The photoelectrochemical (PEC) conversion of organic small molecules offers a dual benefit of synthesizing value-added chemicals and concurrently producing hydrogen (H2). Ethylene glycol, with its dual hydroxyl groups, stands out as a versatile organic substrate capable of yielding various C1 and C2 chemicals. In this study, we demonstrate that pH modulation markedly enhances the photocurrent of BiVO4 photoanodes, thus facilitating the efficient oxidation of ethylene glycol while simultaneously generating H2. Our findings reveal that in a pH=1 ethylene glycol solution, the photocurrent density at 1.23 V vs. RHE can attain an impressive 7.1 mA cm−2, significantly surpassing the outputs in neutral and highly alkaline environments. The increase in photocurrent is attributed to the augmented adsorption of ethylene glycol on BiVO4 under acidic conditions, which in turn elevates the activity of the oxidation reaction, culminating in the maximal production of formic acid. This investigation sheds light on the pivotal role of electrolyte pH in the PEC oxidation process and underscores the potential of the PEC strategy for biomass valorization into value-added products alongside H2 fuel generation.

One mechanism by which fructose could exert deleterious effect in metabolism and inflammation is via its potency vis-à-vis de Maillard reaction. We employed simulated stomach and duodenum digestion of ovalbumin to test the hypothesis that indeed AGEs are formed by fructose during simulated digestion of an ubiquitous food protein with intrinsic allergenic potential and under model physiological conditions. Methods: OVA was subjected to simulated gastric and intestinal digestion using standard models, in presence of fructose or glucose (0-100 mM). Peptide fractions were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy and intensity at Excitation: λ370 nm, Emission: λ 440nm. Results: AGE adducts form between fructose and OVA which can be found in peptide fractions (< 5 kDa) at times (30 min) and concentration ranges (10 mM) plausibly found in the intestines, whereas no reaction occurs with glucose. The reaction is inhibited by chlorogenic acid at concentrations compatible with those found in the gut. The reaction is inhibited by AG, a specific antiglycation agent. Conclusion: Our proof of principle study shows that fructose-AGE formation on an ubiquitous allergenic protein indeed occurs in one hour and thereby may pave the way for the study of yet another mechanism by which the excess fructose in our Western diets is contributing to disease: intestinal AGE formation, absorption and RAGE engagement.

Although cofactor regeneration is an established system in biocatalysis, work remains in developing new and alternative cofactor regeneration systems with greater efficiency, ease of use, and higher atom economy. In addition, cofactor regeneration system only works if the cofactor regeneration reaction operates at similar kinetics compared to the biotransformation reaction. This meant that only specific cofactor regeneration system is capable of coupling with particular biotransformation reaction. This then leaves open the field for the development of a plethora of alternative cofactor regeneration systems each capable of coupling with different biotransformation reaction of different kinetics. This short write-up examines the possibility of tapping on the NADH regenerated from a two-step ethylene glycol utilization pathway. Current knowledge suggests that this angle has not been explored; thereby, opening up possibilities for future experimental investigations into the feasibility of coupling ethylene glycol utilization pathway with biotransformation reaction as a coupled cofactor regeneration system.

Three-dimensional matrices are a new strategy used to tackle type I diabetes; a chronic metabolic disease characterized by the destruction of beta pancreatic cells. Type I collagen is an abundant extracellular matrix (ECM), component that has been used to support cell growth. However, pure collagen possesses some difficulties including low stiffness and strength, and high susceptibility to cell-mediated contraction. Therefore, we developed a collagen hydrogel with a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) interpenetrating network (IPN), functionalized with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to mimic the pancreatic environment for the sustenance of beta-pancreatic cells. We analyzed the physicochemical characteristic of the hydrogels and found that they were successfully synthesized. The mechanical behavior of the hydrogels improved with the addition of VEGF, and the swelling degree and the degradation were stable over time. In addition, it was found that 5 ng/mL VEGF-functionalized collagen/PEGDA IPN hydrogels sustained and enhanced viability, proliferation, respiratory capacity and functionality of beta pancreatic cells. Hence, this is a potential candidate for future preclinical evaluation, which may be favorable for diabetes treatment.

Pool boiling heat transfer is recognized as one of the most effective heat transfer methods and has extensive applications in industry. The application of non-azeotropic binary mixtures can not only meet the environmental requirements of modern industrial development, but also improve the coefficient of performance (COP) of many systems. Therefore, studying the boiling heat transfer characteristics of non-azeotropic mixtures is important on improving their potential industrial application. This article selected ethylene glycol/deionized water (EG/DW) at varies concentration as the research working fluids, and conducted experimental research on the pool boiling performance. At the same time, the thermophysical parameters of the mixtures were studied and analyzed. The results showed that the concentration of EG in the mixture had a significant impact on the thermal properties and temperature glide of the mixture, where both affected the heat transfer deterioration. Based on experimental data, six widely used heat transfer coefficient prediction correlations were used for calculation, and two of them were modified. The deviation between the modified correlations and the experimental results remained within 20%.

We report on the successful preparation of wet dressings hydrogels based on Chitosan-Poly(N-Vinyl-Pyrrolidone)-Poly(ethylene glycol)-Poly(acrylic acid) and Poly(ethylene oxide) by e-beam cross-linking in weakly acidic media, to be used for rapid healing and pain release of infected skin wounds. The structure and compositions of hydrogels investigated according to sol-gel and swelling studies, network parameters, as well as FTIR and XPS analyses showed the efficient interaction of the hydrogel components upon irradiation, maintaining the bonding environment while the cross-linking degree increasing with the irradiation dose and the formation of a structure with the mesh size in the range 11-67 nm. Hydrogels with gel fraction above 85% and the best-swelling properties in different pH solutions were obtained for hydrogels produced with 15 kGy. The hydrogels are stable in the simulated physiological condition of an infected wound and show appropriate moisture retention capability and the water vapor transmission rate up to 272.67 g m-2 day-1, to ensure fast healing. The hydrogels proved to have a significant loading capacity of ibuprofen (IBU), being able to incorporate a therapeutic dose for the treatment of severe pains. Simultaneously, IBU was released up to 25% in the first 2h, having a release maximum after 8h.

Redox-flow batteries are rechargeable batteries that store energy in two liquid electrolytes, separated by a membrane. During charging and discharging, the electrolytes flow through the membrane and undergo chemical reactions that generate or consume electrical energy. These batteries are known for their scalability and long cycle life and are versatile energy storage technologies developed to enhance efficiency and lower costs. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) are eco-friendly alternatives to traditional electrolytes, and their properties have been studied to improve the performance of redox-flow batteries. We investigated choline chloride/ethylene glycol (ChlCl/Eg) mixtures with LiPF6 salt at four concentrations through experimental and MD simulations. The thermophysical and transport properties of the mixture, including density, diffusion coefficient, viscosity, and ionic conductivity, were calculated across a temperature range of 298.15–398.5 K. Our findings indicate that an increase in salt concentration leads to a decrease in diffusion coefficients and ionic conductivity, while increasing the viscosity of the deep eutectic solvent. This research provides valuable insights into the behavior of DES mixtures and can aid in the design and optimization of DES-based processes for use in redox-flow batteries.

The aim of this study was to examine the oxidation of human serum albumin (HSA) caused by oxidative stress after an exhaustive exercise such as ultra-marathon race. Thus, blood samples from 12 adult runners who underwent a 103 km mountain ultra-marathon race were collected pre- and 24, 48 and 72 h post race. HSA was partially purified using affinity chromatography and then was subjected to Western blot analysis for disulfide dimers determination, indicating oxidation. The results were correlated with those from a previous study in which the same samples were analyzed using different oxidative stress markers and a good correlation with protein carbonyls (PC) at all time points was observed. Moreover there was a significant correlation with static oxidation-reduction potential (sORP) at 24 h, and a negative correlation with capacity oxidation-reduction potential (cORP) at 24 and 48 h. In addition, an individual analysis of albumin dimers exhibited great inter-individual differences. This inter-individual variability in the oxidation of HSA may suggest different interventions (e.g. through diet) in order to confront the effects on athletes’ organism after a strenuous exercise. In conclusion, this study supported the importance of the assessment of albumin dimers as a predictive marker for exercise-induced oxidative stress.

Ti and its alloys are the most commonly used materials for biomedical applications. However, bacterial infection after implant placement is still one of the significant rising complications. Therefore, the application of the antimicrobial agents into implant surfaces to prevent implant-associated infection has attracted lots of attention. Scientific papers have shown that inorganic antibacterial metal element (e.g. Ag, Cu, Zn) can be introduced to implant surfaces with the addition of metal nanoparticles or metallic compounds into electrolyte via micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology. In this review, the effects of the composition and concentration of electrolyte and process parameters (e.g. voltage, current density, oxidation time) on morphological characteristics (e.g. surface morphology, bonding strength), antibacterial ability and biocompatibility of MAO antimicrobial coating were discussed in detail. Anti-infection and osseo-integration can be simultaneously accomplished with the selection of the proper antibacterial elements and operating parameters. Besides, MAO assisted by magnetron sputtering (MS) to endow Ti-based implant materials with superior antibacterial ability and biocompatibility was also discussed. Finally, the development trend of MAO technology in the future was forecasted.

