highlight the significance of quantum entanglement in the universe's evolution.

The latest experimental measurements of cosmic rays (CRs) have discovered a series of anomalies, including the hardening of the nuclear spectra at R ∼200 GV followed by softening at R ∼10 TV and complicated energy dependence of anisotropy from GeV to PeV. Recent works have demonstrated nearby sources are crucial for these anomalies of spectra and anisotropy. In this work, we analyze the contributions of five nearby sources within 1 kpc around solar system to the spectra and anisotropy, finally find out which source is the best candidate source. In the calculation process, we also introduce the anisotropic diffusion of CRs induced by the local interstellar magnetic field (LIMF) nearby the solar system based on spatial-dependent propagation (SDP) model. As a result, we find Geminga SNR source can simultaneously account for CR spectra and anisotropy, whereas the other sources can not . Measurements of CR anisotropy and spectra by experiments such as LHAASO and HAWC are expected to test this scenario in the near future.

We present a Quantum Space Model (QSM) of the evolution of the universe based on the theory that space consists of energy quanta from which it began. We used the Friedmann equations to trace its history and show that Dark Energy is the energy of space which caused its accelerating expansion.The universe started from a quanta of space which was triggered by quantum fluctuations that caused the Big Bang. It then expanded and cooled undergoing phase transitions to radiation, fundamental particles, and matter. Matter grew into galaxies, and was consolidated by gravity into Black Holes, ending in a Big Crunch and Deep Freeze inside a Black hole at 1.380 trillion years. Fluctuations caused a new Bang to start another cycle in its life. If the Law of Conservation of Energy is universal, then the cosmos is eternal. Our results support the theoretical predictions of a cyclic universe by Steinhardt and associates, as well as Penrose. Space and energy are equivalent as embodied in the Planck energy equation. They are the two most fundamental quantities that govern cosmic evolution. The two principal long range forces are the gravitational force and the space force,which maybe the fifth force in the universe. They provide the clockwork mechanism operating our cyclic universe.

We propose a toy model of a spherical universe made up of an exotic dark gas with temperature $T$ in thermal equilibrium with a black-body. Each particle of this exotic gas mimics a kind of particle of dark energy. So, each dark particle occupies a very small area of space so-called Planck area $L_p^{2}$, which represents the minimum area of the whole space-time given by the spherical surface with area $4\pi R_H^2$, where $R_H$ is the Hubble radius. We realize that such spherical surface is the surface of the black-body for representing the dark universe as if it were the surface of an expanding balloon. Thus, we are able to derive the law of universal gravitation, thus leading us to understand the cosmological anti-gravity. We estimate the tiny order of magnitude of the cosmological constant and the acceleration of expansion of the dark sphere. In this toy model, as the dark universe can be thought of as a large black body, when we obtain its power and frequency of emission of radiation, we find very low values. We conclude that such radiation and frequency of the black body made up of dark energy is a background gravitational wave with very low frequency in the order of $\sim 10^{-17}$Hz due to the slight stretching of the fabric of space-time.

Inflationary model provides a conceptual explanation of the horizon problem, the flatness problem and may also suppress the over abundant magnetic monopoles predicted by Grand Unified Theories. Although various inflationary models have been proposed since 1981, difficulties like fine tuning is not only unsolved but also becomes severer in confrontation with data of Planck Satellite. This paper proposes an alternative model of inflation: the spontaneous symmetry breaking phase transition at early universe is only responsible for the production of magnetic monopoles expected by Grand Unified Theories; it is the subsequent energy release of monopole annihilation that drives the inflation. As a result, the early universe underwent a free expansion with a heat source originating in the annihilation, which expects a smooth, plateau-like potential consistent with the observational data. Beside interpreting a number of long standing inflationary problems, the new scenario predicts a significant increase of entropy during the inflation, and tends to produce large scale structures exceed scale of 300 million light-years correlated with a CMB smoothen and flatten by a simple dynamical mechanism.

