Heterometallic rare-earth clusters have garnered much attention because of their interest-ing solid-state structures and versatile applications in catalysis and material and polymer chemistry over the last four decades. Particular interest is rare earth–transition metal co-ordination compounds that behave as single-molecule magnets (SMMs) because of their potential use in information storage, spintronic devices, and magnetic refrigeration sys-tems. Another implementation involves using lanthanide clusters in luminescent-based sensing for environmental protection and security screening or in photocatalytic energy conversion reactions. Heterometallic rare earth complexes offer the promise of catalytic performance of many organic reactions due to their high oxygenophilicity, Lewis acidity, high coordination numbers, and ability to change the coordination environment quickly. Therefore, they are commonly applied as catalysts in asymmetric synthesis, oxidation re-actions, and CO2 conversions or as initiators in ring-opening polymerization and copoly-merization of cyclic monomers. They are also attractive single-source molecular precur-sors for functional inorganic materials. This review focused on the unique features and properties of the heterometallic rare earth complexes, which are closely correlated with their molecular structure. Our summary is a valuable resource, providing researchers with an insightful exploration of the heterometallic rare-earth complexes that demonstrated multimetallic synergy and cooperativity effects in various applications.

This study represents a significant stride in advancing furan chemistry, presenting the synthesis of high-molecular-weight polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) resin (Mw = 118,959 g/mol) from furfuryl alcohol (FA) using a co-catalytic system as against the conventional single-catalytic methods. The resulting PFA resin is fully characterised, and we conclude that it exhibits good shelf life and potential in diverse applications, serving as a standalone moulded material or contributing to composites, coatings, adhesives, and nanostructured carbons.

Biostimulants are materials that when applied in small amounts are capable of promoting plant growth. Nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials (NMs) can be considered as biostimulants since, in specific ranges of concentration, generally in small levels, they increase the plant growth. Pristine NPs and NMS have a high density of surface charges capable of unspecific interactions with the surface charges of the cell walls and membranes of plant cells. In the same way, the functionalized NPs and NMS, and the NPs and NMs with a corona formed after the exposition to natural fluids such as water, soil solution, or the interior of organisms, presents a high density of surface charges that interact with specific charged groups in cell surfaces. The magnitude of the interaction will depend on the materials adhered to the corona, but the high-density charges located in a small volume causes an intense interaction capable of disturbing the density of surface charges of cell walls and membranes. The electrostatic disturbance can have an impact on the electrical potentials of the outer and inner surfaces, as well as on the transmembrane electrical potential, modifying the activity of the integral proteins of the membranes. The extension of the cellular response can range from biostimulation to cell death and will depend on the concentration, size, and the characteristics of the corona.

Microplastics (MPs) are a critical environmental issue, with impacts ranging from ecosystem contamination to health risks through bioaccumulation. This review addresses the inefficacy of traditional water treatments in removing MPs and proposes photodegradation, particularly via nanomaterial-enhanced photocatalysts, as a solution. Utilizing their unique properties like large surface area and tunable bandgap, nanomaterials significantly improve degradation efficiency. Different strategies for photocatalysts modification to improve photocatalytic performance are thoroughly summarized, with the particular emphasis on element doping and heterojunction construction. Furthermore, this review thoroughly summarizes the possible fundamental mechanisms driving photodegradation of microplastics facilitated by nanomaterials, with a focus on processes like free radical formation and singlet oxygen oxidation. By clearly elucidating these strategies and mechanisms, this review aims to provide valuable insights and inspire further progress in microplastic photodegradation.

Polyphenols are the most common organic compounds in wine. They improve both the sensory aspects of wine and human health by activating antioxidant systems. Therefore, there is a great need for a simple, fast and accessible method to determine the polyphenol content of wine. The aim of this study is to characterize polyphenolic compounds in natural wine samples using an electrochemical method and a modified carbon paste electrode with TiO2 nanoparticles. This work is motivated by the promising improvement of the sensing properties of a TiO2 nanoparticle-modified carbon paste electrode observed in the electrooxidation of different polyphenols. Since the voltammetric response of wine is largely irreversible, another motivation was the possibility of improving the processing of voltammograms to obtain data indicative of wine polyphenols, based on the approach described in the seminal work by Espinoza et al. The modified electrode studied provides an improved and reproducible voltammetric response of gallic acid in wine samples and provides a good basis for further development of an integrated sensor/data system with the possibility of wider application for the quantification of gallic acid as a flavor and visually relevant parameter in winemaking.

At present, nanomaterials (NMs) show extreme potential for a wide range of applications ranging from aerospace to energy storage applications owing to a number of properties which, in a number of contexts have been reported to be superior as compared to those of bulk counterparts. However, the high surface area to volume ratio which yields extraordinary properties to NMs also turns out to be the major limitation in a number of different contexts. For instance, the high surface area to volume ratio in these materials leads to a high reactivity, especially in electrochemical environments which are prevalent during energy storage applications. In this context, it is worthwhile mentioning that processing of NMs play a crucial role in influencing their mechanical properties. On the other hand, surface engineering has emerged as a powerful tool to deconvolute bulk properties from surface characteristics and has been reported to exhibit tremendous potential for overcoming the aforementioned limitation of NMs. The present review therefore, is aimed at highlighting the present status of research in the field of processing and applications of surface engineered NMs. Moreover, challenges and future perspectives in the aforementioned avenue have been discussed.

The paper presents attribute based characterization of nanomaterials method for computer storage and retrieval as knowledgebase. The knowledgebase permits indepth understanding and comparison between nanomaterials available with the scientists and product developers to satisfy their research and development (R & D) needs. Techniques for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is proposed to evaluate nanomaterials in the presence of multiple attributes. The method normalizes attributes to nullify the effect of different units and their values in the range of 0 to 1. The relative importance of different attributes for different applications is considered. The weight vector is derived using Eigen value formulation. The positive and negative benchmark solutions are derived. Euclidean distance of alternatives from these best and worst solution leads to the development of proximity /goodness/suitability index for ranking. Final decision is taken by decision makers by SWOT analysis and short and long term strategies of the organisation. The methodology is illustrated with the help of an example and step-by-step procedure. Results, discussion and conclusion highlights the importance and practical application.

In this paper, carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed electrode (CNTs/SPE) was prepared and the CNTs/SPE was employed for the electrochemical determination of antioxidant substance Chlorogenic acids (CGAs). A pair of well-defined redox peak of CGA was observed at the CNTs/SPE in 0.10 mol∙L^-1 acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.2) and electrode process is adsorption-controlled. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method for the determination of CGA were proposed based on the CNTs/SPE. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method exhibited linear ranges from 4.73×10^-7 to 4.45×10^-5 mol∙L^-1, the linear regression equation was Ipa(µA) = 4.1993 C (mol∙L^-1)+1.1039 (r = 0.9976) and the detection limit for CGA could reach 3.25×10^-6 mol∙L^-1. The recovery of matrine was 94.74~106.65% (RSD = 2.92%) in coffe beans. The proposed method is quick, sensitive, reliable, and can be used for the determination of CGA.

The exfoliation of graphene has opened a new frontier in material science with a focus on 2D materials. The unique thermal, physical and chemical properties of these materials have made them one of the choicest candidates in novel mechanical and nano-electronic devices. Notably, 2D materials such as graphene, MoS2, WS2, h-BN, and Black Phosphorus have shown outstanding lowest frictional coefficients and wear rates, making them attractive materials for high-performance nano-lubricants and lubricating applications. The objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview of the most recent developments in the tribological potentials of 2D materials. At first, the essential physical, wear, and frictional characteristics of the 2D materials including their production techniques are discussed. Subsequently, the experimental explorations and theoretical simulations of the most common 2D materials are reviewed in regards to their tribological applications such as their use as solid lubricants and surface lubricant nano-additives. The effects of micro/nano textures on friction behavior are also reviewed. Finally, the current challenges in tribological applications of 2D materials and their prospects are discussed.

From the theory of relativistic chemical kinetics [M. W. Baig, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 31, 1750177 (2017)] relativistic thermodynamics and kinetics for electrode processes have been developed to explain time dilation for electrode processes. For a moving observer moving at fractions of the speed of light, cell potential is observed to decrease. This results in the slower oxidation and reduction of ions at the respective electrodes. The newly formulated Lorentz transformation of the electrode and cell potential is explained in terms of generation of spin 2-boson “gravitons” from fusion of spin-1 boson “virtual-photons” mediating electrostatic force of attraction between ions and electrodes. It is postulated that birth of spin 2-boson i.e. gravitons is followed by their eventual escape in any of higher 4+n dimensions. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the present theory, the Daniel cell is considered as a numerical example.

Carbon nanomaterials with a different character of the chemical bond – graphene (sp2) and nanodiamond (sp3) are the building bricks for a new class of all-carbon hybrid nanomaterials, where the two different carbon networks with the sp3 and sp2 hybridization coexist, interact and even transform into one another. The unique electronic, mechanical, and chemical properties of the two border nanoallotropes of carbon ensure the immense application potential and versatility of these all-carbon graphene – diamond nanomaterials. The review gives an overview of the current state of the art of graphene – diamond nanomaterials, including their composites, heterojunctions, and other hybrids for sensing, electronic, energy storage, and other applications. Also, the graphene-to-diamond and diamond-to-graphene transformations at the nanoscale, essential for innovative fabrication, and stability and chemical reactivity assessment are discussed based on extensive theoretical, computational, and experimental studies.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a powerful, non-invasive and nondestructive tool, capable of providing three-dimensional (3D) images of living organisms. The use of magnetic contrast agents has allowed clinical researchers and analysts to enormously increase the sensitivity and specificity of MRI since these substances change the intrinsic properties of the tissues within a living body, increasing the information present in the images. The advances in nanotechnology and materials science as well as the research of new magnetic effects have been the driving forces that propel the use of magnetic nanostructures as promising alternatives to the commercial contrast agents used in MRI. This review discusses the principles associated with the use of contrast agents in MRI as well as the most recent reports focused on nanostructured contrast agents. The potential applications of gadolinium (Gd) and manganese Mn-based nanomaterials and iron oxide nanoparticles in this imaging technique are discussed as well, from their magnetic behavior to the mainly used materials and nanoarchitectures. Then, it is also addressed the recent efforts made to develop new types of contrast agents based on synthetic antiferromagnetic and high-aspect ratio nanostructures. Furthermore, the application of these materials in theragnosis, either as contrast agents and controlled drug release, contrast agents and thermal therapy or contrast agents and radiosensitizers, is also presented.

Over the past decades, research has escalated on the use of polylactic acid (PLA) as replacement for petroleum-based polymers. This is due to its valuable properties, such as renewability, biodegradability, biocompatibility and good thermomechanical properties. Despite possessing good mechanical properties comparable to conventional petroleum-based polymers, PLA suffers from some shortcomings such as low thermal resistance, heat distortion temperature and rate of crystallization, thus different fillers have been used to overcome these limitations. In the frame work of environmentally friendly processes and products, there has been growing interest on the use of cellulose nanomaterials viz. cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and nanofibers (CNF) as natural fillers for PLA towards advanced applications other than short-term packaging and biomedical. Cellulosic nanomaterials are renewable in nature, biodegradable, eco-friendless and they possess high strength and stiffness. In the case of eco-friendly processes, various conventional processing techniques, such as melt extrusion, melt-spinning, and compression moulding, have been used to produce PLA composites. This review addresses the critical factors in the manufacturing of PLA-cellulosic nanomaterials by using conventional techniques and recent advances needed to promote and improve the dispersion of the cellulosic nanomaterials. Different aspects, including morphology, mechanical behavior and thermal properties, as well as comparisons of CNC- and CNF reinforced PLA, are also discussed

Graphene-based nanoparticles possess remarkable physiochemical properties, making them promising for diverse applications in biomedicine, agriculture, food, and industrial applications. These nanoparticles have also been used in the fight against COVID-19. Human and environmental exposure to graphene-based nanomaterials is increasing at an unprecedented rate. However, there is still a huge knowledge gap regarding its safety in clinical applications. The topic remains controversial; although several routes of degradation exist, the cytotoxicity of graphene-based nanoparticles has been demonstrated. Various factors that can influence the cytotoxicity of graphene-based materials are discussed. This review summarizes the physiochemical properties of graphene-based materials and critically examines the possible effects of graphene-based nanoparticles on the molecular level and adverse health outcomes. While oxidative stress-mediated cell damage has been proposed as a primary cytotoxicity mechanism for graphene-based materials, various in vivo biodistribution and cytotoxicity mechanisms are also highlighted. Therefore, this review of the literature provides an overview of the cytotoxicity of GBMs and raises concerns about their widespread application with potential hazardous consequences on the environment and human health.