Our aim was to evaluate efficacy and safety of 30mL CaO alone or plus Asc in bowel preparation before colonoscopy. Two hundred and forty six patients were allocated randomly to ingest 2L PEG with 30mL CaO, 1L PEG with 30mL CaO plus 5g Asc, or 3L PEG. We used Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) to evaluate bowel preparation efficacy. We also determined other outcomes such as procedure time, polyp or adenoma detection rate and adverse events (AEs). Of 282 patients recruited, 36 were excluded. Groups were matched for baseline characteristics except weight (P = 0.020) and body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.003). Patient’s satisfaction were higher in 2L PEG-CaO (P = 0.016) and 1L PEG-CaO-Asc groups (P = 0·017). Patients’ compliance was 67.5%, 71.4% and 80.5% in 3L PEG, 2L PEG-CaO and 1L PEG-CaO-Asc groups (P = 0.014). Adequate bowel preparation rate was 75%, 78.57% and 53.66% in 3L PEG, 2L PEG-CaO and 1L PEG-CaO-Asc groups (P = 0.021). There were no differences in terms of remaining outcomes. Despite an increase in patients’ satisfaction and compliance, 1L PEG-CaO-Asc significantly decreased adequate bowel preparation rate. However, 2L PEG-CaO improved the patients' satisfaction and compliance and increased adequate bowel preparation rate.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness world-wide. We recently reported that polyethylene glycol (PEG) can activate the alternative pathway of the complement system and induce choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mice. Currently, no other investigator has demonstrated CNV after PEG injection in the mouse eye. The aim of this article is twofold: we review the histologic changes in mouse retina and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) after treatment with PEG, and we summarize a model of wet and dry AMD pathogenesis in mice through subretinal PEG treatment of RPE cells and retinal layers. We injected (subretinal) male C57BL/6 mice with 2 μL of solution containing 0.5 mg and 1.0 mg of PEG or PBS in control groups. Eyes were harvested at day 1, 3 and 5 after injection and processed for analysis. Sections were immunohistochemically stained for complement component C3, mem-brane attack complex (MAC), and cytokeratin 18. Light and laser confocal microscopy was used for image capturing. PEG increased deposition of C3 and MAC on RPE cells and on all retinal layers after 1.0 mg injection. PEG induced loss of cellular contacts between RPE cells and migration of RPE cells in the subretinal space at day 1 after PEG injection. After 0.5 mg PEG injection, increased size of RPE cells was detected at day 3 and 5. Apoptotic bodies were observed in outer nuclear layer at day 3 and 5 after 0.5 mg PEG treatment. RPE cells with dark cytoplasm and condensed chromatin were observed. Higher doses of PEG induce CNV, encouraged RPE cell proliferation and death, and damage photoreceptors in mice. This simple and fast model may be useful to explore the pathogenesis of both dry and wet AMD.

Modern organic synthesis is majorly focused on developing environmentally benign synthetic protocols by employing green chemistry principles. Accordingly, in our recent research work, we herein report the use of modified supramolecular host cyclodextrin as an effective solid based green catalyst for accessing structurally diverse and medicinally relevant pyrimidone architectures. The catalyst and the synthesized compounds 4 (a-r) were characterized using FT-IR, NMR and GC-Mass spectroscopy. Major highlights of the reported work include: atom economical process, extremely milder reaction conditions, operational simplicity, high isolated yields, and excellent catalyst turnover number. The molecular docking studies suggest that the compound 4n has the hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and π-pair interactions with the active site of active sites of CXT M 15 receptor.

Laccases are versatile and relatively accessible catalysts with practical/industrial applications. Their proteic nature entails limited stability under non-native conditions, especially such as those that would be required for industrial applications. Here, derivatization of a laccase from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is reported, using an (methyl-PEG12)3-PEG4) N-succinimide ester in order to improve the thermostability of the enzyme. The PEGylated laccase is characterized using gel electrophoresis, size-exclusion chromatography, catalytic parameters and thermal stability. A 50% increase in residual activity after incubation at 50°C for up to two hours was achieved for the PEGylated laccase compared to the native enzyme.

Chen, et al., compared two modified polyurethane-based wound dressings (PUE and PUESi), both intended for use in chronic wounds, with a negative control (gauze) and a positive control (PolyMem) via a series of preliminary in vitro and rodent model tests. Future studies may find that one or both of these two new dressings are beneficial. However, the results of this first study cannot be relied upon. Although they exhibited in-depth knowledge of manufacturing techniques, the study designers seem far less familiar with the science of wound healing and with PolyMem wound dressings. This helps explain the flaws in the methods that lead to many of their tests not being translatable to real-world settings. In addition, the interpretation of some of the test results is questionable.

Ethylene is a plant hormone controlling physiological and developmental processes such fruit maturation, hairy root formation and leaf abscission. Its effect on regeneration systems, such as organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis (SE), has been studied and progresses in molecular biology techniques have contributed to unveil mechanisms behind its effects. This compound affects regeneration differently, depending on the species, genotype and explant. In some species, ethylene seems to revert recalcitrance in genotypes with low regeneration capacity. However, its effect is not addictive, since in genotypes with high regeneration capacity this ability decreases in the presence of ethylene precursors, suggesting that regeneration is modulated by ethylene. Several lines of evidence have shown that the role of ethylene on regeneration is markedly connected to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as to hormonal-crosstalk, in particular with key regeneration hormones and growth regulators of the auxin and cytokinin families. Transcriptional factors of the ethylene response factor (ERF) family are regulated by ethylene and strongly connected to SE induction. Thus, an evident connection between ethylene, stress responses and regeneration capacity is markedly established. In this review the effect of ethylene and the way it interacts with other players during organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis is discussed.

We reported previously that poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) oligomer is an effective antimicrobial agent against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, fungi and multi-drug resistant bacteria. In this work, it was further found that polyethylene glycol (PEG) can promote the antimicrobial effect of PHB oligomer synergistically. Three hypothetic mechanisms were proposed, that is, generation of new antimicrobial components, degradation of PHB macromolecules and dissolution/dispersion of PHB oligomer by PEG. With a series of systematic experiments and characterizations of HPLC-MS, it was deducted that dissolution/dispersion of PHB oligomer dominated the synergistic antimicrobial effect between PHB oligomer and PEG. This work demonstrates a way for promoting antimicrobial effect of PHB oligomer and other antimicrobial agents through improving hydrophilicity.

Auxin and ethylene pathways cooperatively regulate a variety of developmental processes in plants. Growth responses to ethylene are largely dependent on auxin, the key regulator of plant morphogenesis. Auxin, in turn, is capable of inducing ethylene biosynthesis and signaling making the interaction of these hormones reciprocal. Recent studies discovered a bunch of molecular events underlying auxin-ethylene crosstalk. In this review, we summarize the results of fine-scale and large-scale experiments on interaction of auxin and ethylene pathways in Arabidopsis. We integrate the knowledge on the molecular crosstalk events, their tissue specificity and associated phenotypic responses to decipher the crosstalk mechanisms at a systems level. We also discuss the prospects of applying systems biology approaches to study the mechanisms of crosstalk between plant hormones.

Notwithstanding the advances achieved in the last decades in the field of synthetic bone substitutes, the development of biodegradable 3D scaffolds with ideal mechanical and biological properties remains an unattained challenge. In this work, a novel approach is explored to produce synthetic bone grafts mimicking the complex bone structure using additive manufacturing. For the first time, scaffolds were produced, using an extrusion technique, composed of a thermoplastic polymer, polycaprolactone (PCL), hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANp), and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA). These scaffolds were further compared with two groups of scaffolds: one composed of PCL and another of PCL and HANp. After production, optimisation and characterisation of these scaffolds, an in vitro evaluation was performed using human dental pulp stem/stromal cells (hDPSCs). Through the findings it was possible to conclude that PEGDA scaffolds were successfully produced presenting networks of interconnected channels, presenting hydrophilic properties (15.15 4.06°), adequate mechanical performance (10.41MPa 0.934), and allowing a cell viability significantly superior to the other groups analysed. To conclude, findings in this study demonstrated that PCL, HANp and PEGDA scaffolds may have promising effects on bone regeneration and might open new insights for 3D tissue substitutes.