The technique of Faraday tomography is a key tool for the study of magnetised plasmas in the new era of broadband radio polarisation observations. In particular, observations at metre-wavelengths provide significantly better Faraday depth accuracies compared to traditional cm-wavelength observations. However, the effect of Faraday depolarisation makes the polarised signal very challenging to detect at metre wavelengths (MHz frequencies). In this work, Faraday tomography is used to characterise the Faraday rotation properties of polarised sources found in data from the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS). Of the 76 extragalactic polarised sources analysed here, we find that all host a radio-loud AGN. The majority of the sources (∼64%) are large FRII radio galaxies with a median projected linear size of 710 kpc and median radio luminosity at 144 MHz of 4 × 10^26 W/Hz. In several cases, both hotspots are detected in polarisation at an angular resolution of ∼20". One such case allowed a study of intergalactic magnetic fields on scales of 3.4 Mpc. Other detected source types include an FRI radio galaxy and at least 8 blazars. Most sources display simple Faraday spectra, however, we highlight one blazar that displays a complex Faraday spectrum, with two close peaks in the Faraday dispersion function.

Plasma electrolytic polishing (PeP) is mainly used to improve the surface quality and thus the performance of electrically conductive parts. It is usually used as an anodic process, i.e. the workpiece is negatively charged. However, the process is susceptible to high current peaks during the formation of the vapour skin especially when polishing workpieces with a large surface area. In this study, the critical influence of workpiece submerging velocity on the current peaks and the average power during the initialisation of the PeP process is investigated for a workpiece size of microreactor mould insert. Through systematic experimentation and analysis, this work provides insights into the control of the initialisation process by modulating the workpiece submerging velocity. The results clarify the relationship between submerging velocity, peak current and average power and provide a novel approach to improve process efficiency in PeP. The highest peak current and average power occur when the electrolyte splashes over the top of the workpiece and not, as expected, when the workpiece touches the electrolyte. By submerging the workpiece while the voltage is applied to the workpiece and counter electrode, the reduction in both parameters is over 80 %.

By using directed dimensional analysis and data fitting, an explicit universal scaling law for the velocity of dominoes toppling motion is formulated. The scaling law shows that domino propagational velocity is linearly proportional to the 1/2 power of domino separation and thickness, and -1/2 power of domino height and gravitation. The study also proved that dominoes width and mass have no influence on the domino wave traveling velocity. The scaling law obtained in this Letter is very useful to the dominoes game and will help the domino player to place the dominoes for fast speed and have a quick estimation on the speed without doing complicated multi-bodies dynamical simulation.

Radio Occultation (RO) is pivotal for profiling the neutral and ionized atmosphere, with the PlanetiQ mission, via its GNOMES satellites, striving to establish an advanced atmospheric observing system. However, an assessment of the spatiotemporal distributions of PlanetiQ observations and comparisons with reliable datasets are lacking. This study addresses this gap by examining the temporal and spatial distribution of RO observations from PlanetiQ during its initial 198 operational days in 2023, alongside comparisons with COSMIC and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. Data from GN02, GN03, and GN04 satellites, yielding 1099, 1313, and 1843 RO events per day respectively, were analyzed. The satellite constellation's observations demonstrate a generally well-distributed pattern, albeit minor deficiencies in equatorial and polar regions. Single-profile comparisons with COSMIC data reveal strong correlations for pressure, temperature, Water Vapor Pressure (WVP), and refractivity profiles, with temperature exhibiting larger variations (RMSE = 1.24°C). Statistical analyses confirm statistically insignificant differences between PlanetiQ and COSMIC profiles at the same spatio-temporal coordinates. Comparisons with NWP models show slight differences with GFS, with overall RMSE values of 0.23 mb (WVP), 0.6 mb (pressure), 1.3 (refractivity), and 1.5°C (temperature). However, assessments against GFS/ECMWF models indicate overall compatibility, with insignificant differences between PlanetiQ profiles and models observations.

In this study, we performed periodicity analyzes of selected daily solar (FI, CI), geomagnetic (Ap, Dst, Scalar B) and cosmic (CRI) activity indices for the last solar Cycle 24 (December 2008 to December 2019). To investigate the periodic variations of above selected data sets the Multi Taper Method (MTM), Morlet wavelet, Cross Wavelet Transform (XWT), and Wavelet Coherence (WTC) analysis techniques were used. In results of our analysis we found that i) the 25-33 and 2048-day periodicities exist in all data sets without any exception, while all other detected periodicities have data preferences, ii) all detected periods located around the maximum phase of the cycle (Cycle 24), iii) the phase relations between compared data sets periodicities are gradually changing from small periods to large ones; there are no phase relations between small periodicities and they show mixed phases, while they are completely in phase/antiphase for large periodicities, iv) all detected FI periodicities, except 2048 days periodicity, are common periodicities with all other data sets used in this study.