The results of the bibliographic analysis show that the most explored nanomaterials in dentistry are graphene and carbon nanotubes, and their derivatives. A detailed analysis and a comparative study on their applications show that, although they are quite similar, graphene based materials seem to be more promising for most of the applications of interest in dentistry. The bibliographic study also demonstrated the potential of zeolite based materials, although the low number of studies on their applications shows that they have not been totally explored, as well as other porous nanomaterials that found important applications in medicine, such as metal organic frameworks, have not been explored. Subsequently, it is expected that the research effort will concentrate in graphene and zeolite based materials in the incoming years. Thus, present review paper presents a detailed bibliographic study, with more than 200 references, in order to describe briefly the main achievements that have been described in dentistry using nanomaterials, compare and analyze them in a critical way, with the aim of predicting the future challenges.

Along with the rapid development of technology and industry, the need for energy storage has become fundamental. One promising energy storage devices is the supercapacitor. Several type supercapacitors are available, one of which is the electrical double-layer capacitor made from carbon graphite and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). In this study, we combined these two materials into a working electrode in a three-electrode system. In the morphological analysis using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction, the two materials were found to have formed a composite on the surface. In the electrochemical analysis, two types of testing were conducted using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochemical analysis was carried out on five electrolyte concentrations of Na2SO4 from 1 to 6 M. The capacitance produced at concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 M were 34.395, 35.808, 46.284, 49.502, and 76.815 F/g, respectively. At an electrolyte concentration of 5 M Na2SO4, an energy density of 27.312 Wh/Kg and a power density of 343.786 W/Kg were produced. Meanwhile on concentration of 6 M, the surface of the electrode was damaged.

Tin (IV) oxide nanoparticles (SnO2 NPs) have received a lot of interest because of their interesting features. SnO2 NPs have proven productive in a range of fields, including water purification, supercapacitors, batteries, antibacterial and antioxidant agents, and others. SnO2-based nanoparticles found a wide range of applications after incorporating materials with varying chemical compositions. SnO2 NPs and their nanocomposites have been used effectively as antibacterial agents against various pathogenic bacteria, photocatalysts for dye degradation, and electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs). This article covers the characteristics of SnO2 NPs, SnO2 nanocomposite materials, applications of SnO2 NPs and their composite materials, including antibacterial, energy storage, and photocatalysis, as well as some significant recent studies.

Electrode degradation in continuous resistance spot welding process of BH 220 steel was evaluated by electrode life test, and weldability tests were conducted by geometry features measurement, mechanical property analysis, and electrode diameter measurement with 88 or 176 weld intervals. The analysis of weld geometry shows that the HAZ width, nugget diameter, and nugget area tend to decrease rapidly, while the nugget height tends to firstly increase with the weld repetitions till the welding heat input becomes too small to form the valid nugget. The peak load shows a rapid downward trend, while failure energy and maximum displacement slightly increase till the 176th weld and then decrease. The cavities and pores in the nugget mainly appear after the 176th spot weld. The electrode diameter increases during welding. The reason for the increase in electrode diameter may be that the contact area between the electrode and BH 220 steel sheets becomes smaller in the welding process, which causes the continuous sticking phenomenon between the electrode and the BH 220 steel sheets. In the absence of alloying, the edge of the electrode is geometrically deformed, while Cu-Zn-Fe alloying occurs in the area in contact with the BH 220 steel sheet.

Although nanotechnology is a new and rapidly growing area of science, the impact of nanomaterials on living organisms is unknown in many aspects. In this regard it is extremely important to perform toxicological tests, but complete characterization of all varying preparations is extremely laborious. The computational technique called quantitative structure-activity relationship, or QSAR, allows reducing the cost of time- and resource-consuming nanotoxicity tests. In this review, (Q)SAR cytotoxicity studies of the past decade are systematically considered. We regard here five classes of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs): metal oxides, metal-containing nanoparticles, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and silica nanoparticles. Some studies reveal that QSAR models are better than classification SAR models, while other reports conclude that SAR is more precise than QSAR. The quasi-QSAR method appears to be the most promising tool, as it allows accurately taking experimental conditions into account. However, experimental artifacts are a major concern in this case

Tumor immunotherapy represented by immune target blocking and chimeric antigen receptor cell therapy has developed rapidly. Among them, Natural Killer Cell (NK) is gradually becoming another preferred immunotherapy method after T cell immunotherapy because of its unique killing effect in innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Although NK cell therapy has achieved promising results in clinical trials, there are still some problems, such as low efficacy in solid tumors, insufficient penetration of NK cells and high cost of treatment. Nanomaterials are expected to be an excellent tool to improve the anti-tumor immune response of NK cells due to their advantages such as chemical specificity, biocompatibility and simple synthesis. Nanomaterials can enhance the cytotoxicity of NK cells, participate in the modification and noninvasive cell-tracking patterns of NK cells，and mediate their homing and infiltration, and thus significantly improve the efficiency of NK cell immunotherapy. In this review, we will briefly introduce the methods and mechanisms of tumor immunotherapy, emphasize the research progress of NK cell-based immunotherapy and imaging, and finally summarize the direction and research progress of nanomaterials in NK cell-based immunotherapy.

This work is related to the environmental toxicology risk assessment and evaluation of possible transformation of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) after the contact with marine microalgae. The materials used in the study represent common and widely applied multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerene (C60), graphene (Gr), and graphene oxide (GrO). The toxicity was evaluated as growth rate inhibition, esterase activity, membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species generation changes. The measurement was performed with flow cytometry after 3, 24, 96 h, and 7 days. Biotransformation of nanomaterials were evaluated after 7 days of microalgae cultivation with CNMs by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The calculated toxic level (EC50 in mg/L, 96 h) of ued CNMs reduced in the following order: CNTs (18.98) > GrO (76.77) > Gr (159.40) > C60 (414.0). Oxidative stress and membrane depolarization was the main toxic action of CNTs and GrO. At the same time, Gr and C60 decreased the toxic action with time and had no negative impact on microalgae even at concentration of 125 mg/L. Moreover, C60 and Gr after seven days of the contact with microalgae cells obtained structural deformations.

This study investigates the use of Au-doped Pd anodic electrocatalysts on ATO support for the conversion of methane to methanol. The study involves cyclic voltammetry, in-situ Raman spectra, polarization curves, and FTIR analysis to determine the optimal composition of gold and palladium for enhancing the conversion process. The results demonstrate the potential for utilizing methane as a feedstock for producing sustainable energy sources. Pd75Au25/ATO electrode exhibited the highest OCP value, and Pd50Au50/ATO had the highest methanol production value at a potential of 0.05 V. Therefore, it can be concluded that an optimal composition of gold and palladium exists to enhance the conversion of methane to methanol. The findings contribute to the development of efficient and sustainable energy sources, highlighting the importance of exploring alternative ways to produce methanol.

Carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanomaterials, play an important role in many promising nanomaterials in the field of biomedicine. Among them, carbon nanomaterials are a new kind of porous carbon nanomaterials with great application potential. Therefore, based on carbon nanomaterials, the interaction between biomaterials and cells and surface modification were analyzed. Studies have shown that the interaction between the surface of biological materials and cells is mainly the mutual molecular recognition between the surface receptors of cell membranes and the ligands on the surface of biomaterials. Therefore, biomimetic modification of the surface of biomaterials is used to enhance cell affinity and specific recognition. The carbon nanomaterial has a large specific surface area and pore volume, can provide high drug-loading capacity, has an adjustable pore structure and pores, can control the release of the drug molecules, and has a good application prospect in the field of drug delivery systems.

Electrochemical energy conversion and storage is key for the use of regenerative energies at large scale. A thorough understanding of the individual components, such as the ion conducting membrane and the electrode layers, can be obtained with scattering techniques on atomit to molecular length scales. The largely heterogeneous electrode layers of High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells are studied in this work with small- and wide-angle neutron scattering at the same time with the iMATERIA diffractometer at the spallation neutron source at J-PARC, opening a view on structural properties on atomic to mesoscopic length scales.

Today is the era of nanoscience and nanotechnology, which finds applications in the field of medicine, electronics, or environmental cleanup. Even though the nanotechnology is in its emerging phase, but still it provides solutions to numerous challenges. Nanotechnology and nanoparticles are found very effective because of their unique chemical and physical properties, high surface area, but their high cost is one of the major hurdles in its wider application. So, the synthesis of nanomaterials especially 2D nanomaterials from the industrial, agricultural and other biological activities could provide a cost-effective technique. The nanomaterials synthesized from such waste not only minimizes the pollution but also provides an eco-friendly approach towards the utilization of the waste. In the present review work, the emphasis has been given on the types of nanomaterials, different methods for the synthesis of 2D nanomaterials from the waste generated from industries, agriculture and their application in electronics, medicine and catalysis.

In recent years, hetero atom incorporated specially structured metal-free carbon nanomaterials have drawn huge attention among researchers. In comparison to the un-doped carbon nanomaterials, hetero atoms like nitrogen, sulphur, boron, phosphorous etc. incorporated nanomaterials become well-accepted as potential electrocatalysts in water splitting, supercapacitors and dye-sensitized solar cells. This review emphasizes on the mostly popular synthetic strategies utilized in last two decades and their excellent performance in electrocatalytic studies.

Immobilization enables enzymes to be held in place so that they can be easily separated from the product when needed and can be used again. Conventional methods of immobilization include adsorption, encapsulation, entrapment, cross linking and covalent binding. However, conventional methods have several drawbacks including reduced stability, loss of biomolecules, less enzyme loading or activity and limited diffusion. The aim of this study is the evaluation of importance of nanomaterials for the immobilization of industrially important enzymes. Nano materials are now in trend for the immobilization of different enzymes due to their physiochemical properties. Gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, nano diamonds, graphene, carbon nanotubes and others are used for immobilization. Among covalent and non-covalent immobilization of enzymes involving both single and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, non-covalent immobilization with functionalized carbon nanotubes is superior. Therefore, enzymes immobilized with nanomaterials possess greater stability, retention of catalytic activity and reusability of enzymes

The novelty of this study consists in: i) synthesis and characterization of electrode materials recycled from a spent car battery and doped with MnO2 and CuO by the analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared (IR) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) data and ii) the investigation of electrochemical properties of prepared materials in view of new applications as electrode materials for battery. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) data indicate that the intensity of the resonance line corresponding to the Cu+2 ion was modified with the increase of the dopant content. The analysis of X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) data indicates that by increasing the dopant content there is a process of ordering the oxygen atoms around the lead similar to the PbO2 theoretical model. The electrochemical performances of the recycled and manganese-copper-doped materials are optimized for applications as new anodic electrode for the car battery.

Caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, parasites, fungi, among others, infectious diseases can spread directly or from one individual to another. According to the World Health Organization, these diseases are known to cause high mortality rates, severe burdens of disability and serious worldwide aftermaths. The inappropriate use of antibiotics in humans are the main origins of the development of drug-resistant pathogens, which reduce the efficacy of these therapies, thus accentuating the need to search for effective antimicrobials. Medicinal plants have served as starting material for the preparation of a number of antimicrobial agents. To this end, the present study highlights the green synthesis of Cocos nucifera-based nanomaterials and evaluation of the mechanistic basis of their antimicrobial action. Accordingly, Cocos nucifera extract was used to reduce different concentrations (5, 10 and 20 mM) of silver nitrate solution to afford silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). These entities were further incorporated onto activated carbons (obtained by chemical activation using sulphuric acid as activation agent) to generate the nanocomposites. The antimicrobial activity of the as-prepared nanomaterials was evaluated using the broth microdilution method, while, the antioxidant activity was assessed through standard methods, such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. Cytotoxicity of potent nanomaterials was assessed on Vero cells by spectrophotometric method. As a result, nanoparticles were successfully synthesized as evidenced by the color change of the solution from transparent to dark brown. Further characterization was carried out by UV-visible spectroscopy that showed an intense absorption spectrum at 433 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the functional group moieties involved as a capping and reducing agent in the synthesis of AgNPs. The incubation of nanomaterials with selected bacterial and fungal strains led to significant inhibitory effects of these pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 7.813 to 250 μg/ml. In antioxidant assays, the nanocomposites presented scavenging activities comparable to that of ascorbic acid. Cytotoxicity experiment revealed no toxic effects on the human mammalian cells Vero (range of selectivity indices: from >4 to >128). These results provide evidence of the implication of Cocos nucifera-based nanomaterials in targeting bacterial or fungal systems that mediate free-radical damage or by inhibiting the oxidative damage caused by selected bacteria and fungi, the most susceptible being Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, respectively.