This review describes major advances in the use of functionalized molecular metal oxides (polyoxometalates, POMs) as water oxidation catalysts under electrochemical conditions. The fundamentals of POM-based water oxidation are described together with a brief overview of general approaches to designing POM water oxidation catalysts. Next, the use of POMs for homogeneous, solution-phase water oxidation is described together with a summary of theoretical studies shedding light on the POM-WOC mechanism. This is followed by a discussion of heterogenization of POMs on electrically conductive substrates for technologically more relevant application studies. Stability of POM water oxidation catalysts are discussed on selected examples where detailed data is already available. The review finishes with an outlook on future perspective and emerging themes in electrocatalytic polyoxometalate-based water oxidation research.

Due to their distinct physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, biopolymers, in particular Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) and Cellulose, are frequently used in biomedical medicine as drug or vaccine delivery systems. In this study, we have done a systematic review and a meta-analysis to compare current developments in many PEG and cellulose-based hydrogels, including double network hydrogels, injectable hydrogels, sliding hydrogels, conductive hydrogels, responsive hydrogels, and nanocomposite hydrogels. The pharmacokinetic properties, including physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, biodegradability, temperature, and pH, have been studied as these critical factors are to be considered for deciding the suitability of the drug for delivery. Moreover, the study has evaluated the controlled-release parameters such as half-life, circulation time, maximum release percentage of loaded drug released, burst release, maximum release, and drug-release kinetics. Finally, the efficacy and immune response of hydrogel was studied for future choice, including the cellulose hydrogel system in COVID-related long-term vaccine delivery. The finding revealed that cellulose-based hydrogel is effective for vaccine delivery.

MgAl oxide coatings containing MgO and MgAl2O4 phases were doped with CeO2 particles using plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) of AZ31 magnesium alloy in 5 g/L NaAlO2 water solution, with CeO2 particles added at concentrations up to 8 g/L. They underwent extensive inve-stigation into their morphology, chemical and phase compositions, and most importantly, photoluminescent (PL) properties and photocatalytic-activity (PA) in photodegradation of methyl orange (10 cm3 of 8 mg/L). The concentration of CeO2 particles in the aluminate electrolyte influences the amount of CeO2 particles incorporated into MgAl oxide coatings, but CeO2 particles have no signi-ficant effect on the surface morphology, thickness, or phase structure of the coatings. The PL emi- ssion spectrum of MgAl oxide coating is divided into two bands: one in the 350-600 nm range related to structural defects in MgO, and another much more intense in the 600-775 nm range attributed to F+ centres in MgAl2O4. Incorporated CeO2 particles do not have a significant effect on the PL intensity of the band in the red spectral region, but the PL intensity of the first band increases with the concentration of CeO2 particles. PA of MgAl/CeO2 oxide coatings is higher than that of pure MgAl oxide coatings. The highest PA was observed for MgAl/CeO2 oxide coatings formed in aluminate electrolytes with the addition of 2 g/L of CeO2 particles. The MgAl/CeO2 oxide coatings remained chemically and physically stable across multiple cycles, indicating their potential for applications.

After 40 years of the discovery of metallocene catalysts, there are still several aspects that remain unresolved, especially when the “conventional” alkylaluminum activators are not used. Herein, we systematically investigate the synthesis of PE via three different zirconocene catalysts, with different alkyl substituents, activated via different organoboron compounds. The polymerization behavior, as well as the properties of the materials, are evaluated. The results demonstrate that the highest catalytic activity is shown by Bis(cyclopentadienyl)dimethylzirconium activated by trityl tetra(pentafluorophenyl)borate. Also finding that toluene is the optimum solvent for these systems and at these reaction conditions. Moreover, to validate our experimental results, a comprehensive mathematical model is developed on the basis of thermodynamic and kinetic principles. The concentration of ethylene transferred to the solvent phase (toluene) in a liquid-vapor equilibrium (LVE) system is estimated based on the Duhem’s theorem. Arrhenius expressions for the kinetic rate constants of a proposed kinetic mechanism are estimated by a kinetic model, in which the rate of polymerization is fitted by a least-square optimization procedure and the molecular weight averages by the method of moments. The simulations of the coordination polymerization suggest the presence of two types of active sites, principally at low temperatures, and the reactivation of the deactivated sites via a boron-based activator. However, the effect of the temperature on the reactivation step is no clear; a deeper understanding via designed experiments is required.

The terpolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone (VP) with acrylic acid and triethylene glycol methacrylate were synthesized with more than 90% yield by radical copolymerization in ethanol from monomeric mixtures of different composition (98 : 2 : 2, 95 : 5: 2 and 98 : 2: 5). Their physical and chemical characteristics such as monomer composition, absolute molecular masses and hy-drodynamic radii in aqueous media at different temperature were determined. The temperature effect on the behavior of terpolymers in water and aqueous saline buffer solution with pH 7.4 has been studied and the ability of a copolymer enriched with dimethacrylates units was discovered to respond to a temperature change in these media. On the basis of terpolymers and linear polyvi-nylpyrrolidone (PVP), polymer compositions of hydrophobic dye methyl pheophorbide a, MPP, that is fluorescent in the red region of the spectrum, were obtained; the sizes of the polymer nanostructures of MPP in water were determined. The structures based on terpolymers were demonstrated to be more stable than MPP-PVP ones. It was carried out the quantum-chemical modelling of the possible structures of MPP-copolymer that formed as a result of intermolecular interaction between MPP and terpolymer’s chains; the possibility of the formation of hydrogen bonds between the donors of the electrons of terpolymer units and the proton donors of the MPP molecule was shown. Using the MTT test, it was established that copolymers of various compositions are low toxic for non-tumor Vero cells and HeLa tumor cells. It was shown that the cytotoxicity of polymer particles loaded with MPP for FetMSC and HeLa cells increased. Using fluorescence microscopy, the accumulation and distribution of polymer particles in non-tumor (FetMSC) and tumor (HeLa) cells was studied and an increase in the accumulation of MPP with both types of particles was shown.

SiC is a material with excellent mechanical and thermal properties, but with a high production cost. Obtaining SiC by reactive infiltration is an attractive method and at a much lower cost than the traditional sintering process. However, the reactive infiltration process presents a serious problem, which is the high residual silicon content, which decreases its range of application. The replacement of silicon with silicides is a widely used alternative. The present investigation shows the good mechanical properties of the SiC/IrSi₃ composite material obtained by reactive infiltration of SiC/C preforms with Ir-Si alloys. The thermomechanical analysis shows a high compatibility of silicide with SiC. The presence of the silicide shows a substantial improvement against the oxidation of the SiC/Si composites.

Optimization of post polymerization processing of polyolefin elastomers (POE) is of considerable industrial interest. To this aim, experimental determination and theoretical interpretation of the thermodynamics and mass transport properties of POE-solvent mixtures is relevant. Sorption behaviour of n-hexane vapour in a commercial propylene-ethylene elastomer (V8880 VistamaxxTM from ExxonMobil) is addressed here, determining experimentally the sorption isotherms at temperatures ranging from 115 to 140 °C and pressure values of n-hexane vapour up to 1 atm. Sorption isotherms have been interpreted with the Non-Random-Hydrogen-Bonding Equation of State model retrieving, from data fitting, the value of the binary interaction parameter for the n-hexane/V8880 system. Both the case of temperature-independent and of temperature-dependent binary interaction parameter have been considered. Sorption kinetics was also investigated at different pressures and has been interpreted using a Fick’s model determining values of the mutual diffusivity as a function of temperature and of n-hexane/V8880 mixture composition. From these values, n-hexane intra-diffusion coefficient has been calculated interpreting its dependence on mixture concentration and temperature by a semi-empiric model based on free volume arguments.

Phase change refers to the process of maturation and transition from the juvenile to the adult stage. In response to this shift, certain species like chestnut lose the ability to form adventitious roots, thereby hindering the successful micropropagation of adult plants. While auxin is the main hormone involved in adventitious root formation, other hormones, such as ethylene, are also thought to play a role in its induction and development. In this study, experiments were carried out to determine the effects of ethylene on the induction and growth of adventitious roots. The analysis was performed in two types of chestnut microshoots derived from the same tree, a juvenile-like line with high rooting ability derived from basal shoots (P2BS) and a line derived from crown branches (P2CR) with low rooting responses. By means of the application of compounds to modify ethylene content or inhibit its signalling, the potential involvement of this hormone in the in-duction of adventitious roots was analyzed. Our results show that ethylene can modify the rooting competence of mature shoots, while the response in juvenile material was barely affected. To further characterize the molecular reasons underlying this maturation-derived shift in behaviour, specific gene expression analyses were developed. Findings suggest that several mechanisms, including ethylene signalling, auxin transport and epigenetic modifications, relate to the modu-lation of the rooting ability of mature chestnut microshoots and their recalcitrant behaviour.