Cosmic strings can arise from spontaneous phase transitions during the inflationary period and are describable as disclination topological defects in spacetime. Analytical integration of the geodesic equations for a particle around a cosmic string reveals distinct orbit patterns dependent on the disclination intensity $\beta_{0}$. After its interaction with the cosmic string, the particle's behavior becomes random. To categorize these patterns, we describe the geodesic motion as iterated maps of a discrete parameter. Through the stabilization values of these functions, we correlate the scattering angle and the number of loops for the particle with $\beta_{0}$. Therefore, we interpret the gravitational field mathematically as an instructor of a particle's next position, given its previous one. We find that the radial function in the small displacement limit is similar to the logistic map. This leads us to conjecture the potential of the discrete parameter being a multiple of Planck's time, suggesting a method for the geometric discretization of spacetime around a cosmic string.

Although general relativity has been successful in explaining many astronomical phenomena, few problems about the contents and evolution of the universe have remained mysterious since last century. Most important of them is the cosmological constant problem in which conventional calculation of vacuum (or dark) energy density using quantum mechanics leads to a value ~10¹¹⁴ J/m³ which is ~10¹²³ times more than the vacuum energy (5.3×10^-10 J/m³) estimated from astronomical observations of expanding universe. Similarly, cosmic coincidence problem questions why the matter energy density (ordinary plus dark matter) is of the same order as the vacuum energy density at present time. Finally, the mechanism responsible for spatial flatness and expansion of the universe are not clearly understood. In this paper, by taking the vacuum as a finite and closed quantum oscillator, we solve all of the above-mentioned problems. At first, by using purely quantum mechanical approach, we predict that the dark energy density is c⁴/(GR²) = 5.27×10^-10 J/m³ (where R is radius of 3-sphere of universe) and matter energy density is c⁴/(2GR²) = 2.6×10^-10 J/m³ which match well with astronomical observations. We also prove that the dark energy has always been ~66.7% and matter energy has been ~33.3% of total energy and hence, the so called cosmic coincidence problem doesn’t exist. Next, we show how flatness of space could be maintained since the early stage of universe. Finally, using our model, we derive the expression for age and radius of universe which match well with the astronomical data.

We present how the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of a growing black hole variant of Rh = ct cosmology model can be rewritten as a function of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation temperature or Hubble parameter, rather than the Hubble radius, as first pointed out by Tatum and Seshavatharam [1]. We then show how our CMB temperature formulae lead to much higher precision in the estimated entropy of the Hubble radius universe, since the CMB temperature can be measured with great precision. We also briefly discuss how the Schwarzschild metric can be rewritten as a function of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, and how the entropy of the universe can be directly linked to recent estimates of the number of quantum operations in the universe since its beginning.