The use of nanomaterials has been increasing in recent times, and they are widely used in industries such as cosmetics, drug, food, water treatment and agriculture. The rapid development of new nanomaterials demands a set of approaches to evaluate the potential toxicity and risks related to them. In this regard, nanosafety has been using and adapting already existing methods (toxicological approach), but the unique characteristics of nanomaterials demand new approaches (nanotoxicology) to fully understand the potential toxicity, immunotoxicity and (epi)genotoxicity. Also, new technologies, such as organ-on-chip and sophisticated sensors, are under development and/or adaptation. All the information generated is used to develop new in silico approaches trying to predict the potential effects of newly developed materials. The overall evaluation of how from the production to final disposition chain of nanomaterials is evaluated under Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is becoming an important element of nanosafety considering sustainability and environmental impact. In this review we give an overview of all these elements of nanosafety.

The excess use of unsafe pesticides and mineral fertilizers in agriculture has led to serious health problems and environmental pollution. Nanotechnology has been solving these problems by providing nanoparticles (NPs) with excellent performance. By green synthesis of nanoparticles from plants, animals, and microbes, the use of hazardous and toxic chemicals has become limited. Nanoparticles have excellent performance in many fields such as electronics, cosmetics, automobiles, catalysis, biosensors, bioengineering, etc. NPs also showed excellent performance in agriculture by improving crop production and food quality. Various nano-based agroparticles that have conducted many smart and efficient agricultural systems involving nanopesticides, nanofertilizers, nanoherbicides etc. Apart from enhancing the food production, these materials operate some other functions like as identifying disease in plants, control release of nutrients, delivery of nutrients at target sites, etc. various nanofertilizers such as Fe, Mn, N, K, Mo, P, CNTs and P showed excellent targeted delivery performance. Nanopesticides and many nanoformulations have showed excellent pest protection performance. Here we reviewed the sources of nanomaterials and their excellent performance in agriculture.

Magnetic iron oxide particles are used for in vitro diagnostics for nearly 40 years. Due to their unique physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties, as well as biocompatibility and low toxicity in the human body, iron oxide nanoparticles have been used in many biomedical applications, such as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, carriers for controlled drug delivery and immunoassays, but also in magnetic hyperthermia. Our aim is to investigate the effect of pressure and temperature on the structural, thermal and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanomaterials prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized at temperatures of 100-200°C and pressures of 20-1000 bar. It has been found that pressure influences the type of iron oxide crystalline phase. Thus, for lower pressure values (< 100 bar), iron oxide is predominantly formed as hematite, while at pressures > 100 bar, the major crystalline phase is goethite. The complex thermal analysis revealed the polymorphic changes of iron oxides at different temperatures. The existence of specific magnetite and hematite phases in all thermally treated samples are evidenced through the specific Verwey and Morin transitions highlighted by ZFC-FC (Zero Field Cooled-Field Cooled) measurements, whereas their relative content is precisely provided by Mössbauer spectroscopy.

The presence of organic dyes in aqueous environments is of extreme hazardousness against life due to the toxicity of these compounds. Thus, its removal from these various aquatic media is of the utmost importance and several technologies are constantly proven to match this goal. Among these technologies, various types of degradation and adsorption are the most widely used, and of the various types of materials used within these technologies, nanomaterials are constantly developed and investigated, probably due to the various properties that these nanomaterials presented. This work reviewed recent developments (2023 year) about the use of these nanomaterials on the treatment of solutions contaminated with these toxic organic dyes.

Graphene-based nanomaterials (GNMs), including graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots, may have direct anticancer activity or be used as nanocarri-ers for antitumor drugs. GNMs usually enter tumor cells by endocytosis and can accumulate in lysosomes. This accumulation prevents drugs bound to GNMs from reaching their targets, sup-pressing their anticancer effects. A number of chemical modifications are made to GNMs to facili-tate the separation of anticancer drugs from GNMs at low lysosomal pH and to enable lysosomal escape of drugs. Lysosomal escape may be associated with oxidative stress, permeabilization of the unstable membrane of cancer cell lysosomes, release of lysosomal enzymes into the cytoplasm, and cell death. GNMs can prevent or stimulate tumor cell death by inducing protective autopha-gy or suppressing autolysosomal degradation, respectively. Furthermore, because GNMs prevent bound fluorescent agents from emitting light, their separation in lysosomes may enable tumor cell identification and therapy monitoring. In this review, we explain how the characteristics of the lysosomal microenvironment and the unique features of tumor cell lysosomes can be exploited for GNM-based cancer therapy.

Read-Across Structure-Activity Relationship (RASAR) is an emerging cheminformatic approach that combines the usefulness of a QSAR model and similarity-based Read-Across predictions. In this work, we have generated a simple, interpretable, and transferable quantitative-RASAR (q-RASAR) model which can efficiently predict the cytotoxicity of TiO2-based multi-component nanomaterials. The data set involves 29 TiO2-based nanomaterials which contain specific amounts of noble metal precursors in the form of Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt. The data set was rationally divided into training and test sets and the Read-Across-based predictions for the test set were generated using the tool Read-Across-v4.1 available from https://sites.google.com/jadavpuruniversity.in/dtc-lab-software/home. The hyperparameters were optimized based on the training set data and using this optimized setting, the Read-Across-based predictions for the test set were obtained. The optimized hyperparameters and the similarity approach, which yields the best predictions, were used to calculate the similarity and error-based RASAR descriptors using the tool RASAR-Desc-Calc-v2.0 available from https://sites.google.com/jadavpuruniversity.in/dtc-lab-software/home. These RASAR descriptors were then clubbed with the physicochemical descriptors and were subjected to features selection using the tool Best Subset Selection v2.1 available from https://dtclab.webs.com/software-tools. The final set of selected descriptors was used to develop multiple linear regression based q-RASAR models, which were validated using stringent criteria as per the OECD guidelines. Finally, a random forest model was also developed with the selected descriptors. The final machine learning model can efficiently predict the cytotoxicity of TiO2-based multi-component nanomaterials superseding previously reported models in the prediction quality.

Fullerene nanomaterials exposure often causes a variety of diseases. Many studies have pointed out that fullerene nanomaterials can be studied in fish. However, there are few studies on health risk assessment of clownfish with lower doses of fullerene nanoparticles or different exposure durations. In this study, we set 1.5% and 3.0% for low- and high-dose fullerene nanomaterials exposure concentrations, respectively. Meanwhile, we performed a time-series analysis to investigate that the activation of lipid and amino acids metabolism after fullerene nanomaterials exposure in clownfish. 1368 metabolites were detected from clownfish by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. Our results suggest that exposure to lower fullerenes nanoparticles may have a certain promoting effect on clownfish overall length, body length and weight. At the same time, the activation of potential metabolic pathways enriched by different metabolites in KEGG pathway may also indicate the positive promoting effect of fullerene nanoparticles after exposure. The present work indicates that it is particularly important to find the concentration window for fullerene nanomaterials to improve government safety guidelines, especially when these are applied to assess the health risk of human.

The copper deposition on the platinum and palladium nanoelectrode has been studied using cyclic voltammetry. The use of nanoelectrode platinum and palladium are defined in the study of heavy metals. The noble nanoelectrode of metal has a typical silicone processing structure. In comparison to the nanoelectrodes, the geometry of the electrode series is complex and balanced. Nanoelectrodes of platinum are found effective in detecting heavy metal. There was regular analysis of the use of the sensors. The identification constraints down to the ng /L level was accomplished by refined electrode geometry and the stripping procedures. The process was used for the study of water sample determination. Another heavy metal ion attack voltammetric reaction was studied. The SEM picture clearly observed and characterized the nanoparticle electrode by X-ray diffraction and cyclic voltammetry.

A new sulbatamol sulphate SBS membrane electrode was prepared that utilizing for its determination ; depend on the forming of the association complex ion of sulbatamol sulphate by the phosphotungstate counter anion deposed in poly vinyl chloride PVC polymer, by use a (Di-n- Octyl Phenyl Phthalate)(Dopp) as the plastizier substance, in membrane.The features properties as well as the behavior of it .The new electrode have been elaborated. The concentrations of medicine by utillizing This sensor show a fast, stable, near-Nernstian response in the range (1x10^-1-1x10^-6) mol/ L were determined with correlation coefficient of about (r = 0.9991) and with of a relative standard about 0.416 additionally deviation relative standard error of 1.710 %.^pot The nernast linearity slop was founded and it is equal to 28.9 mV/decade and the detection limit was 4.1 x 10^-6 mol/ L.The electrode selectivity coefficient K_i,j was calculated, in the existence of several interferences cations with confirmed medicine solutions. It was found the pH range response is in the range of (3 -7), with the response time of (30 – 116) sec. for various concentrations at room temperture , the lifetime for electrode was found to be more than 21 days. The electrode was successfully used for potentiometric limitation of sulbatamol sulphate in several pharmaceutical drugs by using direct potentiometry.

Molybdenum oxides is well-known electro-catalysts in fuel cells systems, they are usually used as anodic materials for the oxidation of low molecular weight alcohols. The utilization of Mo as catalysts in the pharmaceutical analysis is not common yet. In this study, bare glassy carbon electrodes were modified by the oxides by means of electrochemical deposition and the modified electrodes were used as catalysts for the electrochemical oxidation of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT). Well-resolved anodic peaks were reported for the analyzed pharmaceuticals when the Mo/GCE was utilized for the analysis of HCT. Analytical performance of the modified electrodes was evaluated based on the following statistical parameters; linearity ranges, correlation coefficients, limits of detection and quantitation, and recovery values. The prepared electrodes were used for the determination of the active ingredients in their pharmaceutical formulations and the reported activity was correlated to influence of the utilized pH on both structures of the used electrodes and the detected analytes.

Despite their anti-icing ability, hydrophobic coatings have the disadvantages of easy falling off and poor wear resistance, resulting in insufficient durability of ice/snow melting. To improve the surface stability and durability of superhydrophobic coatings, nanoparticle/epoxy coatings were prepared with three types of nanoparticles, two types of dispersion methods, three types of application methods and two types of introduction methods of epoxy resin. Water contact angles, ice adhesion force and icing rate of asphalt concrete coated with hydrophobic coatings were tested. The molecular structures of coatings were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface morphology of hydrophobic coatings was observed using Scanning electron microscopy. Results indicated that nano-ZnO, TiO2 and SiO2 particles can be modified into hydrophobicity by stearic acid. The hydrophobic coating could improve the hydrophobicity of concrete, reduce the adhesion strength of ice and asphalt concrete and delay the beginning icing time. Moreover, The dosages of stearic acid, nanoparticle and epoxy resin need to be in a certain range to ensure the best hydrophobicity and durability of coatings.

Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors in adults up to an extent of 78% of all primary malignant brain tumors. However, total surgical resection is almost unachievable due to considerable infiltrative ability of glial cells. The efficacy of current multimodal therapeutic strategies is, furthermore, limited by the lack of specific therapies against malignant cells, and, therefore, the prognosis these in patients is still very unfavorable. The limitation of conventional therapies, which may result from inefficient delivery of the therapeutic or contrast agent to brain tumors are major reasons for this unsolved clinical problem. The major problem in brain drug delivery is the presence of the blood brain barrier which limits the delivery of many chemotherapeutic agents. Nanoparticles, thanks to their chemical configuration, are able to go through the blood-brain barrier carrying drugs or genes targeted against gliomas. Carbon nanomaterials show distinct properties including electronic properties, penetrating capability on the cell membrane, high drug-loading and pH-dependent therapeutic unloading capacities, thermal properties, large surface area and easy modification with molecules, which render them as a suitable candidate to deliver drugs. In this review we will focus on the potential effectiveness of the use of carbon nanomaterials in the treatment of malignant gliomas discussing the current progress of in vitro and in vivo researches of carbon nanomaterials-based drug delivery to brain.

Cancer is one of the health concerns in modern societies. The application of nanotechnology in medical sciences has created new possibilities for the diagnosis, imaging and the treatment of tumors in humans. The present article reviews the application of marine-based gold nanoparticles in diagnosing and treating cancer. The main data were collected from research article on the application of different marine-based gold nanoparticles in detecting and imaging cancer cells as well as in drug delivery system in treatment of cancer. Chitosan is the most used marine natural compound used to fabricate gold nanocomposites and the most reported application of this type of nano-composites is related to drug delivery system. Despite the excellent anticancer potential of different marine natural products, less studies have been conducted on the use of their compositions with gold nanoparticles in cancer therapy than other materials. Moreover, most reports available in this filed are related to their application as a drug delivery system not anticancer drug. In general, there are still challenges and limitations to the use of nanoparticles in medicine, it is hoped that in the near future nanoparticles will create a dramatic revolution not only in oncology but also in medicine.

Hetero-nanomaterials constructed by plasmonic metals and functional semiconductors show enormous potential in photocatalytic applications, such as water splitting, hydrogen production, CO₂ reduction, pollutants treatment. Their photocatalytic performances can be better regulated through adjusting structure, ingredient, and components arrangement. Therefore, the reasonable design and synthesis of metal/semiconductor hetero-nanostructures is of vital significance. In this article, we briefly review the recent progress in efficiently establishing metal/semiconductor nanomaterials for improved photocatalysis. The defined photocatalysts mainly include traditional binary hybrids, ternary multi-metals/semiconductor and metal/multi-semiconductors heterojunctions. The underlying physical mechanism for the improved photocatalytic activity of the established photocatalysts are highlighted. At the end of this article, a brief summary and possible future perspectives for further development in this field are demonstrated.

Recently, the difficulties in recycling and environmental pollution caused by metal-based electrode materials have limited the further development of batteries. Therefore, biomass carbon materials, with their environmental friendliness and stable performance, are the key to solving this problem. Many advances have been achieved by researchers for the application of biomass porous carbon materials in batteries. Nevertheless, the same biomass carbon materials in batteries face problems such as low utilization, low yield, and a cumbersome preparation process. This paper thus aims to summarize the recent progress of biomass carbon materials in the field of batteries and provide a detailed description of the battery performance of biomass carbon materials from three perspectives: synthesis, structure and application of carbon materials. We believe that biomass carbon composites are in line with future development and have a broad application prospect. Finally, we will give our in-depth prospect on developing biomass carbon materials.

Fullerene molecules are composed of carbon in forms of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Fullerenes have attracted considerable attention in different fields of science since their discovery in 1985. The unique carbon cage structure of fullerene provides immense scope for derivatization, rendering potential for various industrial applications. The prospective applications of fullerenes thus have led to assorted fullerene derivatives. The unique chemical structure also provides ease for fullerene to be synthesized through various kinds of conjugating techniques, where fullerene can be located either on the backbone or the branch chain. Here in this review, we have compiled the toxicity and biosafety aspects of fullerene in aquatic organisms. The frequent use of fullerene is likely to come in contact and interact with the aquatic environment and aquatic organisms. According to the current understanding, waterborne exposure to fullerene-based nanomaterials indeed triggers toxicities at cellular, organic, molecular as well as neurobehavioral levels.

Pollution by heavy metals is one of the most severe environmental issues that threaten global sustainability. This review presents a recent advance in electrochemical sensors for heavy metal detection Rotating Disk Platinum Electrode are discussed. This study on the production of a modern natural water electrochemical antimony (II) and cupper (II) test include the use of platinum electrode. Antimony and cupper were pre-concentrated on the modified electrode surface and adsorbed to the surface, oxidizing at E = 540 mV and E = 85 mV, respectively. After 20 min of accumulation, time the best-defined anodic peak was obtained of surface. The precision was tested by carrying out chronoamperometric measurements at a concentration of Sb⁺² and Cu⁺² 8.5x10^-8 M and 9.5x10^-7 M, respectively.

Electrophysiological mapping (EM) using acute electrode probes is a common procedure performed during functional neurosurgery. Due to their constructive specificities, the EM probes are lagging in innovative enhancements. This work addressed complementing a clinically employed EM probe with carbonic and circumferentially segmented macrocontacts that are operable both for neurophysiological sensing ("recording") of local field potentials (LFP), and for test stimulation. The paper illustrates in-depth the development, that is based on direct writing of functional materials. The unconventional fabrication processes were optimized on planar geometry and then transferred to the cylindrically thin probe body. We report and discuss on the constructive concept and architecture of the probe, characteristics of the electrochemical interface deduced from voltammetry and chronopotentiometry, and the results of in vitro and in vivo recording and pulse stimulation tests. Two and three directional macrocontacts were added on probes having shanks of 550 and 770 m diameters and 10-23 cm lengths. The graphitic material presents a ~2.7 V-wide, almost symmetric water electrolysis window, and an ultra-capacitive charge transfer. When tested with 150 s biphasic current pulses, the interfacial polarization stayed safely away from the water window for pulse amplitudes up to 9 mA (135 C/cm2). The in vivo experiments on adult rat models confirmed the high-quality sensing of LFPs. Additionally, the in vivo-prevailing increase of the electrode impedance and overpotential are discussed and modeled by an ionic mobility-reducing spongiform structure; this restricted diffusion model gives new applicative insight into the in vivo-uprisen stimulation overpotential.

Encapsulated nanofibers have emerged as a promising approach for the treatment of acne, owing to their ability to provide controlled release, targeted delivery, increased efficacy, and improved stability. Electrospinning is a well-established method for producing encapsulated nanofibers and has been shown to be effective for encapsulating various active ingredients. However, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed in the development of encapsulated nanofibers for acne treatment. One major challenge is the need for comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these treatments. The cost and scalability of production also need to be considered to make these treatments accessible and affordable for patients. In addition, the long-term stability of encapsulated active ingredients is another challenge in the development of encapsulated nanofibers for acne treatment. Regulatory frameworks need to be developed to ensure the safety and efficacy of these treatments. Future research may focus on developing multifunctional nanofibers that combine active ingredients with other properties, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties, to provide a comprehensive approach to acne treatment. Moreover, the development of nanofiber-based skincare products may have a significant impact on the cosmetic industry. Overall, while there are still challenges to overcome, the potential benefits of encapsulated nanofibers for acne treatment make them an exciting and promising area of research for the future. In particular, the integration of smart drug delivery systems and responsive materials may enable the development of more personalized and effective treatments for acne. The development of new materials and encapsulation techniques, as well as the exploration of combination therapies that target multiple aspects of acne pathogenesis, are also future perspectives for encapsulated nanofibers in acne treatment.

The major goal of this work is to present a novel fractional temperature-dependent boundary element model (BEM) for solving thermoelastic wave propagation problems in smart nanomaterials. The computing performance of the suggested methodology was demonstrated by using stable communication avoiding S-step – generalized minimal residual method (SCAS-GMRES) to solve discretized linear BEM systems. The benefits of SCAS-GMRES are investigated and compared to those of other iterative techniques. The numerical results are graphed to demonstrate the influence of fractional, piezoelectric, and length scale characteristics on total force-stresses. These findings also demonstrate that the BEM methodology is practical, feasible, effective, and has superiority over domain methods. The results of the present paper help to develop the industrial uses of smart nanomaterials.

One of the significant challenges today in the brain-machine interface using invasive methods is the stability of the chronic record. In recent years, polymer-based electrodes have gained notoriety for achieving mechanical strength values close to that of brain tissue, promoting a lower immune response to the implant. In this work, we fabricated fully polymeric electrodes based on PEDOT:PSS for neural recording in Wistar rats. We characterized the electrical properties and both in-vitro and in-vivo functionality of the electrodes. Also, we employed histological processing and microscopical visualization to evaluate tecidual immune response in 7, 14, and 21 days post-implant days. Electrodes with 400-micrometer channels showed a 12dB signal-to-noise ratio. Local field potentials were characterized under two conditions: anesthetized and free-moving. There was a proliferation of microglia to the tissue-electrode interface in the first days, with a decrease after 14 days. Astrocytes also migrated to the interface, but there was no continuous recruitment of these cells in the tissue, showing inflammatory stability at 21 days. The signal was not affected by this inflammatory action, demonstrating that fully polymeric electrodes can be an alternative to prolong the valuable time of neural recordings.

In this study the processes taking place on the surfaces of nanostructurized Cu/CuO and Cu/CuO/Pd electrodes at different potential, $E$, values in the solutions of 0.1 M KOH in H$_2$O and D$_2$O (heavy water) were probed by the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and analysis of electrochemical reactions occurring under experimental conditions is presented. Bands of the SERS spectra of Cu/CuO/Pd electrode observed in the range of $E$ values from +0.3~V to 0 V~(SHE) at 1328 - 1569~cm$^{-1}$ are consistent with the existence of species which are adsorbed or weakly bound to the surface with the energy of interaction close to 15 - 21~kJ mol$^{-1}$. These bands can be attributed to the ad(ab)sorbed (H$_3$O$^+$)$\rm{_{ad}}$, (H$_2^+$)$\rm{_{ab}}$ and (H$_2^+$)$\rm{_{ad}}$ ions as intermediates in reversible HER/HOR processes taking place on Cu/CuO/Pd electrode. There was no isotopic effect observed; this is consistent with a dipole nature of electron-ion pair formation of adsorbed (H$_3$O$^+$)$\rm{_{ad}}$ and (H$_2^+$)$\rm{_{ad}}$ or (D$_3$O$^+$)$\rm{_{ad}}$ and (D$_2^+$)$\rm{_{ad}}$. In accordance with literature data SERS bands at 125-146~cm$^{-1}$ and $\sim 520-565$~cm$^{-1}$ were assigned to Cu(I) and Cu(II) oxygen species. These findings corroborate the mechanism of cascading reduction of water.

This review provides informations and details for the fabrication of biosensors that are composed from lipid membranes and have been utilized and applied to rapidly detect food toxic compounds, environmental pollutants and analytes of clinical interest. Biosensors based on polymeric lipid membranes have been used to rapidly detect a wide range of these analytes and offer several advantages such as fast response, high sensitivity and selectivity, can be portable for in the field applications, and small size. A description of the construction of these devices and their applications for the rapid detection of food toxic substance, environmental pollutants and analytes of clinical interest is provided in this review.

Due to its time effective, joint friendly and highly customizable character whole-body-electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) is regarded as a feasible solution for a large variety of training issues particularly in the area of non-athletic application. To identify gaps in research and summarize prevalent evidence we conducted an evidence map on outcomes addressed by WB-EMS trials in middle-aged to older, non-athletic adults. Based on a comprehensive systematic search in five databases and two study registers according to PRISMA, 54 projects published in 80 articles were included. More than 90% of the studies reported outcomes related to the physical fitness or function domain. Body composition parameters were addressed by two thirds of the projects. Health-related outcomes addressed by WB-EMS included cancer/neoplasm (n=7), endocrine regulation (n=8), glucose metabolism (15), nervous system diseases (n=2), cardiovascular system diseases (n=22), non-specific chronic low back pain (n=4), osteopenia (n=5) and diseases of the renal system (n=12). Outcomes related to inflammation were addressed 18 times. Of importance, no studies reported clinically relevant adverse effects related to the WB-EMS intervention. In summary, while considerable evidence on outcomes related to fitness/function and body composition is prevalent, evidence gaps of WB-EMS research were particular evident for diseases of the nervous and cerebrovascular system.