Natural gas is an important energy source among various fossil fuels. However, natural gas typically contains a significant amount of water vapor, which can pose challenges in its usage. Therefore, the process of removing water vapor from natural gas, known as gas dehydration, is crucial in the gas industry. The presence of water vapor in the gas supply can lead to the formation of hydrates, which can cause issues such as blockages in pipelines. To tackle this problem effectively, gas dehydration makes use of Tri ethylene glycol (TEG) as a drying agent. TEG works by selectively absorbing water vapor from the natural gas flow, thereby significantly reducing its moisture content.In the gas dehydration process, wet gas is treated by using lean glycol in an absorber, where the water vapor is removed. The resulting rich glycol is then recovered and recycled for further use. In this study, we explore the possibility of replacing nitrogen with dry natural gas in the re-generator of the glycol dehydration system. The aim is to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of this alternative approach. To assess the performance of both techniques, we employed HYSYS modeling and simulation. Through this analysis, we compared the capital and utility expenses associated with each method while ensuring that the glycol purity requirements remained unchanged. By examining the results obtained from the simulations, we can gain insights into the economic viability and efficiency of utilizing dry natural gas in the re-generator stage of the glycol dehydration process.In addition to the primary purpose of removing water vapor, the wet gas obtained from the stripping mechanisms in the glycol dehydration process can serve additional functions. It can be utilized to power steam pumps and compressors, thereby maximizing energy efficiency within the system. Alternatively, the wet gas can be recycled back into the process for further treatment. To develop a comprehensive understanding of the entire mechanism, we constructed a model based on the actual flow diagram. This model takes into account the various components and processes involved in the glycol dehydration system, including the stripping mechanisms and their connection to other equipment. By analyzing the data and outcomes generated by this model, we can derive valuable insights. These findings can be utilized to optimize the heat and material balance within the plant, ensuring efficient operation and potentially leading to the design of an improved system in terms of energy consumption and overall performance

Among other fossil fuels, natural gas is a major energy source. It is generally created saturated with water vapor. Dehydration of natural gas is vital in the gas business to remove water vapor from the gas supply, which may cause hydrate development in pipes. Gas dehydration employs Tri ethylene glycol (TEG) to remove water vapor from natural gas flow. The wet gas is dehydrated with lean glycol in an absorber, and the rich glycol is recovered and reused. This work investigates the use of dry natural gas instead of nitrogen in the glycol dehydration re-generator, and compares the results using HYSYS modeling and simulation. The two techniques were compared for capital and utility expenses, while maintaining the identical glycol purity criteria. The wet gas from the stripping mechanisms may also be utilized to run steam pumps and compressors or recycled. The model is based on the real mechanism flow diagram. Finally, the findings of this model might be used to design a new heat and material balance for the plant.

In this short review paper we have assembled the main characteristics of partial oxidation reactions (oxidative dehydrogenation and selective oxidation to olefins or oxygenates, as aldehydes and carboxylic acids and nitriles), as well as total oxidation, particularly for depollution, environmental issues and wastewater treatments. Both gas-solid and liquid-solid media have been considered with recent and representative examples within these fields. We have also discussed about their potential and prospective industrial applications. Particular attention has been brought to new raw materials stemming from biomass and to liquid-solid catalysts cases. This review paper also summarizes the progresses made in the use of unconventional activation methods for performing oxidation reactions, highlighting the synergy of these technologies with heterogeneous catalysis. Focus has been centered on usual catalysts activation methods but also on less usual ones, such as the use of ultrasounds, microwaves, grinding (mechanochemistry) and photo-activated processes, as well as their combined use.

Nanoporous films of Eu-doped organosilicate glass (OSG) have been synthesized using sol-gel technology and spin-coating, employing evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA), on silicon wafers. The Eu doping is achieved by dissolution of Eu(NO3)3·6H2O in the precursor solution. The deposited films are characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ellipsometric porosimetry (EP), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy. It is observed that Eu doping makes the films more hydrophilic and reduces the pore size and open porosity. The reduction Eu3+ → Eu2+ occurs in the pores of OSG films, which is confirmed by depth profiling XPS. However, Eu3+ still presents on the film’s top surface. Presence of Eu3+ and Eu2+ gives characteristic luminescence emission in the range of 600‒630 nm (Eu3+) and 290‒400 nm (Eu2+). The Eu2+/Eu3+ concentrations ratio depends on CH3 groups concentration in the films. Moreover, concentration of Eu2+ ions in the pores can be reduced by exposure in inductively coupled (ICP) oxygen plasma. The observed shift of the luminescence spectra towards the UV region, in comparison to previously reported Eu-doped organosilicate films, can be attributed to the energy transfer occurring between the host material and Eu2+ ions.

The ethylene-regulated hypocotyl elongation of Arabidopsis thaliana's involves many transcription factors. The specific role of MYC transcription factors in ethylene signal transduction is not completely understood. The results here revealed that two MYCs, MYC2 and MYC3, act as negative regulators in ethylene-suppressed hypocotyl elongation. Etiolated seedlings of the lost-of-function mutant of MYC2 or MYC3 were longer than wild type seedlings. Single- or double-null mutants of MYC2 and MYC3 displayed an enhanced response to ACC(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate), the ethylene precursor, compared to wild type seedlings. MYC2 and MYC3 directly bind to the promoter zone of ERF1, suppressing its expression. Additionally, EIN3, a key component in ethylene signaling, interacts with MYC2 or MYC3 and suppresses their binding to ERF1’s promoter. MYC2 and MYC3 play crucial roles in the ethylene-regulated expression of functional genes. The results revealed these transcription factors’ novel role and functional mechanism in ethylene signal transduction.

The electrical, mechanical and thermal conductivity of ethylene butene copolymer (EBC) composites with carbon fibers were studied. EBC/carbon-fiber composites can be utilized as an electro-mechanical material which is capable of changing it electric resistance with mechanical strain. Carbon fibers were introduced to EBC with different concentrations (5-25 wt%). The results showed that the addition of carbon fibers to EBC could increase the electric resistance up to 10 times. Increasing the load to 2.9 MPa could increase the electric resistance change by 4500% compared 25% fiber sample with pure EBC. It is also noted that the electric resistance of the EBC/CF composites underwent a dramatic increase with raising the strain, for example, the resistance change was around 13 times more at 15% strain in comparison to 5% of strain; The thermal conductivity tests showed that the addition of carbon fibers could increase the thermal conductivity by 40%, from 0.19 to 0.27 (Wm-1K-1). It was also observed that the addition of carbon fibers to EBC could increase the thermal conductivity.

Ethylene, a gaseous phytohormone, is emerging as a central player in the intricate web of plant developmental processes from germination to senescence under optimal and stressed conditions. It is present in different plant parts, encompassing the stems, leaves, flowers, roots, seeds, and fruits. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of ethylene's fascinating roles in shaping various plant growth and adaptation aspects. It intricately examines the multifaceted impact of ethylene on pivotal aspects of plant development, including but not limited to cell division and elongation, senescence, abscission, fruit and flower development, root hair formation, chloroplast maturation, and photosynthesis. This comprehensive assessment encompasses the intricate pathways of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling, providing a snapshot of the regulatory mechanisms governing ethylene production. Understanding ethylene's multifaceted functions has significant implications for agriculture, biotechnology, and our fundamental comprehension of plant biology. This review underscores the need for continued investigation into ethylene's intricate mechanisms and its potential to revolutionize plant development and crop management.

Ethylene is an ideal CO2 product in an electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), which has high economic value. In this paper, Al–doped octahedral Cu2O (Al–Cu2O) catalyst was synthesized by a simple wet chemical method. The selectivity of CO2RR products was improved by doping Al onto the surface of octahedral Cu2O by regulating the Al content. The Al–Cu2O was used as an efficient electrocatalyst for CO2RR with selective ethylene production. The Al–Cu2O exhibited a high Faradic efficiency (FEC2H4) of 44.9% at -1.23 V (vs. RHE) in CO2 saturated 0.1 M KHCO3 electrolyte. Charge transferring from Al atom to Cu atom take place after Al doping in Cu2O, thereby optimizing the electronic structure, which facilitates CO2RR to ethylene production. The DFT calculation showed that the Al–Cu2O catalyst can effectively reduce the adsorption energy of the *CHCOH intermediate and promote the mass transfer of charges, thus improving the FEC2H4. After Al doping into Cu2O, the center of d orbitals shift positively, which makes the d–band closer to the Fermi level. Furthermore, the density of electronic states increases, which was conducted to the interaction between Cu atoms and intermediates, thus accelerating the electrochemical CO2 reduction process. This work proved that the metal doping strategy can effectively improve the catalytic properties of Cu2O, thus providing a useful way for CO2 cycling and green production of C2H4.