Under the big unified framework of quantum gravitational field and quantum repulsive field, the earlier in this series of work has comprehensively expanded the general relativity and loop quantum ring gravitation theory, set up the quantum repulsive field equation corresponding to the quantum gravitational field equation, and then established the quantum hedge-unified field equation describing the interaction of quantum gravitational field and quantum repulsive field; On this basis, the quantum repulsive universe equation corresponding to the quantum gravitational universe equation has be established, thus a set of new equations describing the expansive universe model under the condition of fully considering the hedge effect of quantum gravitational field and quantum repulsion field, which can be called the expansive universe equation of quantum hedge-unified field theory, has be established. Now, let's go deep into the arche-unified physics behind the creation of the universe. Although all kinds of inflationary universe models can solve cosmological problems to a certain extent, there is no natural and reasonable analysis and explanation for all cosmological and physical consequences. For example, it is impossible to predict a large tensor-scale ratio and a relatively large spectral index run at the same time. At present, string theory, membrane theory, loop quantum gravity theory, super-gravitational holography principle and M theory, which are the theoretical basis of cosmology, are basically established by simplification in the case of breaking away from the extreme background conditions of the universe. While cosmology, which is deficient in nature, cannot provide strong support for particle physics to further advance to a wider field and a deeper level. Due to the lack of new ideas, the construction of existing theoretical models is difficult. Therefore, the existing research can only be further promoted by new astronomical observation. Unlike existing studies, we concentrate on the emergence of the big rip-rebound clusters of quantum chaotic-reticulate distribution between the outwards-push of the universe as a whole (related to pseudo-vacuum energy, Higgs field, dark energy, etc.) and the inwards-pull of the universe in local scale (related to dark matter, quantum gravity and initial gravity separated from high-dimensional supergravity, and the initial strong force separated from the grand unified force subsequently). On the one hand, we find a great impetus to make the inflation of the universe into firstly-imposed suppression, then-imposed acceleration and finally-imposed deceleration, which really explains why the universe expands at a critical rate and has the same temperature in different regions, on the other hand, we find a fundamental unit of matter and its emerging clusters evolving in the big bang, inflation and expansion of the universe accompanied by the great rip-rebound clusters of quantum chaos-reticulate distribution, which can be reduced to an arche-pulsator of neither punctiform particle nor linear string. From these two aspects, it can been seen that the evolution of the early universe is much more complicated than people originally thought. The complexity of the super inflation of the universe is mainly reflected in the big rip-rebound cluster emerging behind the gravitational disturbance (the pressure and tensor disturbance related to dark matter), the repulsive disturbance (the pressure and scalar disturbance related to dark energy), the cosmological disturbance (related to the interaction between high-dimensional supergravity and high-dimensional superrepulsion). This is a system of nonlinear stochastic differential dynamics, or a quantum statistical physical process of nonlinear nonequilibrium state. In the new research paradigms established in this series, the arche-conjugation between the high-dimensional supergravity and the high-dimensional superrepulsion, as well as between the quantum gravity and the quantum repulsion, is higher than the supersymmetry, and then becomes the core concept of the new theory. In this series, cluster-inflating configuration, spin network space and cosmic paradigm vectors are proposed, so the model of the super-inflated universe with quantum chaos-reticulate distribution emerged under the great impetus. The new model reveals that the unified inflation of the universe as a whole and the local inflation of the universe emerge together in the great impetus of the big rip-rebound cluster of quantum chaos-reticulate distribution. As a spin network model variable, the spatiotemporal mode variable is a vector composed of a series of variables, which variables include: dimension, curvature, range, expansion speed, dynamics, quantization, chaotic-reticulate distribution (inhomogeneity, concentration, fluctuation), synergy, and so on. Between particle physics and cosmology, this series of papers proposes the cosmic quantum evolution mode, the physical-sphere distributing configuration and the interaction situation variables, organizes the concepts, variables and models of these three levels, and establishes a systematic super-synergy paradigm. In this paradigm, the general Langevan equation and the general Fokker-Planck equation are established. For the quantum cosmic-sphere, a series of trend parameters are introduced to establish the dynamics of quantum gravitational mode and its master equation, and then to establish the operator distribution function and its motion equation of the action mode. For the Tachyon of upheaval in the rip-rebound-inflating of the universe, the hypothesis on the bifurcate-chaos wave of quantum is given, the quantum theory of the early photons in upheaval is set up, and the analysis on the particles of the ultrahigh energy cosmic ray from the γ ray burst is made. Finally, using Wigner-Ville distribution as a nonlinear time-frequency distribution, we establish the ultra-synergistic field equation of quantum-classic unifying action-sphere.

This article introduces a novel three-phase angular perturbation technique for solving the School Bus Problem (SBP), an NP-hard combinatorial optimization challenge. The three phases—initial solution, global and local search, and solution exploration—focus on optimizing school bus routes by minimizing sharp turns and reducing travel distances. The performance of three metaheuristic algorithms (GAACOSA-AP, BFSPSO-AP, RL-AP) is evaluated, and significant improvements in routing efficiency are observed. we evaluated the performance of our hybrid algorithm against the industry-leading optimization software, CPLEX, and other optimization techniques across multiple school scenarios. The results show that the GAACOSA-AP algorithm consistently outperforms its counterparts, achieving substantial reductions in travel distances, particularly for complex routes with numerous stops. The integration of Angular Perturbation was key to improving route geometry by, reducing sharp turns, and enhancing overall path optimization by an average reduction of 27.12% compared to 22.37% without Angular Perturbation.