Nonlocal theories are gaining prominence because they can solve problems which lead to unphysical conclusions in standard models. This study presents a novel fractional boundary element method (BEM) solution for nonlinear nonlocal thermoelastic problems of anisotropic fibrous polymer nanomaterials. This broad BEM solution combines two solutions: anisotropic fibrous polymer nanomaterials problem solution and nonlinear nonlocal thermoelasticity problem solution. The nonlinear nonlocal thermoelasticity problem solution divides the displacement field into complementary component and particular component. The overall displacement is generated using the boundary element technique, which is the solution to a Navier type problem, while the particular displacement is derived using local radial point. The New Modified Shift-Splitting (NMSS) approach, which reduces memory and processing time requirements, was used to solve linear systems created by BEM. Figures demonstrate the numerical findings, which show the effects of fractional and graded parameters on the thermal stresses of nonlinear nonlocal thermoelastic problems of anisotropic fibrous polymer nanomaterials. The numerical results indicate the consistency and efficiency of the proposed methodology.

The development of smart negative electrode materials with high capacitance for use in supercapacitors remains challenging. Although there have been several types of electrode materials with high capacitance used in energy storage, carbon-based materials are the most reliable electrodes due to their high conductivity, high power density and excellent stability. The most common complaint about general carbon materials is that these as-formed electrode materials can hardly ever be used as free-standing electrodes. Free-standing carbon-based electrodes are in high demand and are a passionate topic of energy storage research. Electrospun nanofibers are a potential candidate to fill this gap. However, the as-spun carbon nanofibers (ECNFs) have low capacitance and energy density on their own. To this end, several attempts have been made to improve these characteristics. In this review, we introduce negative electrode materials that have been developed. Moreover, this review places special attention to the advances of electrospun nanofiber-based negative electrode materials and their limitations. Based on the above information, we put forth a future perspective on how these limitations can be overcome to meet the demands of next-generation smart devices.

Non-standard diesel blends can be harmful to the environment and human health. In this context, a simple analytical method to estimate the biodiesel mixture ratio in diesel was developed based on the impedance spectroscopy (IS) associated with the interdigitated sensors. In this article, four different interdigitated sensors, variable comb spacing (G), were simulated using the COMSOL Multiphysics software. Based on finite element simulations, four interdigitated electrode architectures by manufactured and evaluated. According to the X-ray powder diffraction technique, the deposition of the conductive layer (Au°) over the surface of the dielectric substrate (SiO2) did not alter its phase composition. In the analysis of AFM and SEM, it was possible to observe irregular edges on the electrodes, possibly related to thin layers' manufacturing process and mechanical stability. Another characteristic observed in the AFM images was the height of the step of the gold layer of the sensor. Several cross-sections were obtained, and the mean step value is 225.71 ± 0.0032 nm. Although there are differences in the roughness, the whole sensor has nanometric roughness. Based on the finite element method simulation performed, it can be assumed that the geometric parameters more suitable for the manufacturing of the electrode are: W = 20 µm, L = 1000 µm, G = 50 µm e N = 40 digits. The electrical characterization performed by impedance spectroscopy showed that we could differentiate between biodiesel and diesel fuels and their pseudo-binary mixtures in the low-frequency region.

The aims of this work were to examine the new electrode, based on polymer bacteria modified aluminum electrode for simultaneous production of electricity and degradation of phenol. This electrode is based aluminum modified by bacteria inserted in the polymer matrix, developed in situ on the surface. This electrode, designated subsequently by bacteria-polymer-aluminum, Showed stable response and was characterized with voltametric methods, as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The experimental results revealed that the prepared electrode could be a feasible for degradation of hazardous phenol pollutants. The sensor was successfully applied to the determination of phenol in a real sample with satisfactory results.

In this work, we studies the principle of ground electrode current field through ground communication technology, signal design, and optimal working mode of excitation source, so as to adapt the working mode, working frequency, and transmission medium condition of signal transmission. Through waveform design, energy is concentrated in the main conduction direction, which is beneficial for signal filtering at the receiving end and achieving high reliability data transmission; On this basis, on-site environmental testing was conducted to verify the detection and recognition technology of weak signals. Signal design and detection recognition are a very important part of the grounding electrode current field through ground communication technology. The grounding electrode current field through ground communication technology is mainly applied to solve the problem of communication between rescue personnel and trapped personnel before and during tunnel engineering collapse and rescue.

Therapeutic options for the highly pathogenic human Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing the current pandemic Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are urgently needed. COVID-19 is associated with viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome causing significant morbidity and mortality. The proposed treatments for COVID-19, such as hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir and lopinavir/ritonavir, have shown little or no effect in the clinic. Additionally, bacterial and fungal pathogens contribute to the SARS-CoV-2 mediated pneumonia disease complex. The antibiotic resistance in pneumonia treatment is increasing at an alarming rate. Therefore, carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs), such as fullerene, carbon dots, graphene, and their derivatives constitute a promising alternative due to their wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility, biodegradability and capacity to induce tissue regeneration. Furthermore, the antimicrobial mode of action is mainly physical (e.g. membrane distortion), which is characterized by a low risk of antimicrobial resistance. In this review, we evaluated the literature on the antiviral activity and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties of CBNs. CBNs had antiviral activity against 12 enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses similar to SARS-CoV-2. CBNs with low or no toxicity to the humans are promising therapeutics against COVID-19 pneumonia complex with other viruses, bacteria and fungi, including those that are multidrug-resistant.

An effective approach to fabricate large-scale of conducting polyaniline (PANI) by an in situ anodic electrochemical polymerization on the nickel foam, which coated by a novel aryl diazonium salt (ADS)-functionalized graphene (ADS-G). In present work, ADS-G was used as a high surface area support material for electrochemical polymerization of PANI. Electrochemical performances of the ADS-G/PANI composites exhibited better suitability as supercapacitor electrode materials than that of the PANI. The ADS-G/PANI composites achieved the specific capacitance of 528 F g-1, which was higher than that of PANI (266 F g-1) due to the excellent electrode-electrolyte interaction and synergistic effect of electrical conductivity between ADS-G and PANI in the composites. These findings suggested that the ADS-G/PANI composites were a suitable composite for the potential supercapacitor applications.

In this work we successfully prepared a modified cobalt oxide (Co3O4) carbon paste electrode to detect Levofloxacin (LEV). By synthesizing Co3O4 nanoparticles through the chemical coprecipitation method, the electrochemical properties of the electrode and LEV were thoroughly investigated using CV, SWV, EIS, while material properties were scrutinized using ICP-OES, TEM, SEM, and XRD. The results showed that the prepared electrode displayed a better electrocatalytic response than the bare carbon paste electrode. After optimizing SWV, the electrode exhibited a wide linear working range from 1 to 85 μM at pH 5 of BRBS as the supporting electrolyte. The selectivity of the proposed method was satisfactory, with good repeatability and reproducibility, strongly suggesting a potential application for determining LEV in real samples, particularly in pharmaceutical formulations. The practicality of the approach was demonstrated through good recoveries, and the morphology of the materials was found to be closely related to other parameters, indicating that the developed method can provide a cost-effective, rapid, selective, and sensitive means for LEV monitoring. Overall, this project has made significant progress towards developing a reliable method for detecting LEV and has opened up new opportunities for future research in this field.

In this study, the preparation of the composite 3% Au/graphite-C3N4 (3% Au/g-C3N4) sensing material was prepared by doping 3% Au onto the surface of graphitic carbonitride (C3N4) for detection pimobendan. By the way of sensing materials characterization, the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and transmission electron Microscope (TEM) were performed. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to measure the concentration and redox properties of pimobendan. It can be seen that when the voltage value is 0.05 V, and a reduction peak was appeared and the pimobendan concentration (0 to 55 μM) has a relationship with the reduction current value. At low concentrations of pimobendan concentration from 0.0 to 0.8 μM, the linearity R2 = 0.9642 with a detection limit of 0.28 μM. A possible pimobendan sensing mechanism on 3% Au/g-C3N4 was proposed.

The present review article concludes with three different types of materials recently used to enhance the efficiency of supercapacitors. The first type involves carbon-based materials for storage and supercapacitor applications. The carbon materials could be obtained naturally and synthesized manually based on the needs. The second type discusses the recent advances in metal oxide materials for high-performance supercapacitors. The metal oxide materials involve in different types of attachment through the bi-tri metallic bonding, which enhances the specific capacitance. The third type involves recently advanced materials for high energy and power density application. The power and energy density of the materials is enhanced by the surface modification of the materials. In recent days, the MXene and Nano-composite materials seems to be an appropriate material to increase the power and energy density of the device.

Population growth and increasing global demand for freshwater have raised a serious challenge for the depleting sources of freshwater in the 21st century. Desalination technologies can be a reliable technique for providing freshwater. Capacitive deionization is one of the innovative desalination methods that has received increasing interest. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) (a new architecture of capacitive deionization) is one of the efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally-friendly desalination methods for freshwater production. In this experimental research, the performance of an FCDI system was investigated and the influence of important parameters such as flow rate of flow-electrodes, electrolyte salt concentration of flow-electrodes, and initial feed water concentration will be assessed on the efficiency of desalination operation. In this study, the flow-electrodes operated in short-circuited closed-cycle operation (SCC) mode, and also the feed water operated similarly to the flow-electrodes in closed-cycle. Moreover, in all the experiments, the salt adsorption capacity (SAC) and salt removal efficiency (SRE) was calculated. Herein, by optimizing the above mentioned parameters, the salt removal efficiency of 83% and a SAC value of 29.12 mg/g dry carbon were achieved in 5 hours.

Laser reduced graphene oxide (LRGO) on a PET substrate was prepared in one-step to obtain the LRGO grid electrode for sensitive carbaryl determination. The grid form results in a grid distribution of different electrochemically active zones affecting the electroactive substance diffusion towards to the electrode surface and increasing the electrochemical sensitivity for carbaryl determination. Carbaryl is electrochemically irreversibly oxidized by the secondary amine moiety of the molecule with the loss of one proton and one electron in the pH range from 5 to 7 by LSV on the LRGO grid electrode with a scan rate of 300 mV/s. Some interference of the juice matrix molecules did not significantly affect the LSV oxidation current of carbaryl on the LRGO grid electrode after adsorptive accumulation without applied potential. The LRGO grid electrode can be used for LSV determination of carbaryl in fruit juices in the concentration range from 0.25 to 128 mg/L with LOD of 0.1 mg/L by. The fabrication of the LRGO grid electrode opens up possibilities for further inexpensive monitoring of carbaryl in other fruit juices and fruits.

We have proposed a data-driven approach for designing mesoscale porous structures of Li-ion battery electrode with three-dimensional virtual structures and machine learning techniques. Over 2,000 artificial 3D structures assuming positive electrode composed of random packed spheres as active material particles are generated, and charge/discharge resistance has been evaluated using simplified Physico-chemical model. In this model, resistance from Li diffusion in active material particles (diffusion resistance), transfer resistance of Li+ in electrolyte (electrolyte resistance) and reaction resistance on the interface between active material and electrolyte are simulated based on mass balance of Li, Ohm’s law in and linearized Butler-Volmer equation, respectively. Using these simulation results, regression models via Artificial Neural Network (ANN) have been created in order to predict charge/discharge resistance from porous structure features. In this study, porosity, active material particle size and volume fraction, pressure in the compaction process, electrolyte conductivity, and binder volume fraction are adopted as features, associated with controllable process parameters for manufacturing battery electrode. As results, the predicted electrode resistance by ANN regression model is good agreement with the simulated values. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis and optimization of the process parameters have been carried out. The proposed data-driven approach could be a solution as a guiding principle for manufacturing battery electrode.

In this work, we focus on investigating electrothermal flow in a rotating electric field (ROT-ETF), with primary attention paid to the horizontal traveling-wave electrothermal (TWET) vortex induced at the center of the electric field. The frequency-dependent flow profiles in the microdevice are analyzed using different heat transfer models. Accordingly, we address in particular the importance of electrode cooling in ROT-ETF as metal electrodes of high thermal conductivity while substrate material of low heat dissipation capability are employed to develop such microfluidic chips. Under this circumstance, cooling of electrode array due to external natural convection on millimeter-scale electrode pads for external wire connection occurs and makes the internal temperature maxima shift from the electrode plane to a bit of distance right above the cross-shaped interelectrode gaps, giving rise to reversal of flow rotation from a typical repulsion-type to attraction-type induction vortex, which is in good accordance with our experimental observations of co-field TWET streaming at frequencies on the order of reciprocal charge relaxation time of the bulk fluid. These results point out a way to make a correct interpretation of out-of-phase electrothermal streaming behavior, which holds great potential for handing high-conductivity analytes in modern microfluidic systems.