Bergamot flavonoids have been shown to prevent metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and stimulate autophagy in animal models and patients. To investigate further the mechanism of polyphenol-dependent effects, we performed RT2-PCR array analysis on 168 metabolism, transport and autophagy-related genes expressed in rat livers exposed for 14 weeks to different diets: standard, cafeteria (CAF) and CAF diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg of Bergamot Polyphenol Fraction (BPF). CAF diet caused a strong upregulation of the gluconeogenesis pathway (Gck, Pck2) and a moderate (>1.7 fold) induction of genes regulating lipogenesis (Srebf1, Pparg, Xbp1), lipid and cholesterol transport or lipolysis (Fabp3, Apoa1, Lpl) and inflammation (Il6). However, only one -oxidation gene (Cpt1a) and a few autophagy genes were modulated in the CAF group compared to controls. While most of these transcripts were significantly modulated by BPF, we observed a particularly potent effect on lipogenesis genes, like Acly, Acaca, Fasn and Scd1, which were suppressed far below the mRNA levels of control livers as confirmed by alternative primers-based RT2-PCR analysis and western blotting. These effects were accompanied by downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il6, Tnfa, and Il10) and diabetes-related genes. Few autophagy (Map1Lc3a, Dapk) and no -oxidation gene expression changes were observed, suggesting minor transcriptional effects on autophagy. In conclusion, chronic BPF supplementation efficiently prevents NAFLD by modulating hepatic energy metabolism and inflammation gene expression programs, with no effect on -oxidation, but profound suppression of de-novo lipogenesis.

The work presents a mathematical model of a thermogravimetric curve for the growth and simultaneous sublimation of scale on a metal or alloy surface. Reduction of the reaction area as a result of the formation of oxides of alloying elements (for obtaining the basic oxide) is considered for the alloy. For metals, the case where this area is increased as a result of powder metal crushing is also considered. The equations that were obtained are employed to explain the kinetic curves of the mass change of the samples.

In recent years, the discharge of various emerging pollutants, chemicals and dyes in water and wastewater has represented one of the prominent human problems. Since water pollution is directly related to human health, highly resistant and emerging compounds in aquatic environments will pose many potential risks to the health of all living. Therefore, water pollution is a very acute problem that has constantly increased in recent years with the expansion of various industries. Consequently, choosing efficient and innovative wastewater treatment methods to remove contaminants is crucial. Among advanced oxidation processes, electrochemical oxidation (EO) is the most common and effective method for removing persistent pollutants from municipal and industrial wastewater. However, there are still many gaps despite the great progress in using EO to treat real wastewater. This is due to the lack of comprehensive information on the operating parameters which affect the process and its operating costs. In this paper, among various scientific articles, the impact of operational parameters on the EO performances, a comparison between different electrochemical reactor configurations, and a report on general mechanisms of electrochemical oxidation of organic pollutants have been reported. Moreover, an evaluation of cost analysis and energy consumption requirements have also been discussed. Finally, the combination process between EO and another important advanced oxidation technology, PEC, called photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), has shortly been discussed and reviewed. This article showed that there is a direct relationship between important operating parameters with the amount of costs and the final removal efficiency of emerging pollutants. Optimal operating conditions can be achieved by paying special attention to reactor design, which can lead to higher efficiency and more efficient treatment. The rapid development of EO for removing emerging pollutants from impacted water and its combination with other green methods can result in more efficient approaches to face the pressing water pollution challenge.

To achieve efficient utilization of low-concentration mine gas, reduce resource waste, and alleviate environmental pollution, high-temperature oxidation of low-concentration gas at a concentration range of 1.00% to 1.50% that is directly discharged into the atmosphere during coal mine production was oxidized to recover heat for reuse. The gas oxidation equipment was improved for the heating process, and the safety of low-concentration gas oxidation under high-temperature environment was evaluated. Experimental results showed that the reactor could provide a 1000 ℃ high-temperature oxidation environment for gas oxidation after installing high-temperature resistant ceramics. The pressure variation curves of the reactor with air and different concentrations of gas were similar. Due to the thermal expansion, the air pressure slightly increased and then returned to normal pressure. In contrast, the low-concentration gas exhibited a stable pressure response in the high-temperature environment of 1000 ℃. The outlet pressure was significantly greater than the inlet pressure, and the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet exhibited a trend to increase with the gas concentration. The explosion limit varied with the temperature and the blend with oxidation products. The ratio of measured gas pressure to air pressure after oxidation was below the explosion criterion, indicating that the measured concentration gas is still safe after the shift of explosion limit, which provides a safe concentration range for efficient use of low-concentration gas in the future.

Methionine 77 in calmodulin can be stereospecifically oxidized to methionine sulfoxide by mammalian methionine sulfoxide reductase A. Whether this has in vivo significance is unknown. We therefore created a mutant mouse in which wild-type calmodulin-1 was replaced by a calmodulin containing a mimic of methionine sulfoxide at residue 77. Total calmodulin levels were unchanged in the homozygous M77Q mutant, which is viable and fertile. No differences were observed on learning tests, including the Morris water maze and associative learning. Cardiac stress test results were also the same for mutant and wild type mice. .However, young male and female mice were 20% smaller than wild type mice, although food intake was normal for their weight. Young M77Q mice were notably more active and exploratory than wild type mice. This behavior difference was objectively documented on the treadmill and open field tests. The mutant mice ran 20% longer on the treadmill than controls, and in the open field test, the mutant mice explored more than controls and exhibited reduced anxiety These phenotypic differences bore a similarity to those observed in mice lacking calcium/calmodulin kinase Iiα (CaMKIIα). We then showed that M77Q calmodulin was less effective in activating CaMKIIα than wild type calmodulin. Thus, characterization of the phenotype of a mouse expressing a constitutively active mimic of calmodulin led to the identification of the first calmodulin target that can be differentially regulated by the oxidation state of Met77. We conclude that reversible oxidation of methionine 77 in calmodulin by MSRA can regulate cellular function.

L-glutamate is one the most important excitatory neurotransmitter at central nervous system level and it is implicated in several pathologies. So, it is very important to monitor its variations, in real time in animal models’ brain. Amperometric biosensors have been used because of their very high temporal and spatial resolution, and because suitable for a short to mid-term implantation. The present study aimed to develop and characterize a new glutamate biosensor design that exploits the selectivity of Glutamate Oxidase (GluOx) for l-glutamate, and the capability of a small molecule as propylene glycol (PG) to influence and extend the stability and the activity of enzyme. Different designs were evaluated by modifying the main components in their concentrations to find the most suitable design. Moreover, enzyme concentrations from 100 U/ml up to 200 U/ml were verified and different PG concentrations (1%, 0.1% and 0.05%) were tested. The most suitable selected design was Pt_c/PPD/PEI(1%)₂/GlutOx₅/PG(0.1%) and it was compared to the same already described design loading PEDGE, instead of PG, in terms of over-time performances. PG has proved to be capable of determining an over-time stability of the glutamate biosensor in particular in terms of linear region slope (LRS) up to 21 days.

As one of the most promising ablative fillers, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been used to improve the ablative resistance of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer (EPDM) insulators by facilitating the carbothermal reduction reaction of silica. However, the contribution of MWCNTs to char layer structure of the insulators was unclear. In this work, the effects of MWCNTs on char layer structure and ablative resistance were investigated in different EPDM-based insulators with and without silica. The results showed that adding only 3 phr MWCNTs can reduce the linear ablation rate of EPDM-based insulators without silica by 31.7%, while 6 phr MWCNTs are required to obtain similar results in EPDM-based insulators with silica. Both the char layer morphology of the two insulators gradually evolved into dense porous structure as MWCNTs content increasing, but their formation mechanisms are different. The XRD and Raman spectrum showed that different physicochemical reactions occurred around MWCNTs under different charring components. The proposed ablation mechanism was further verified by designing alternating multilayer distribution of MWCNTs and silica. This work can guide the construction of desirable char layer structure for increasing ablative resistance of EPDM-based insulators.

A mixture of nonlabeled (14N2H4) and 15N labeled hydrazine (15N2H4) in an aqueous solution is oxidized to 15N2, 14N2, and 14N15N molecules, indicating the intermediate existence of the 14NH2-14NH-15NH-15NH2 with subsequent hydrogen transfers and splitting of side N-N bonds. Structures, thermodynamics, and electron characteristics of various N4H6 molecules in aqueous solutions are investigated using theoretical treatment at the CCSD/cc-pVTZ level of theory to explain the crucial part of the hydrazine oxidation reaction. Most N4H6 structures in aqueous solutions are decomposed during geometry optimization. Splitting the bond between central nitrogen atoms is the most frequent, but the breakaway of the side nitrogen is energetically the most preferred. The N-N fissions are enabled by suitable hydrogen rearrangements. Gibbs free energy data indicate the dominant abundance of NH3... N2... NH3 species. The side N atoms have very high negative charges, which should support hydrogen transfers in aqueous solutions. The only stable cyclo-(NH)4…H2 structure has a too high Gibbs energy and breaks the H2 molecule. The remaining initial cyclic structures are split into hydrazine and HN≡NH or H2N≡N species, and their relative abundance in aqueous solutions is vanishing.