As one of the common techniques for measuring coseismic deformations, optical image correlation techniques are capable of overcoming the drawbacks of inadequate coherence and phase blurring which can occur in radar interferometry, as well as the problem of low spatial resolution in radar pixel offset tracking. However, the scales of the correlation window in optical image correlation techniques typically influence the results, the conventional SAR POT method faces a fundamental trade-off between the accuracy of matching and the preservation of details in the matching window size. This study regards co-seismic deformation as a two-dimensional vector, and develops a new post-processing workflow called VACI-OIC to reduce the dependence of shift estimation on the size of the matching window. This paper takes the coseismic deformations in both the east-west and north-south directions into account at the same time, treating them as vectors, while also considering the similarity of displacement between adjacent points on the surface. Herein, the angular continuity index of the coseismic deformation vector was proposed as a more reasonable constraint condition to fuse the deformation field results obtained by optical image correlation across different matching window. Taking the earthquake of 2021 in Maduo, China, as the study area, the deformation with the highest spatial resolution in the violent surface rupture area was determined (which could not be provided by SAR data). Compared to the results of single-scale optical correlation, the presented results were more uniform (i.e., more consistent with published results). At the same time, the proposed index also detected the strip fracture zone of the earthquake with impressive clarity.

We have detected a large Nernst effect in the CDW state of the multiband organic metal α−(BEDT−TT)2KHg(SCN)4. We find that there exists a significant gradient of charge relaxation processes that can generate a sizeable contribution adding especially to the transverse thermoelectric signal. Apart from the phonon drag, the energy relaxation processes governing the electron-phonon interactions and the momentum relaxation processes governing the charge mobility of the q1D group of carriers have a significant role in observing the large Nernst signal in the CDW state. The emphasised momentum relaxation dynamics in the low field CDW state is a clear indicator of a significant carrier mobility that can lead to the largest Nernst signal in this state. The momentum relaxation is reduced with increasing angle and magnetic field, i.e., in the high field CDW state which is reflected in the smaller Nernst effect amplitude. In this case only the phonon drag and electron-phonon interactions are contributing to the transverse thermoelectric signal. Our findings advance and change the previous observations on the complex properties of this organic metal.

Utilization of Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) model parameters obtained from the multi-angular remote sensing is one of the approaches for the retrieval of vegetation structural information. In this research, the potential of multi-angular vegetation indices, formulated by the combination of multi-spectral reflectance from different view angles, for the retrieval of forest above ground biomass was assessed. This research was implemented in the New England region with the availability of a high quality forest inventory database. The multi-angular vegetation indices were generated by the simulation of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) BRDF/Albedo Model Parameters Product (MCD43A1 Version 6) based BRDF parameters. The effects of seasonal (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) composites of the multi-angular vegetation indices on above ground biomass, angular relationship of the spectral reflectance with above ground biomass, and the interrelationships between the multi-angular vegetation indices were analyzed. Among the existing multi-angular vegetation indices, only the Nadir BRDF-adjusted NDVI ( and Hot-spot incorporated NDVI ( showed significant relationship (more than 50%) with the above ground biomass. This research proposed two more sensitive vegetation structural indices, Fore-scattering Back-scattering NDVI and Vegetation Structure Index (VSI). The Fore-scattering Back-scattering NDVI showed higher sensitivity (R² = 0.62, RMSE = 52.46) towards the above ground biomass than existing multi-angular vegetation indices. Furthermore, the VSI performed in the most efficient way explaining 64% variation of the above ground biomass, suggesting that the right choice of the spectral channel and observation geometry should be considered for improving the estimates of the above ground biomass. In addition, the right choice of seasonal data (summer) was found to be important for estimating the forest biomass while other seasonal data were either insensitive or pointless. The promising results shown by the VSI suggest that it could be an appropriate candidate for monitoring vegetation structure from the multi-angular satellite remote sensing.

Cavitation bubbles are commonly existing in shipbuilding engineering, ocean engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical industry, and aerospace. Asymmetric deformation of bubble occurs near the boundary, and the non-spherical cavitation bubbles have strong destructive effects, inducing high amplitude loading at the nearby boundary. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the laser-induced of cavitation bubble, non-spherical collapse behavior near the boundary. In this study, experimental data such as bubble pulsation process and bubble surface velocity distribution were obtained by high-speed camera technique and full-field velocity calculation. The results show that the bubble appeared non-spherical collapse shapes, near different boundaries, with near-hemispherical, near-ellipsoidal, near-cone and near-pea shapes, and the bubble surface velocity distribution is not uniform. When bubble near the free surface or rigid boundary, the smaller the stand-off r is, the more obvious the repulsive effect of the free surface and the attractive effect of the rigid boundary are. As the stand-off r decreases, the larger the Bjerknes force and the bubble surface velocity difference, the more pronounced the non-spherical shape.