The utilization of dual-potential mode of integrated array (IDA) electrodes and other two-electrode systems has revolutionized electrochemical detection by enabling the simultaneous and independent detection of two species, accompanied by the exhibition of unique characteristics. In contrast to conventional dual-potential electrodes, the rotating ring disk electrodes (RRDE), IDA electrodes demonstrate analogous yet vastly improved performance metrics, characterized by remarkable collection efficiency and sensitivity. Notably, due to the distinctive microscale structure of IDA electrode, the special “feedback” effect makes IDA a unique signal amplifier. In recent decades, the research surrounding IDA electrodes has garnered escalating interest due to their attractive attributes. This review centers its focus on the fabrication and applications of IDA electrodes. In the realm of fabrication, two critical breakthroughs are poised for realization: the achievement of reduced dimensions and the diversification of materials. Established fabrication methods for IDA electrodes encompass photolithography, inkjet printing, and direct laser writing, each affording distinct advantages in terms of size and precision in IDA construction. Predominantly employed materials for IDA electrodes include gold, platinum, and carbon, with the selection of fabrication methods guided by considerations such as material properties, desired dimensions, cost-efficiency, and specific application requisites. Within the domain of applications, IDA electrodes, capitalizing on their distinctive attributes, have found utility in diverse fields. This review summarizes the applications of IDA electrodes based on their fundamental working principles, encompassing redox cycling, resistance modulation, capacitance variations, and more. The potential for further development of this specialized tool to exhibit enhanced properties holds substantial promise.

The inhibition of localised corrosion is known to involve multiple processes taking place over a range of time and length scales that are difficult to study by conventional electrochemical methods. This work demonstrates an approach to probing complex localised electrochemical processes by combining an electrochemically integrated multi-electrode array (also known as wire beam electrode (WBE)), scanning vibrating electrode technique, scanning electrochemical microscopy and surface analytical techniques. Each technique reveals certain aspects of the dynamically changing, multi-scale, inhibitor-microstructure interactions and local chemistry over a heterogeneous AA2024-T3 alloy surface in the presence of an environmentally friendly inhibitor; cerium diphenyl phosphate (Ce(dpp)3).

The DEP force is usually calculated from the object’s point of view using the interaction of the object’s induced dipole moment with the inducing field. Recently, we described the DEP behavior of high- and low-conductive 200-µm 2D spheres in a square 1x1mm chamber with a plane-versus-plane electrode configuration from the system’s point of view. Here we extend our previous considerations to the plane-versus-plane and pointed-versus-pointed electrode configurations. The trajectories of the sphere center and the corresponding DEP forces were calculated from the gradient of the system’s overall energy dissipation for given starting points. The dissipation’s dependence on the sphere’s position in the chamber is described by the numerical “conductance field”, which is the DC equivalent of the capacitive charge-work field. While the plane-versus-plane electrode configuration is field-gradient free without an object, the presence of the highly or low-conductive spheres generates structures in the conductance fields, which result in very similar DEP trajectories. For both electrode configurations, the model describes trajectories with multiple endpoints, watersheds, and saddle points, very high attractive and repulsive forces in front of pointed electrodes, and the effect of mirror charges. Because the model accounts for inhomogeneous polarization within the objects, the approach allows the modeling of the complicated interplay of attractive and repulsive forces near electrode surfaces and chamber edges. Non-reversible DEP forces or asymmetric magnitudes for the highly and low-conductive spheres in large areas of the chamber indicate the presence of higher-order moments, mirror charges, etc.

During HVDC earth return operation systems, a high magnitude current will be injected into soil through earth electrode, the potential on the surface would change widely and produce unfavorable effects on the AC systems around. This paper presents an effective finite element method (FEM) coupling electric field with thermal field to evaluate the electrical field induced by the injected DC current. Firstly, owe to the characteristic of FEM, this method can consider arbitrary soil and earth electrode structure. Secondly, by setting the electrical and thermal parameters of soil as a function of temperature at the same time, the dynamic coupling process of electric field and thermal field is simulated accurately. Thirdly, to deal with the singular point in FEM subdivision and the huge computation in traditional three-dimensional FEM, the FEM coupling 2-D earth electrode with 3-D soil based on "shell" theory is introduced. Finally, based on the suggested method, the effect of abnormal resistance region (ARR) near DC earth electrode on electric field distribution is analyzed.

Colonization of distant organs by tumor cells is a critical step of cancer progression. The initial avascular stage of this process (micrometastasis) remains almost inaccessible to study due to the lack of relevant experimental approaches. Here, we introduce an in vitro/in vivo model of organ-specific micrometastases of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) that is fully implemented in a cost-efficient chick embryo (CE) experimental platform. The model is built as three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering constructs (TECs) combining human MDA-MB-231 cells and decellular-ized CE organ-specific scaffolds. TNBC cells colonized CE organ-specific scaffolds in 2-3 weeks, forming tissue-like structures. The feasibility of this methodology for basic cancer research, drug development and nanomedicine was demonstrated on a model of hepatic micrometastasis of TNBC. We revealed that MDA-MB-231 differentially colonize parenchymal and stromal com-partments of the liver-specific extracellular matrix (LS-ECM) and become more resistant to the treatment with molecular Doxorubicin (Dox) and Dox-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles than in monolayer cultures. When grafted on CE chorioallantoic membrane, LS-ECM-based TECs induced angiogenic switch. These findings may have important implications for the diag-nosis and treatment of TNBC. The methodology established here is scalable and adaptable for pharmacological testing and cancer biology research of various metastatic and primary tumors.

Screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) is a useful technique that has been widely used in the practical application of biosensors oriented to point-of-care testing (POCT) due to its characteristics of cost-effectiveness, disposability, miniaturization, wide potential window, and easy of electrode design. Compared with gold or platinum electrodes, surface modification is difficult because the carbon surface is chemically or physically stable. Oxygen plasma can easily produce carboxyl groups on the carbon surface, which act as scaffolds for covalent bonds. However, the effect of O2-plasma treatment on electrode performance remains to be investigated from an electrochemical perspective, and sensor performance can be improved by clarifying the surface conditions of plasma treated biosensors. In this research, we compared antibody modification by plasma treated and physical adsorption, using our original immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Consequently, the O2-plasma treatment produced carboxyl groups on the electrode surface, which changed the electrochemical properties owing to electrostatic interactions. It was also found that the surface became hydrophilic, inhibiting non-specific antigen adsorption. The sensitivity was 6.5 times higher than the Limit of Detection (LOD) using physical adsorption.

A gold nanostructured film modified glassy carbon electrode (Au_film/GCE) was developed for the determination of chromium (VI) in water sample. GCE was immersed into HAuCl₄ solution (10^-3M) and electrodeposition of thin gold layer was conducted at –0.4 V (vs Ag/AgCl) for 10 min. The strong affinity between Au and Cr species resulted with increasing of Cr (VI) signal, compared with the bare glassy carbon electrode. The electrodepositing time, type of supporting electrolyte, pH, the scan rate, modulation amplitude, and modulation time were optimized using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DP-ASV). The calibration graph using accumulation time of 120 s was linear from 10 to 120 µgL^-1 with a sensitivity 1.3 x 10^-2 µA/µgL^-1. Under optimum experimental conditions, a good correlation coefficient R²=0.9971, and a low detection limit 5.5 µg/L Cr (VI) was obtained. The signal was reproducible with a relative standard deviation ±4.5 %. The developed Au_film/GCE sensor was applied for the Cr (VI) determination of in sewage water samples.

Here we report highly efficient, indium tin oxide (ITO)-free polymer solar cells (PSCs) with an ultrathin copper (Cu) film(~10 nm) coated with a thin layer of poly[(9,9-bis(3‘-(N,N-dimethylamino)propyl)-2,7-fluorene)-alt-2,7-(9,9-dioctylfluorene)] (PFN) as transparent electrode. Despite of its lower far-field transmittance of the electrode, the obtained ITO-free device based on the ultrathin Cu film can delivery higher absorption efficiency than that of the device based on ITO substrate in the long wavelength region, which can be attributed to the formation of metal resonant microcavity between the opaque back metal mirror (MoO3/Al electrode) and the transparent Cu film with high reflectance. As a result, polymer solar cells based on poly[[2,6'-4,8-di(5-ethylhexylthienyl)benzo[1,2-b;3,3-b]dithiophene][3-fluoro-2[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl]] (PTB7-Th) and [6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) blend show a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.21 %, comparable to that of the control device based on ITO electrode (with a PCE of 9.60% ). The results demonstrate that thermally evaporated Cu thin film electrode can be promising candidate to replace ITO for highly efficient PSCs, thus may open up the possibility for massive production of PSCs with low cost.

Following the well-known pandemic, declared on 30 January 2020 by the World Health Organi-zation, the request for new global strategies for the prevention and mitigation of the spread of the infection has come to the attention of the scientific community. Nanotechnology has often managed to provide solutions, effective responses, and valid strategies to support the fight against SARS-CoV-2. This work reports a collection of information on nanomaterials that have been used to counter the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In particular, the objective of this work is to illustrate the strategies that have made it possible to use the particular properties of nanomaterials, for the production of personal protective equipment (DIP) for the defense against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

One of the most important objectives of the studies worldwide is to improve the performance of automotive engines to reduce fuel consumption and environmental pollution. Accordingly, the principal motivation of this research study is improving the tribological behavior of the piston ring/cylinder liner interfaces as a promising and straightforward approach in automotive fuel economy and increasing engine durability using Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ nanomaterials as smart nano-lubricant additives that adapted to different operating conditions by replenishing mechanisms anti-friction and anti-wear in automotive engines.

Abstract: Circuit breakers are affected by multiple lightning strikes after the breaker has been tripped and can break down again, which will reduce the life of the circuit breaker and threaten the stable operation of the power system. Aiming at this problem, the paper obtained the temperature diffusion process of the inrush current process of circuit breaker opening and breaking through the schlieren technique, and combined with the existing image recognition technology to obtain the temperature characteristics of the airflow in the air gap of the contact, and the characteristics of the airflow flow. The results of the study show that the circuit breaker breakdown process generates a shock wave with a velocity approximately equal to the speed of sound under the same conditions. The maximum velocity of the airflow boundary diffusion is about 1/4 of the speed of sound under the same condition, and it decays very fast, reducing to the airflow drift velocity within 10ms after breakdown. The maximum temperature of the thermals is concentrated between 6000 and 8000 K and the temperature change is approximately inversely proportional to the square of time. The research provides the basis for the design of circuit breaker contact structure, opening speed optimization method, interrupter chamber and insulation design optimization.

In air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cells (Air PEM FCs), high rate of water evaporation from the cathode might influence the resistance of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which is highly dependent on the water content of the Nafion membrane. We propose a dead-end hydrogen anode as a means of intermediate storage of water/humidity for self-humidification of the membrane. Such inflatable bag integrated with the PEM FC has a potential in blimp applications for anode self-humidification. A dynamic numerical water balance model, validated by experimental measurements, is derived to predict the effect of MEA configuration, membrane’s hydration state, and water transfer rate at the anode on MEA resistance and performance. The experimental setup included humidity measurements, polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests to quantify the effect of membrane hydration on its resistance in a lightweight MEA integrated with an inflatable dead-end hydrogen storage bag. Varying current density (20 mA, 40 mA and 60 mA) and cathode humidity (20, 50 and 80%) were examined and compared with the numerical results. The validated model predicts that the hydration state of the membrane and water transfer rate at the anode can be increased by using a thin membrane and thicker gas diffusion layer.