Photocatalytic decomposition of ethylene was performed under UV-Led irradiation at the presence of nanocrystalline TiO2 (anatase, 15 nm) supported on the porous nickel foam. Process was carried out in the high temperature chamber with regulated temperature from ambient to 125°C under flow of reacted gas (ethylene in a synthetic air, 50 ppm) with simultaneous FTIR measurements of sample surface. Ethylene was decomposed with higher efficiency in elevated temperatures with maximum of 28% at 100-125°C. The nickel foam used as support for TiO2 allowed to enhance the ethylene decomposition at the temperature of 50°C. However, at 50°C the stability of ethylene decomposition was not retained within the following reaction run, but it was at 100°C. Performed photocatalytic measurements at the presence of some radicals scavengers indicated that higher efficiency of ethylene decomposition was obtained due to the improved separation of charge carriers and increased formation of superoxide anionic radicals, which were formed at the interface of thermally activated nickel foam and TiO2.

Climacteric fruits are characterized by a dramatic increase in autocatalytic ethylene production, which is accompanied by a spike in respiration, at the onset of ripening. The change in the mode of ethylene production from autoinhibitory to auto-stimulatory is known as the system 1 (S1) to system 2 (S2) transition. Existing physiological models explain the basic and overarching genetic, hormonal, and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms governing the S1 to S2 transition of climacteric fruit. However, the links between ethylene and respiration, the two main factors that characterize the respiratory climacteric, have been largely understudied at the molecular level. Results of recent studies indicate that the AOX respiratory pathway may play an important role in mediating cross talk between ethylene response, carbon metabolism, ATP production, and ROS signaling during climacteric ripening. New genomic, metabolic, and epigenetic information sheds light on the interconnectedness of ripening-associated metabolic pathways, necessitating expanding the current, ethylene-centric physiological models. Understanding points at which ripening responses can be manipulated may reveal key, speciesand cultivar-specific targets for regulation of ripening enabling superior strategies for reducing postharvest wastage.

One-dimensional shape memory polymer fibers (SMPFs) have obvious advantages in mechanical properties, dispersion properties and weavability. In this work, a method for fabricating semi-crystallization ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) fiber with two-way shape memory effect by melt spinning and ultraviolet (UV) curing was developed. Here, the effect of crosslink density on its performance was systematically analyzed by gel fraction measurement, tensile tests, DSC and TMA analysis. The results showed that the crosslink density and shape memory properties of EVA fiber could be facilely adjusted by controlling UV curing time. The resulting EVA fiber with cylindrical structure had a diameter of 247.13 ± 10.07 μm, and its mechanical strength and elongation at break were 64.46 MPa and 114.33%, respectively. The critical impact of the crosslink density and applied constant stress on the two-way shape memory effect were analyzed. Moreover, the single EVA fiber could lift more than 143 times its own weight and achieve 9% reversible actuation strain. The reversible actuation capability was significantly enhanced by a simple winding design of the single EVA fiber, which provided great potential applications in smart textiles, flexible actuators and artificial muscles.

The binding of actinide ions (Am(III) and U(VI)) in aqueous solutions by hybrid silica-hyperbranched poly(ethylene imine) nanoparticles (NP) and xerogels (XG) has been studied by means of batch experiments at different pH values (4, 7 and 9) under ambient atmospheric conditions. Both materials present relatively high removal efficiency at pH 4 and pH 7 (&gt; 70%) for Am(III) and U(VI). The lower removal efficiency for the nanoparticles is basically associated with the compact structure of the nanoparticles and the lower permeability and access to active amine groups compared to xerogels, and the negative charge of the radionuclide species formed under alkaline conditions (e.g. UO2(CO3)34- and Am(CO3)2-). Generally, the adsorption process is relatively slow due to the very low radionuclide concentrations used in the study and is basically governed by the actinide diffusion from the aqueous phase to the solid surface. On the other hand, the adsorption is favored with increasing temperature assuming that the reaction is endothermic and entropy-driven, which is associated with increasing randomness at the solid-liquid interphase upon actinide adsorption. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on hybrid silica-hyperbranched poly(ethylene imine) nanoparticle and xerogel materials used as adsorbents for americium and uranium at ultra-trace levels. Compared to other adsorbent materials used for binding americium and uranium ions, both materials show far higher binding efficiency. Xerogels could remove both actinides even from seawater by almost 90%, whereas nanoparticles could remove uranium by 80% and americium by 70%. The above, along with their simple derivatization to increase the selectivity towards a specific radionuclide and their easy processing to be included in separation technologies, could make these materials attractive candidates for the treatment of radionuclide/actinide contaminated water.

Two different silica conformations (Xerogels and Nanoparticles) both formed by the mediation of dendritic poly (ethylene imine) were tested at low pHs on the problematic uranyl cation sorption. The effect of crucial factors i.e., temperature, electrostatic forces, adsorbent composition, accessibility of the pollutant to the dendritic cavities and MW of the organic matrix was investigated to conclude the optimum formulation for water purification under these conditions. This was attained with the aid of UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), ζ-potential; Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) porosimetry, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TG) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Results highlighted that both adsorbents have extraordinary sorp-tion capacity. Xerogels are cost-effective since they approximate the performance of na-noparticles with much lesser organic content. Furthermore, they are more practicable materials since they may penetrate the pores of a metal or ceramic solid substrate in the form of a precursor, gel-forming solution.

A thermal-oxidative aging test at 120°C was condutcted on Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) vulcanizates of the semi-efficient vulcanization system. The effect of thermal-oxidative aging on EPDM vulcanizates was systematically studied by curing kinetics, aging coefficient, cross-linking density, macroscopic physical properties, contact angle, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal decomposition kinetics. The results show that the content of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups as well as the carbonyl index increased with increasing aging time, indicating that EPDM vulcanizates are gradually oxidized and degraded. As a result, the EPDM vulcanized rubber chains were cross-linked, and its conformational transformation was limited and its flexibility was weakened. The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrates the thermal degradation of EPDM vulcanizates had competitive reactions of cross-linking and degradation, and the thermal decomposition curve can be divided into three stages, meanwhile the thermal stability of EPDM vulcanizates gradually decreases with the increase of aging time. The introduction of antioxidant in the system can promote the cross-linking speed and reduce the cross-linking density of EPDM vulcanizates, while inhibiting the surface thermal and oxygen aging reaction. This is attributed to the fact that the antioxidant can reduce the thermal degradation reaction level, but it is not conducive to the formation of a perfect crosslinking network structure and reduce the activation energy of thermal degradation of the main chain.

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the formation, composition, and behaviour of oxide layers during the high-temperature oxidation of four different steel alloys (16Mo3, 13Cr, T24 and P91) at a uniform temperature of 650 °C. The research combines CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) calculations, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and advanced microscopy techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), to elucidate the complex mechanisms controlling oxidation kinetics and oxide layer development. CALPHAD calculations were used to determine the thermodynamically stable phases for each steel type at 650 °C. The results showed different phase compositions, highlighting the importance of steel composition in the formation of oxide layers. Each steel grade exhibited different kinetics, with 16Mo3 steel showing the highest oxidation rate, followed by 13Cr, T24 and P91. This variability highlights the role of steel composition, particularly chromium content, in determining oxidation behaviour. These results have significant implications for temporary overheating in industrial applications and contribute to a deeper understanding of oxidation processes in steels.

Pure titanium is limited to be used in biomedical applications due to its lower mechanical strength compared to its alloy counterpart. To enhance its properties and improve medical implants feasibility, advancements in titanium processing technologies are necessary. One such technique is equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for its severe plastic deformation (SPD). This study aimed to surface modify commercially pure titanium using micro arc oxidation (MAO) technology and mineral solutions containing Ca and P. The composition and shape of the changed surface were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The weight % of Ca and P in the coating was determined using Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and the corrosion resistance was evaluated through potentiodynamic measurement. The behavior of human dental pulp cell and periodontal cell behavior was also studied through a biomedical experiment over a period of 1-, 3-, and 7-days using trypsin as the culture medium and ELISA as the observation method. This study showed that the mechanical grain refinement method and surface modification significantly improved the biomechanical properties of commercially pure (CP) Titanium. Although the results showed variations in the absorbance values of cells cultured on different surfaces, this study provides valuable insights into pulp cell behavior and advances the field of biomedical research.