This study delves into the Southern Aegean region where the subduction of the oceanic Mediterranean lithosphere under the Aegean continental one takes place. This region is considered one of the most active ones in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea due to intense tectonic movements in the Late Quaternary. More than 1200 manually revised events from 2018 to 2023 have been used in order to obtain the 3-D structure of body-wave velocity and VP/VS ratio to 80 km depth, through Earthquake Tomography. A series of resolution tests have been performed and demonstrated fair resolution of the derived velocity structures in area of interest. The derived anomalies of body waves (dVP, dVS), and VP/VS ratio provided important information about the Southern Aegean regional tectonics, and secondarily active faults of smaller scale (&gt;20 km). The region is marked by significant low-velocity anomalies in the crust and uppermost mantle, beneath the active arc volcanoes. The seismicity related to the Hellenic Subduction Zone (HSZ) is connected to a low-angle positive anomaly of VP and VS, correlated to the observed intermediate-depth seismicity (H≥40 km) in this part of the study area. This result could be related to the diving HSZ slab.

Detailed flow distributions in vascular systems are the key to identifying hemodynamic risk factors for the development and progression of vascular diseases. Although computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been widely used in bioengineering research on hemodynamics predictions, not only are high-fidelity CFD simulations time-consuming and computing-expensive, but also not friendly to clinical applications due to the difficulty of comprehensive numerical calculations. Machine learning (ML) algorithums to estimate the flow field in vascular systems based on the angiographic images of the blood flow using existed diagnostic tools are emerging as a new pathway to facilitate the mapping of hemodynamics. In present work, the dye injection in a water flow was simulated as an analogy of the contrast perfusion in blood flow using CFD. In the simulation, the light passes through the flow field and generates projective images, as an analogy of X-ray imaging. The simulations provide both the ground truth velocity field and the projective images of the flow with dye patterns. A rough velocity field was estimated using the optical flow method (OFM) based on projective images. ML algorithums are then trained using the ground truth CFD data and the OFM velocity estimation as the input. Finally, the interpretable (logistic regression) and deep (neural networks, convolutional neural networks, long short term memory) machine learning models are validated by using parallel in vitro experiments on the same flow setup. The validation results showed that the employed ML model significantly reduced the error rate from 53.5% to 2.5% in average for the v-velocity estimation.

The zero velocity update(ZUPT) algorithm is the core of a foot-mounted pedestrian navigation system. The zero velocity detection method is the premise and guarantee of the effective application of the ZUPT algorithm. To make ZUPT work properly, it is necessary to detect zero velocity intervals correctly. The detection accuracy of the existing zero velocity detection methods is easy to be affected by users and environment. A novel zero velocity detection method based on the plantar pressure is proposed in this paper, which has higher detection accuracy and better environmental adaptability. First, the paper analyzes the motion characteristics of foot during walking. Second, the inherent relationship between the plantar pressure and the gait change during walking is studied based on the pressure sensor. Then, the model of the zero velocity detection method using the plantar pressure is established. Finally, the indoor and outdoor multi-scene experiments show that this method not only has a high detection accuracy, but also has good adaptability to users and walking environment.

The determination of crack propagation velocities can provide valuable information for a better understanding of damage processes of concrete. The spatio-temporal analysis of crack patterns developing at a speed of several hundred meters per second is a rather challenging task. In the paper, a photogrammetric procedure for the determination of crack propagation velocities in concrete specimens using high-speed camera image sequences is presented. A cascaded image sequence processing which starts with the computation of displacement vector fields for a dense pattern of points on the specimen’s surface between consecutive time steps of the image sequence chain has been developed. These surface points are triangulated into a mesh, and as representations of cracks, discontinuities in the displacement vector fields are found by a deformation analysis applied to all triangles of the mesh. Connected components of the deformed triangles are computed using region-growing techniques. Then, the crack tips are determined using principal component analysis. The tips are tracked in the image sequence and the velocities between the time stamps of the images are derived. A major advantage of this method as compared to established techniques is in the fact of its allowing for spatio-temporally resolved, full-field measurements rather than point-wise measurements and that information on crack width can be obtained simultaneously. To validate the experimentation, the authors processed image sequences of tests on four compact-tension specimens performed on a split-Hopkinson tension bar. The images were taken by a high-speed camera at a frame rate of 160,000 images per second. By applying to these datasets the image sequence processing procedure as developed, crack propagation velocities of about 800 m/s were determined with a precision in the order of 50 m/s.