Epinephrine (EP, also called adrenaline) is a compound belonging to the catecholamine neurotransmitter family. It can cause neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This work describes an amperometric sensor for the electroanalysis of EP, based on an inkjet-printed graphene electrode (IPGE), modified by a thin film of a laponite (La) clay mineral. The ion exchange properties and permeability of the prepared sensor (denoted La/IPGE) were evaluated using multi-sweep cyclic voltammetry while its charge transfer resistance was determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed globally that La/IPGE exhibited more a sensitive response towards the detection of EP, in comparison with the bare IPGE. The developed sensor was directly applied for the determination of EP in aqueous solution using differential pulse voltammetry, and under optimized conditions, the calibration curve was plotted in the concentration range of 0.8 to 60 μM. The anodic peak current of EP was directly proportional to its concentration, leading to a detection limit of 0.29 μM. The sensor was successfully applied for the determination of EP in pharmaceutical preparation and best recovery rates were also obtained. The interfering effect of selected species was evaluated to highlight the selectivity of the elaborated sensor.

This study on the production of a modern natural water electrochemical antimony (II) test include the use of platinum platinum electrode electrodes. Antimony (II) was pre-concentrated on the modified electrode surface and adsorbed to the surface, oxidizing at E = -680 mV. Compared to the platinum electrode, the platinum nanoelectrode exhibited superior performance and, unexpectedly, received a higher electrochemical response. After 25 min of accumulation, time the best-defined anodic peak was obtained with 0.2 mol L^-1 KNO₃ pH 5.0. Using these parameters, the L^-1 Sb ^{2 +} calibration plot was linear over range 1 = 10⁻⁸ to 5x10⁻⁶ mol. The precision was tested by carrying out eight replicate measurements at a concentration of 2.5x10⁻⁵ mol. L^-1; the variance coefficient was 2.9%. The method was applied to analyte determination in water samples from the river. Other metal ion attack on Sb's (II) voltammetric response has been studied. In the SEM image, the nanoparticle electrode was clearly observed and characterized by X-ray diffraction and cyclic voltammetry

The detection of toxic heavy metals, especially cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), is a global problem due to ongoing pollution incidents and continuous anthropogenic and industrial activities. Therefore, it is important to develop effective detection techniques to determine the levels of contamination from heavy metals in various media. Electrochemical techniques and more specifically, voltammetry, due to its properties, is a promising method for the simultaneous detection of heavy metals. This review examines current trends related to electrode formation and analysis techniques used. In addition, there is a reference to advanced detection methods based on nanoparticles developed so far, as well as formation with bismuth and the emerging technique of screen printed electrodes. Finally, the advantages of using these methods are highlighted, while a discussion is made on the benefits arising from nanotechnology, as it gives the researcher a new idea for integrating these technologies into devices that can be used anywhere and anytime.

Droplet-based microfluidics has revolutionized numerous fields such as biomedical research, pharmaceuticals, drug discovery, food engineering, flow chemistry, and cosmetics. This paper presents a comprehensive study focusing on the detection and characterization of droplets with volumes in the nanoliter range. Leveraging the precise control of minute liquid volumes, we introduced a novel spectroscopic On-Chip microsensor equipped with integrated microfluidic channels for droplet generation, characterization, and sensing, simultaneously. The microsensor, designed with Interdigitated-Ring-Shaped Electrodes (IRSE) and seamlessly integrated with microfluidic channels, offers enhanced capacitance and impedance signal amplitudes, reproducibility, and reliability in droplet analysis. We were able to make analyses of droplets length in the range 1.0-6.0 mm, velocity 0.66-2.51 mm/s, droplet volume 1.07nL-113.46nL. Experimental results demonstrated that the microsensor's has a great performance in terms of droplet size, velocity, and length, with a significant signal amplitude of capacitance and impedance, and real-time detection capabilities, thereby highlighting its potential for facilitating microcapsule reactions and enabling on-site real-time detection for chemical and biosensor analyses on-chip.

The aim of this investigation is to offer a data-based scheme for predicting electrode wear in resistance spot welding. Electrode wear and alloying is one of the most significant factors that affect the mechanical properties of spot welds and the variation in weld quality. In this study, Rogowski coils and twisted pairs attached to the top and bottom electrodes were used to obtain the welding current and the inter-electrode voltage in the welding process, thereby calculating the dynamic resistance value during the welding process. The electrode diameter was obtained from the pressure exerted by the upper and lower electrodes on the carbon paper when the current was cut off and was regarded as an indicator of electrode wear. By continuously welding 0.5mm thick BH 340 steel plates until the electrode failed, the dynamic resistance signal was recorded in real time. Simultaneously, the electrode diameter after every 4 welds was also recorded. On this basis, the correlation between electrode diameter and dynamic resistance is studied. In order to quantitatively study the mapping relationship between dynamic resistance and electrode wear, 11 characteristic values were extracted from the dynamic resistance, and the stepwise regression method was used to obtain the regression formula between the characteristic values and the electrode diameter. Using new data to verify the effectiveness of the regression model, the acquired results display that the maximum error between the predicted value of the electrode diameter and the measured value obtained by the regression equation with the interactive quadratic term is 0.3 mm, and the corresponding relative error is 7.69 %. This result demonstrates that the method proposed in this paper can effectively monitor the electrode wear and failure process.

We report a new fabrication method for a fully stretchable supercapacitor based on single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-coated electrospun rubber nanofibers as stretchable supercapacitor electrodes. The deposition conditions of SWCNT on hydrophobic rubber nanofibers are experimentally optimized to induce a uniform coating of SWCNT. For surfactant-assisted coating of SWCNT, both water contact angle and sheet resistance were the lowest compared to the cases with other surface treatment methods, indicating the most effective coating approach. The excellent electromechanical properties of this electrode under the stretching condition is demonstrated by the measurement of Young’s modulus and normalized sheet resistance. This superb tolerance of the electrode with respect to stretching results from i) high aspect ratios of both nanofiber templates and the SWCNT conductors, ii) highly elastic nature of rubbery nanofiber, and iii) strong adherence of SWCNT-coated nanofiber on the elastic ecoflex substrate. Electrochemical and electromechanical measurements on the stretchable supercapacitor devices reveal that the volumetric capacitance (15.2 F cm-3 at 0.021 A cm-3) of the unstretched state is maintained for strains of up to 40 %. At this level of strain, the capacitance after 1,000 charge/discharge cycles is not significantly reduced. The high stability of our stretchable device suggests potential future applications in various types of wearable energy storage devices.

Electrochemical-mechanical interactions, in particular pressure-induced ones, have been identified to be a cause for lithium-plating in lithium-ion cells. Mechanically-induced porosity inhomogeneities in the separator layers due to electrode expansion during charging especially lead to cell internal balancing currents and can cause localized plating. To identify cell-format and cell-material dependent mechanical weak spots, a layer-resolved mechanical simulation of different cell types and cell-material combinations is presented in this work. The simulation results show distinctive layer strain patterns for different cell-types that coincide with localized lithium-plating found in post-mortem cells. Additionally, the effects of cell bracing in battery modules is investigated and a method to mitigate the increased layer strain due to bracing counterforces is proposed that also increases cell energy density for hardcase-type automotive cells.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) with a dopant of polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), namely PEDOT:PSS, has been mostly used as counter electrode to give a high performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Recently, PEDOT doped by carrageenan (PEDOT:Carrageenan) was introduced as a new material to be applied on DSSC as electrolyte. PEDOT:Carrageenan has a similar synthesis process as PEDOT:PSS owing to their similar ester sulphate (-SO3H) groups in both PSS and carrageenan. This review provides an overview of the different roles between PEDOT:PSS as counter electrode and PEDOT:Carrageenan as electrolyte for DSSC applications. The synthesis process and characteristics of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:Carrageenan were also described in this review. In conclusion, we found that PEDOT:PSS as counter electrode has the main roles of transferring electrons from the external circuit and accelerating the reduction reaction of redox coupled with its high electrical conductivity and high electrocatalytic activity. As electrolyte, PEDOT:Carrageenan has not shown the main role as an electron transfer from counter electrode to regenerate the dye-sensitized at the oxidized state due to its low ionic conductivity. Therefore, PEDOT:Carrageenan still obtained a low performance of DSSCs. Additionally, the future perspective and challenges of using PEDOT:Carrageenan as both electrolyte and counter electrode are described in detail.

In this paper, MnO2 nanowire (MnO2-NW) modified carbon paper (CP) electrode was developed as a novel electrochemical sensor for sensitive determination of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). MnO2 nanowire was prepared by a hydrothermal synthesis method, and the morphology and structure of MnO2 were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrochemical performance of TBBPA on MnO2-NW/CP was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, and the result confirmed that MnO2-NW/CP exhibited excellent sensitive for the determination of TBBPA due to the high specific surface area and good electrical conductivity of the nanowire-like MnO2. Moreover, the important electrochemical factors such as pH value, incubation time and modified material proportion were systematically studied to improve the determination sensitivity. The interferences from similar structure compounds on TBBPA have also been investigated. Under the optimal conditions, MnO2-NW/CP displayed the linear range of 70 500 nM for TBBPA with the detection limit of 3.1 nM, which was superior to some electrochemical methods in references. The work presents a novel and simple method for the determination of TBBPA.

In two previous papers, we calculated the dielectrophoresis (DEP) force and corresponding trajectories of high- and low-conductance 200-µm 2D spheres in a square 1x1mm chamber with plane-versus-pointed, plane-versus-plane and pointed-versus-pointed electrode configurations by applying the law of maximum entropy production (LMEP) to the system. Here, we complete these considerations for configurations with four-pointed electrodes centered on the chamber edges. The four electrodes were operated in either object-shift mode (two adjacent electrodes opposite the other two adjacent electrodes), DEP mode (one electrode versus the other three electrodes), or field-cage mode (two electrodes on opposite edges versus the two electrodes on the other two opposite edges). As in previous work, we have assumed DC properties for the object and the external media for simplicity. Nevertheless, every possible polarization ratio of the two media can be modeled this way. The trajectories of the spherical centers and the corresponding DEP forces were calculated from the gradients of the system’s total energy dissipation, described by numerically-derived conductance fields. In each of the three drive modes, very high attractive and repulsive forces were found in front of pointed electrodes for the high and low-conductance spheres, respectively. The conductance fields predict bifurcation points, watersheds, and trajectories with multiple endpoints. The high and low-conductance spheres usually follow similar trajectories, albeit with reversed orientations. In DEP drive mode, the four-point electrode chamber provides a similar area for DEP measurements as the classical plane-versus-pointed electrode chamber.

In this work, a ferrocene-containing gallic acid derivative modified carbon nanotubes paste electrode (Gal-Fc-CNT) obtained by simple mechanical mixing was studied for fast simultaneous voltammetric detection of doxorubicin (DOX), capecitabine (CPB) and cyclophosphamide (CPP) as cytostatic index by cumulative signal and selective detection of DOX. The electrochemical behaviors of individual and simultaneous DOX, CPB and CPP studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) on Gal-Fc-CNT electrode at various pHs and potential ranges allowed the development of simple simultaneous detection method as cytostatic index at pH of 12 using square-wave voltammetry technique operated at modulation amplitude of 100 mV, step potential of 4 mV, frequency of 25 Hz and 100 mV·s−1 potential scan rate that allowed better performance than reported electrodes. Faster and selective detection of DOX with the lowest limit of detection of 75 ng⸱L-1 was achieved using square-wave voltammetry technique operated at modulation amplitude of 100 mV, step potential of 4 mV, frequency of 50 Hz and 200 mV·s−1 potential scan rate. The good results obtained for real tap water assessment indicated the utility of Gal-Fc-CNT paste electrode for practical applications (water samples, pharmaceutical formulations).

Methane and carbon dioxide are the main contributors to global warming, being the methane effect twenty-five times more powerful than carbon dioxide. Although the sources of methane are diverse, it is a very volatile and explosive gas. One way to store the energy content of methane is its conversion to methanol. Methanol is liquid under ambient conditions, easy to transport and, apart from its use as an energy source, it is a chemical platform that can serve as a starting material for the production of various higher value-added products. Accordingly, the transformation of methane to methanol has been extensively treated in the literature, using traditional catalysts as different types of zeolites. However, in the last years, a new generation of catalysts have emerged to carry out this transformation with higher conversion and selectivity, and more importantly, under mild temperature and pressure conditions. These new catalysts typically involve the use of a highly porous supporting material such as zeolite, or more recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and graphene, and metallic nanoparticles or a combination of different types of nanoparticles that are the core of the catalytic process. In this review, the characteristics, the catalytic mechanisms, reactors, and the main results of these catalysts are presented as a way to overcome the challenges found in traditional catalysts.