Abstract Cholesterol has ruled the history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD) for decades, and the transport of cholesterol by lipoproteins has become a cornerstone of our view of etiology of the disease. Discovery of the lipoprotein-specific transport of lipid oxidation products (LOP) has opened a new and exciting area in research of CVD by revealing strong connections between atherogenic LOP, lipoprotein transport functions and CVD. This review goes through the evidence in support of the lipoprotein-specific LOP transport and speculates of possible consequences of the proposed role of lipoprotein LOP transport as a risk factor. Association of lipoprotein LOP with known risk factors of CVD are largely parallel with those of cholesterol, and due to the common transport and cellular intake mechanisms the elucidation of independent effects of either cholesterol or LOP is difficult. Yet, unlike cholesterol, LOP can directly initiate and boost atherogenic processes. It therefore appears inevitable that increasing knowledge of the lipoprotein-specific LOP transport will affect the present view of the role of cholesterol in aetiology and as a risk factor of CVD.

This study aims at investigating the catalytic performance of Pd, Pd/Pt, and Pd/Au nanocatalysts toward the 2-propanol electro-oxidation reaction (2POR) in an alkaline medium. The catalyst components (Pd, Pt, and Au) were sequentially electrodeposited onto a glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface and further characterized using electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry (CV)) and materials (Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX)) characterization methods. The Pd/Au/GC catalyst showed the highest catalytic activity in terms of the highest oxidation current (0.386 mA) and the highest stability in terms of the highest obtained current after 1800 s of continuous electrolysis. This behaviour was attributed to the enhancement in the charge transfer kinetics where the Pd/Au/GC catalysts acquired the lowest charge transfer resistance (Rct, 1.85 kΩ) during the 2POR.

Behavior of supported alloyed and de-alloyed platinum-copper catalysts, which contained 14% - 27% wt. of Pt, was studied in the reactions of methanol electrooxidation (MOR) and oxygen electroreduction (ORR) in 0.1 M HClO4 solutions. Alloyed PtCux/C catalysts were prepared by a multistage sequential deposition of copper and platinum onto a Vulcan XC72 dispersed carbon support. De-alloyed PtCux-y/C catalysts were prepared by PtCux/C materials pretreatment in acid solutions. The effects of the catalysts initial composition and the acid treatment condition on their composition, structure, and catalytic activity in MOR and ORR were studied. Functional characteristics of platinum-copper catalysts were compared with those of commercial Pt/C catalysts when tested, both in an electrochemical cell and in H2/Air membrane-electrode assembly (MEA). It was shown that the acid pretreatment of platinum-copper catalysts practically does not have negative effect on their catalytic activity, but it reduces the amount of copper passing into the solution during the subsequent electrochemical study. The activity of platinum-copper catalysts in the MOR and the current-voltage characteristics of the H2/Air PEMFC MEAs measured in the process of their life tests were much higher than those of the Pt/C catalysts.

Fatty acids and glucose are the main bioenergetic substrates in mammals that are alternatively used during the transition between fasting and feeding. Impairment of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation causes mitochondrial myopathy leading to decreased physical performance. Here, we report that haploinsufficiency of ADCK2, a member of the aarF domain-containing mitochondrial protein kinase family, in human is associated with liver dysfunction and severe mitochondrial myopathy with lipid droplets in skeletal muscle. In order to better understand the etiology of this rare disorder, we generated a heterozygous Adck2 knockout mouse model to perform in vivo and cellular studies using integrated analysis of physiological and omics data (transcriptomics-metabolomics). The data show that Aldh2+/- mice exhibits impaired fatty acid oxidation, liver dysfunction, and mitochondrial myopathy in skeletal muscle resulting in lower physical performance. Significant decrease in CoQ biosynthesis was observed and supplementation with CoQ partially rescued the phenotype both in the human subject and mouse model. These results indicate that ADCK2 is involved in organismal fatty acid metabolism and in CoQ biosynthesis in skeletal muscle. We propose that patients with isolated myopathies and myopathies involving lipid accumulation be tested for possible ADCK2 defect as they are likely to be responsive to CoQ supplementation.

This paper presents results from numerical and experimental investigation on Charpy tests in order to point out failure mechanisms and to evaluate new polymeric blends PP+PA6+EPDM. Charpy tests were done for initial velocity of the impactor of 0.96 m/s and its mass of 3.219 kg and these data were also introduced in the finite element model. The proposed model take into account the system of four balls, including support and the ring of fixing the three balls and it has a finer discretization of the impact area to highlight the mechanisms of failure and their development in time. The constitutive models for four materials (polypropylene with 1% Kritilen, two blends PP+PA6+EPDM and a blend PA6+EPDM) were derived from tensile tests. Running simulations for each constitutive model of material makes possible to differentiate the destruction mechanisms according to the material introduced in the simulation, including the initiation and the development of the crack(s), based on equivalent plastic strain at break (EPS) for each material. The validation of the model and the simulation results was done qualitatively, analysing the shape of broken surfaces and comparing them to SEM images and quantitatively by comparing the impact duration, energy absorbed by the sample, the value of maximum force during impact. The duration of the destruction of the specimen is longer than the actual one, explainable by the fact that the material model does not take into account the influence of the material deformation speed in Charpy test, the model being designed with the help of tests done at 0.016 m/s (1000 mm/min) (maximum strain rate for the tensile tests). Experimental results are encouraging for recommending the blends 20% PP+42% PA6+28% EPDM and 60% PA6+ 40%EPDM as materials for impact protection at low velocity (1m/s). Simulation results are closer to the experimental ones for the more brittle tested materials (with less content of PA6 and EPDM) and more distanced for the more ductile materials (with higher content of PA6 and EPDM).

Postharvest 1-MCP treatment can inhibit lignification of fruit and vegetables. It has been suggested that the mode of action of 1-MCP is through inhibiting ethylene production, but the effect of 1-MCP and ethylene on lignification of common bean remain unknown. This work compared the effect of 0.5 μL L-1 1-MCP and 100 μL L-1 ethylene on lignification of common bean during storage. Postharvest 1-MCP significantly inhibited the increase of lignified cell group, sclerenchyma became thicker, vascular bundles thickened and lignified cells grew during storage, while ethylene is the opposite. 1-MCP inhibited the increase in respiration rate, sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and peroxidase (POD) activities, whereas ethylene hastened all. Ethylene treatment can be stimulated and 1-MCP inhibited the decline of reducing sugar and cellulose content. Expression of genes, including PvACO1, PvAOG1, PvSuSy, PvPAL3, and Pv4CL1, PvCOMT1 together with lignin content were significantly increased in common bean during storage. 1-MCP treatment markedly inhibited expression of PvACO1, PvSuSy2, PvPAL3, Pv4CL1 and PvCOMT1 genes, while strengthened expression of PvETR1 and PvAOG1, while ethylene was opposite. This work provides evidence that ethylene plays a key role in regulating the lignin biosynthesis of common bean, and also provides strategies for the maintenance of fruit quality during storage.

This work demonstrated the potential of CNC as a substitute for PEG as an additive in ultrafiltration membrane fabrication. Two sets of modified membranes were fabricated using the phase inversion technique with polyethersulfone (PES) as the base polymer, and 1-N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent. The first set was fabricated with 0.075 wt% CNC, while the second set was fabricated with 2 wt% PEG. All membranes were characterized using SEM, EDX, FTIR, and contact angle measurements. The SEM images were analyzed for surface characteristics using WSxM 5.0 Develop 9.1 software. The membranes were tested, characterized, and compared for their performance in treating both synthetic turbid water and real restaurant Both membranes exhibited improved hydrophilicity, morphology, pore structure, and roughness. Both membranes also exhibited similar water flux for real and synthetic polluted water. However, the membrane prepared with CNC gave the higher turbidity removal and COD removal when raw restaurant water was treated. The membrane compared well with the UF membrane containing 2 wt% PEG in terms of morphology and performance when synthetic turbid water and raw restaurant water were treated.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is an inert, water soluble polymer, used for decades in pharmaceuticals. Although PEG is considered safe, concerns persist about the potential adverse effects of long-term exposure to PEG-containing therapies, specifically in children, following the introduction of PEGylated recombinant factor products used for the treatment of hemophilia. Given the absence of long-term surveillance data, and to evaluate the potential risk, we estimated PEG exposure in the pediatric population receiving US Food and Drug Administration-approved parenteral therapies with pediatric indications. We used a range of pediatric weights and doses based on prescribing information (PI) or treatment guidelines. PIs and reporting websites were searched for information about adverse events (AEs). For a child weighing 50 kg on the highest prophylactic dose of a FVIII product, the range of total PEG exposure was 40–21,840 mg/year; for FIX products, the range was 13–1342 mg/year; and for other products, the range was 383–26,743 mg/year, primarily as a derivative excipient. No AE patterns attributable to PEG were found for any of these products, including potential renal, neurological, or hepatic AEs. Our analyses suggest the pediatric population has had substantial exposure to PEG for several decades, with no evidence of adverse consequences.