We study the influence of high-order twisting phases on polarization states and optical angular momentum of a vector light field with locally linear polarization and a hybrid state of polarization (SoP). The initial SoP of a twisted vector optical field (TVOF) modulated by the high-order twisting phase possesses various symmetric distributions. The propagating properties of a high-order TVOF with locally linear polarization and hybrid SoP are explored, including the intensity compression, expansion, and conversion between the linear and circular polarization components. In particular, orbital angular momentum (OAM) appears in a high-order TVOF during propagation where no OAM exists in the initial field. The variation of OAM distribution in cross-section becomes more frequent with the increase of the twisting phase order. In addition, a non-symmetric OAM distribution appears in an anisotropic TVOF, leading to the rotation of the beam around the propagation axis during propagation. These results provide a new approach for optical field manipulation in a high-order TVOF.

Large values and gradients of stresses and deformations, triggering concentrations of stresses and deformations, arise in the corner areas of a structure. The action of forced deformations, leading to the finite rupture of the contact between the elements of a structure, also triggers the concentration of stresses, while the rupture reaches an irregular point, a line on the area boundary. The theoretical analysis of the stress-strain state (SSS) of areas with angular cutouts in the boundary under the action of discontinuous forced deformations is reduced to the study of singular solutions to the homogeneous problem of the elasticity theory that has power-related features. The calculation of stress concentration coefficients in the domain of a singular solution to the elastic problem makes no sense. It is experimentally proven that the zone, that is close to the vertex of the angular cutout in the area boundary, has substantial deformations, rotations, and it corresponds to rising values of the first and second derivatives of displacements along the radius in cases of sufficiently small radii in the neighbourhood of the irregular point of the boundary. For such areas, it is necessary to consider the plane problem of the elasticity theory, taking into account the geometric nonlinearity under the action of forced deformations. This will allow analyzing the effect of relations between orders of values of deformations, rotations, and forced deformations on the form of the equation of equilibrium. The purpose of this work is to analyze the effect of relations of deformation orders, rotations, forced deformations on the form of the equilibrium equation in the polar coordinate system for a V-shaped area under the action of forced temperature-induced deformations with regard for the geometrical non-linearity and physical linearity.

High precision angular actuators are used for high demanding applications such as laser steering for photolithography. Piezo technology allows developing actuators with such a high resolution that the characterization of the same is out of the capabilities of commercially available instruments. At INRIM we have designed and built a device to the purpose of characterizing precision 2D angular actuators with a resolution surpassing the best devices on the market. The device is based on a multi reflection scheme that allows multiplying the deflection angle by a factor of 70. The ultimate resolution of the device is 2 prad/√Hz over a measurement range of 36 µrad with a measurement band &gt; 10 kHz. The working principle, the practical realization and the case study on a top-level commercial angular actuator (Nano-MTA2 produced by MadCityLabs) are described.

We study an air-fluidized granular monolayer, composed in this case of plastic spheres, which roll on a metallic grid. The air current is adjusted so that the spheres never loose contact with the grid, so that the dynamics may be regarded as pseudo two-dimensional (or two-dimensional, if the effects of sphere rolling are not taken into account). We find two surprising continuous transitions, both of them displaying two coexisting phases. Moreover, in all cases, we found the coexisting phases display strong energy non-equipartition. In the first transition, at weak fludization, a glassy phase coexists with a disordered fluid-like phase. In the second transition, a hexagonal crystal coexists with the fluid phase. We analyze, for these two-phase systems, the specific diffusive properties of each phase, as well as the velocity correlations. Surprisingly, we find a glass phase at very low packing fraction and for a wide range of granular temperatures. Both phases are characterized also by a strong anti-correlated velocities upon collision. Thus, the dynamics observed for this quasi two-dimensional system unveils phase transitions with peculiar properties, very different from the predicted behavior in well know theories for their equilibrium counterparts.