Herein we report on the use of different metal precursors in the synthesis of MoSe2 nanomaterials in order to control their morphology. The use of Mo(CO)6 as the metal precursor resulted in the formation of wrinkled few-layer nanosheets, while the use of H2MoO4 as the metal precursor resulted in the formation of nanoflowers. To investigate the effect of the morphologies on their performance as catalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction, electrochemical characterization was done using linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The MoSe2 nanomaterials were found to have superior electrochemical performance towards the hydrogen evolution reaction with a lower Tafel slope, on-set potential and potential at 10 mA/cm2 compared to the wrinkled few-layer nanosheets. This was found to be due to the higher effective electrochemical surface area of the nanoflowers compared to the nanosheets which suggests a higher number of exposed edge sites in the nanoflowers.

The key to the practical application of organometal–halide–crystals perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is to achieve thermal stability through robust encapsulation. This paper presents a method to significantly extend the thermal stability lifetime of perovskite solar cells to over 5,000 h at 85 °C by demonstrating an optimal combination of encapsulation methods and perovskite composition for carbon–based multiporous–layered–electrode (MPLE)–PSCs. We fabricated the four types of MPLE-PSCs using two encapsulation structures (over– and side–sealing with thermoplastic resin films) and two perovskite compositions ((5–AVA)x(methylammonium (MA))1–xPbI3 and (formamidinium (FA))0.9Cs0.1PbI3), and analyzed the 85 ºC thermal stability followed by ISOS–D–2 protocol. Without encapsulation, FA0.9Cs0.1PbI3 exhibited higher thermal stability than (5–AVA)x(MA)1–xPbI3. However, encapsulation reversed the phenomenon (that of (5–AVA)x(MA)1–xPbI3 became stronger). The combination of (5–AVA)x(MA)1–xPbI3 perovskite absorber and over–sealing encapsulation effectively suppressed the thermal degradation, resulting in the PCE value at 91.2% of the initial value after 5,072 h. On the other hand, another combination (side–sealing on (5–AVA)x(MA)1–xPbI3, over– and side–sealing on FA0.9Cs0.1PbI3) resulted in decreased stability. The FA–based perovskite was decomposed for these degradation mechanisms by the condensation reaction between FA and carbon. For side–sealing, the space between the cell and the encapsulant was estimated to contain approximately 1,260,000 times more H2O than in over–sealing, which catalyzed the degradation of the perovskite crystal. Our results demonstrate that MA–based PSCs, which are generally considered to be thermally sensitive, can significantly extend their thermal stability after the proper encapsulation. Therefore, we emphasize that finding the appropriate combination of encapsulation technique and perovskite composition is quite important to achieve further device stability.

The poor conductivity and instability of layered dihydroxides (LDHs) limit their widespread application in oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this study, the composite electrode of NiMn-LDHs, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and nickel foam (NF), i.e., NiMn-LDHs/rGO/NF, was prepared by a hydrothermal method. When subjected to oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalytic performance in a solution of 1 M KOH, the NiMn-LDHs/rGO/NF composite catalyst exhibited an overpotential of only 140 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and a Tafel slope of 49 mV dec-1, which is not only better than the comparing RuO2/NF catalyst, but also better than most of the Mn-based and the Ni–Fe containing bimetallic OER catalysts reported in the literature. The excellent electrocatalytic performance is ascribed to the efficient integration of ultrathin NiMn-LDHs sheets, thin-layered rGO and NF, contributing a lot to the decrease in charge transfer resistance and the increase in electrochemically active surface area. Moreover, NF plays a role of current collector and a role of rigid support for the NiMn-LDHs/rGO composite, contributing extra conductivity and stability to the NiMn-LDHs/rGO/NF composite electrode.

Background: Previous studies have associated slowed ventricular conduction in the arrhythmogenesis mediated by the gap junction and sodium channel inhibitor heptanol in mouse hearts but did not study the propagation patterns that might contribute to the arrhythmic substrate. This study used a multi-electrode array mapping technique, to further investigate different conduction abnormalities in Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts exposed to 0.1 or 2 mM heptanol. Methods: Multi-electrode array recordings were made from the left ventricular epicardium in spontaneously beating hearts, during right ventricular regular 8 Hz pacing or S1S2 pacing. Results: In spontaneously beating hearts, heptanol at 0.1 and 2 mM significantly reduced the heart rate from 314±25 to 189±24 and 157±7 bpm, respectively (ANOVA, P<0.05 and P<0.001). During regular 8 Hz pacing, Mean LATs were increased by 0.1 and 2 mM heptanol from 7.1±2.2 ms to 19.9±5.0 ms (P<0.05) and 18.4±5.7 ms (P<0.05). The standard deviation of mean LATs was increased from 2.5±0.8 ms to 10.3±4.0 ms and 8.0±2.5 ms (P< 0.05), and the median of phase differences was significantly increased from 1.7±1.1 ms to 13.9±7.8 ms and 12.1±5.0 ms by 0.1 and 2 mM heptanol (P<0.05). P5 took a value of 0.2±0.1 ms and was not significantly altered by heptanol at 0.1 or 2 mM (1.1±0.9 ms and 0.9±0.5 ms, P>0.05). P50 was increased from 7.3±2.7 ms to 24.0±12.0 ms by 0.1 mM heptanol and then to 22.5±7.5 ms by 2 mM heptanol (P< 0.05). P95 was increased from 1.7±1.1 ms to 13.9±7.8 ms by 0.1 mM heptanol and to 12.1±5.0 ms by 2 mM heptanol (P<0.05). These changes led to increases in the absolute inhomogeneity in conduction (P5-95) from 7.1±2.6 ms to 31.4±11.3 ms, 2 mM: 21.6±7.2 ms, respectively (P<0.05). The inhomogeneity index (P5-95/P50) was significantly reduced from 3.7±1.2 to 3.1±0.8 by 0.1 mM and then to 3.3±0.9 by 2 mM heptanol (P<0.05). Conclusion: Increased activation latencies, reduced CVs and increased dispersion index of conduction were associated with both spontaneous and induced ventricular arrhythmias.

A new green-validated and highly sensitive electrochemical method for the determination of molnupiavir (MOV) has been developed using cyclic voltammetry. The proposed analytical platform involves the use of disposable screen-printed reduced graphene oxide 2.5% electrode (SPrGOE 2.5%) for the first time to measure MOV with high specificity. The surface morphology of the sensor was investigated by using a scanning electron microscope armed with an energy-dispersive X-ray probe. The fabricated sensor attains improved sensitivity when sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant was added to the supporting electrolyte solution. Thus, various factors were investigated in order to select the best supporting electrolyte for voltammetric determination of MOV, and the optimum conditions were achieved by employing 0.04 M Britton-Robinson at pH 2, 10-4 M SDS, and SPrGOE 2.5%. Well-defined MOV oxidation peaks were obtained with no reduction peaks in cyclic voltammetry using diffusion-controlled pathways. The method was validated using differential pulse voltammetry according to ICH guidelines, providing it to be precise, accurate, specific, and robust with linearity over a concentration range of 50-6017 ng/mL. The incorporation of the reduced graphene nanoparticles supported the in situ interaction between electrode surface and MOV, improved the selectivity, and reduced the detection limit to the concentration level of 15.98 ng/mL. The stability investigation demonstrated that SPrGOE 2.5% can provide high-stability behavior throughout a three-month period under refrigeration. The fabricated SPrGOE 2.5% was successfully employed for the measurement of MOV in pharmaceutical capsules and human bio-fluids without the interference of endogenous matrix components as well as the commonly used excipient.

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was the most widely used oxidative stress biomarker of the free radical-induced oxidative damage product of DNA, which may allow a premature assessment of various diseases. This paper designed a label-free, portable biosensor device to direct detect 8-OHdG by plasma coupled electrochemistry on transparent and conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. We reported a flexible printed ITO electrode made from particle-free silver and carbon inks. After inkjet printing, the working electrode was sequentially assembled by gold nanotriangles (AuNTAs) and platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs). This nanomaterial-modified portable biosensor showed excellent electrochemical performance for 8-OHdG detection from 10 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL by our self-developed constant voltage source integrated circuit system. This work demonstrated a portable biosensor for simultaneously integrating nanostructure, electroconductivity, and biocompatibility to construct advanced biosensors for oxidative damage biomarkers. The proposed nanomaterial modified ITO-based electrochemical portable device was a potential biosensor to approach 8-OHdG point-of-care testing (POCT) in various biological fluid samples, such as saliva and urine samples.

The coronavirus disease of 2019, COVID-19, is caused by an infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was recognized in late 2019 and has since spread worldwide leading to a pandemic with unprecedented health and financial consequences. There remains an enormous demand for new diagnostic methods that can deliver fast, low-cost, and easy-to-use confirmation of a SARS-CoV-2 infection. We have developed an affordable electrochemical biosensor for the rapid detection of serological immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibody in sera against the Spike protein. Materials and Methods: A previously identified linear B-cell epitope (EP) specific to SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and recognized by IgG in patient sera was selected for the target molecule. After synthesis, the EP was immobilized onto the surface of the working electrode of a commercially available screen-printed electrode (SPE). The capture of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgGs allowed the formation of an immunocomples that was measured by square wave voltammetry from its generation of hydroquinone (HQ). Results: An evaluation of the performance of the EP-based biosensor presented a selectivity and specificity for COVID-19 of 93% and 100%, respectively. No cross-reaction was observed to antibodies against other diseases that included Chagas disease, Chikungunya, Leishmaniosis, and Dengue. Differentiation of infected and non-infected individuals was possible even at high dilution factor that decreased the required sample volumes to a few microliters. Conclusion: The final device proved suitable for diagnosing COVID-19 assaying actual serum samples and the results displayed good agreement with the molecular biology diagnoses. The flexibility to conjugate other EPs to SPEs suggests that this technology could be rapidly adapted to diagnose new variants of SARS-CoV-2 or other pathogens.

The cellulose/GO networks as the scaffold of free-standing aerogel electrodes are developed by using lithium bromide aqueous solution as the solvent to ensure the complete dissolution of cotton linter pulp and well dispersion/reduction of GO nanosheets. PANI nanoclusters are then coated onto cellulose/GO networks via in-situ polymerization of aniline monomers. By optimized weight ratio of GO and PANI, the ternary cellulose/GO3.5/PANI aerogel film exhibits well-defined three-dimensional porous structures and high conductivity of 1.15 S/cm that contributes to its high areal specific capacitance of 1218 mF/cm2 at the current density of 1.0 mA/cm2. Utilizing this cellulose/GO3.5/PANI aerogel film as electrodes in a symmetric configuration supercapacitor can result in an outstanding energy density as high as 258.2 μWh/cm2 at a power density of 1201.4 μW/cm2. Moreover, the device can maintain nearly constant capacitance under different bending deformations, suggesting its promising applications in flexible electronics.

Graphene-based composites have been widely explored for electrode and electrocatalyst materials for electrochemical energy systems. In this paper, a novel composite material of the reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGON) with gold nanoparticles (NPs) (rGON-AuNP) is synthesized, and its morphology, structure and composition are characterized by SEM, HRTEM, XRD, EDX, FTIR, Raman, and UV-Vis techniques. To confirm this material’s electrochemical activity, a glucose oxidase (GOD) is chosen as the target reagent to modify the rGON-AuNP layer to form GOD/rGON-AuNP/glassy carbon (GC) electrode. Two pairs of distinguishable redox peaks, corresponding to the redox processes of two different conformational GOD on AuNP, are observed on the cyclic voltammograms of GOD/rGON-AuNP/GC electrode. Both cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are employed to study the mechanism of direct electron transfer from GOD to GC electrode on the rGON-AuNP layer. In addition, this GOD/rGON-AuNP/GC electrode shows catalytic activity toward glucose oxidation reaction.