Understanding the equilibrium saturation level is crucial to Binder Jetting (BJ). Saturation level influences dimensional accuracy, print time, green strength, and final material properties. Improved understanding of the saturation level can reduce development time for new materials and improve existing processes in BJ. Attempts have been made to predict saturation levels of parts with simple calculations from droplet primitives and capillary pressure. There is, however, limited experimental validation for these methods and they do not include the impact of drop velocity and droplet spacing. This study incorporates the influences of drop velocity and droplet spacing on the saturation level of the part. Drop primitives of varying droplet velocity and droplet spacing were compared. Results show that velocity impacts the feasible parameter space.

For development and successful application of any material, a clear understanding of their mechanical behavior is one of the most important things, but when it comes to nanofibers networks it become a challenge due to, their high porosity, many scales in their structure, and characteristics non-linear. Therefore, an experimental methodology in conjunction with a theoretical model that can fully consider their characteristics is still needed. In this work we proposed a model that incorporates the propagation of the elastic waves in two-phase media to determine the effective elastic modulus of electrospun membranes of PLA/gelatin given the mechanical properties of nanofibers, shape, distribution and concentration. The model was verified via laser ultrasonic testing. It was found that the values predicted for the effective modulus by the model were higher than the values obtained from experimental results. One explanation is due to the experimental density. As a result, the P-Wave velocity from the model best fit to experimental results and it has the same behavior, decrees as the concentration of gelatin in the solution. These results indicate the model and experimental methodology can assist in the dressing of nanofibers networks and electrospun materials.

In this paper, a controlled-phase-flip (P-CPF) gate using the polarisation and orbital angular momentum degrees of freedom for single-photon two-qubit quantum logic is proposed. This is critical to the realisation of quantum cluster states and graph networks using transverse degrees of freedom. A generalisation of the proposed scheme to arbitrary number and kinds of degrees of freedom, for optical systems, as well as arbitrary operations to be conditionally performed is proposed.

Anthracnose (ANT) and angular leaf spot (ALS) are significant diseases in common bean, leading to considerable yield losses under specific environmental conditions. The California Dark Red Kidney (CDRK) bean cultivar is known for its resistance to multiple races of both pathogens. Previous studies have identified the CoPv01CDRK/PhgPv01CDRK resistance loci on chromosome Pv01. Here, we evaluated the expression levels of ten candidate genes near the CoPv01CDRK/PhgPv01CDRK loci and plant defense genes using quantitative real-time PCR in CDRK cultivar inoculated with races 73 of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and 63-39 of Pseudocercospora griseola. Gene expression analysis revealed that the Phvul.001G246300 gene exhibited the most elevated levels, showing remarkable 7.8-fold and 8.5-fold increases for ANT and ALS, respectively. The Phvul.001G246300 gene encodes an abscisic acid (ABA) receptor pyrabactin resistance - PYR1-like (PYL) protein, which plays a central role in crosstalk between ABA and jasmonic acid responses. Interestingly, our results also showed that the other defense genes were initially activated. These findings provide critical insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying plant defense against these diseases and could contribute to the development of more effective disease management strategies in the future.

In this paper, we consider the behavior of the local energy flow velocity of the fundamental air – core mode at the core – cladding boundary in two types of hollow – core fibers: hollow – core fibers with a negative curvature of the core boundary and single – capillary fibers with similar geometrical parameters. It is demonstrated that the behavior of both axial and radial components of the local energy velocity of the fundamental air – core mode is completely different for these two types of hollow – core fibers. The negative curvature of the core boundary leads to an alternating behavior of the radial projection of the local energy velocity and a decrease by two orders of magnitude compared to the values of this projection for a single capillary. In our opinion, this behavior of the local energy velocity of the fundamental air – core mode is caused by a periodic set of Poynting vector vortices that appear in the cladding capillary walls.

Light travels in a moving medium through densities that differ from the density of that medium at rest. This study derives a formula for light velocity through a moving medium for any direction of light propagation in that medium that, applied to the Fizeau experiment, gives a fringe shift of 0.23541. The Fresnel drag coefficient applied to the Fizeau experiment offers a fringe shift of 0.20466. The mean of the fringe shift observations in the Fizeau experiment of 0.23016 confirms both expectations.