Two isotropic pitches were prepared by air blowing and nitrogen distillation method using ethylene tar (ET) as a raw material. And correspondent carbon fibers were obtained through conventional melt spinning, stabilization and carbonization. The structures and properties of resultant pitches and fibers were characterized and their differences were discussed in this work. The results showed that introduction of the oxygen by air blowing method could quickly increase the yield and softening point of pitch. Moreover, the air blown pitch (ABP) composed of linear methylene chains of aromatic molecules while the nitrogen distilled pitch (NDP) mainly contained polycondensed aromatic rings, which was due to the oxygen containing functional groups existed in ABP could impede order stack of pitch molecules and form methylene bridge structure, instead of aromatic condensed structure like NDP. Meanwhile, the spinnability of ABP was not decreased even containing 2.31 wt% oxygen. In contrast, ABP had narrower molecular weight distribution, which contributed to better stabilization properties and higher tensile strength of carbon fiber. The tensile strength of carbon fibers from ABP was reached to 860 MPa with fiber diameter of about 10 μm, which was higher than that of NDP-derived carbon fibers of 640 MPa.

In the present work, effect of basic components on the energy pathway of ethylene oligomerization by landmark Chevron-Phillips catalyst has been explored in detail using density functional theory (DFT). Studied factors were chosen considering the main components of Chevron-Phillips catalyst, i.e. ligand, cocatalyst and halocarbon compounds, comprising i) the type of alkyl substituents in pyrrole ligand as methyl, iso-propyl, tert-butyl, and phenyl, as well as the simple hydrogen, and the electronwithdrawing fluoro and trifluoromethyl; ii) the number of Cl atoms in Al-compound (as AlMe2Cl, AlMeCl2 and AlCl3) which indicates halocarbon amount and iii) cocatalyst type as alkylboron, alkylaluminium, or alkylgallium. Besides main ingredients, solvent effect, from toluene or methylcyclohexane, on oligomerization pathway was explored as well. In this regard, the full catalytic cycles for the main product (1-hexene) formation as well as side reactions, i.e. 1-butene release and chromacyclononane formation, were calculated on the basis of the metallacycle based mechanism. Based on results, a modification on the Chevron-Phillips catalyst system, to reach higher 1-hexene selectivity and activity, is suggested.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of different rearing systems (organic, conventional and traditional) on the physicochemical properties and oxidation states of pork meat. Samples (M.biceps femoris) were obtained from producers directly 3 days after slaughtering. Chemical composition (dry matter, protein, collagen, fat, ash), colour (L*, a*, b*) and oxidation state (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances -TBARS, free fatty acid -FFA and antioxidant capacity-2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) of the meat samples were determined. The results indicated that the rearing system affects most of the evaluated parameters. The significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) was observed in colour parameter L* and b*, where the conventional pork was darker and the organic pork yellower. Total protein content in meat of conventional pigs was higher, whereas the fat content in the meat of organically reared pigs was higher than the meat of pigs from both other rearing systems. Organic pork was more susceptible to oxidation process due to its higher TBARS and FFA values and lower antioxidant capacity, which may result in inferior technological properties of meat.

As a major coal country, China faces the issue of significant gas emissions during the coal mining process. This study aims to improve the utilization efficiency of mine gas, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote the low-carbon and green transformation of the coal industry. A 10kW gas regenerative thermal oxidation (RTO) experimental system was constructed. The effects of initial methane concentration, low-temperature flue gas proportion, and operating load on combustion temperature, methane oxidation rate, high-temperature flue gas energy, and system thermal efficiency were studied. The results show that when the combustion temperature is below 600°C, the CH4 combustion reaction cannot proceed effectively, and the system temperature continuously decreases and cannot be maintained stable. The experiment determines the stable operating methane concentration range of RTO. In this experimental system, the lower limit of the initial methane concentration is 0.28%, corresponding to an 86% methane oxidation rate. As the initial methane concentration decreases, the combustion temperature also decreases, and the methane oxidation rate follows suit. The higher the low-temperature flue gas proportion, the higher the combustion temperature, and the system thermal efficiency and output heat decrease with the increase of the low-temperature flue gas proportion. This experiment explores multiple factors affecting regenerative thermal oxidation, providing an basis for ensuring the safe and stable operation of the system and optimization. Improving the thermal insulation and heat exchange performance of the storage body can expand the lower limit of the initial methane concentration, thereby increasing the stability and thermal efficiency of the system.

Swarf of aluminum alloy with high corrosion resistance and ductility was successfully converted into fine hydroreactive powders via its ball milling with silver powder and either lithium chloride or gallium. The later substances significantly intensified particle size reduction, while silver formed ‘cathodic’ sites (Ag, Ag2Al) promoting Al corrosion in aqueous saline solutions with hydrogen generation. The diffraction patterns, microphotographs, and elemental analysis results demonstrated partial aluminum oxidation in the samples and their contamination with tungsten carbide from milling balls. Those effects were responsible for obtaining hydrogen yields lower than expected. For AlCl3 solution at 60 °C, Al–LiCl–Ag, Al–LiCl, Al–Ga–Ag, and Al–Ga composites delivered (84.6±0.2), (86.8±1.4), (80.2±0.5), and (76.7±0.7)% of the expected hydrogen respectively. Modification with Ag promoted Al oxidation thus providing higher hydrogen evolution rates. The samples with Ag were tested in CaCl2 solution as well, for which the reaction proceeded much slower. At a higher temperature (80 °C) after 3 h of experiment, the hydrogen yields for Al–LiCl–Ag and Al–Ga–Ag powders were (46.7±2.1) and (31.8±1.9)%. The tested Ag-modified composite powders were considered promising for hydrogen generation and had a potential for further improvement to provide higher performance.

Nowadays, the world's refractory gold ore production accounts for about 30% of the world's total gold, such gold concentrate leaching rate is low, seriously limiting the efficient use of gold resources. The alkaline preoxidation process can improve the leaching rate of this kind of gold deposit, and has a good development and application prospect. So, it is of great significance to study the oxidation and dissolution behavior of pyrite in alka-line environment. In this paper, the oxidation process of gold-bearing pyrite in alkaline electrolyte was studied by electrochemical techniques, and the oxidation products of pyrite electrode in alkaline solution were characterized by XPS，SEM and other analytical methods. The results show that the optimum pH for pyrite electrochemical oxidation dissolution is about 12, and oxidation potential of pyrite should be above 0.8 V. In that proces of alkaline oxidation dissolution of pyrite, part of S element enters the electrolyte in the form of Sx2-, S2O32-, SO32-and SO42-, and a small amount of S element is adsorbed on the surface of the electrode in the form of S0 and becomes a part of the passive layer. Fe element is adsorbed on the surface of electrode in the form of Fe(OH)2, Fe2O3 and Fe2(SO4)3, which becomes the main component of passivation layer. This study provides a theoretical basis and reference data for the chemical preoxidation treatment of sulfide ores.

In this study, effects of molecular structure transformation of canna starch (CS) in oxidation condition on physicochemical characteristics of thermoplastic starch were examined. Thermoplastic starch (TPS) samples of CS and respective oxidized starch (in 1, 3 and 5% of sodium hypochlorite, w/w) were prepared by using an internal mixer with the presence of 30 wt% of glycerol as plasticizer. The physicochemical, morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties of native starch-based TPS (NTPS) and oxidized starch-based TPS (OTPS) samples were evaluated. The content of carboxyl and carbonyl groups in oxidized canna starch (OCS) increased with the increase in the content of oxidant, leading to an improvement in the plasticization of CS. FTIR spectra of OTPS samples showed the stronger interaction between oxidized starch and plasticizer. SEM images of fracture surface indicated that the morphology of OTPS samples were smoother than that of NTPS samples. XRD patterns confirmed that the crystallite type of starches was also clearly changed after extrusion process and the decrease in crystallinity of OTPS samples is attributed to effects of both oxidation and plasticization. DSC results indicated that Tg of OTPS was greatly influenced by the carbonyl and carboxyl content and the higher content of these groups in oxidized starched could help the plasticization becomes easier. The better plasticization in OTPS samples resulted in the better mechanical properties and thermal stability of OTPS. The outcome suggested that the use of oxidized starch is an effective method to improve the plasticization in preparing thermoplastic starch.

A simple fabrication method in the surface modification of electroosmotic silicon microchannel using thermal dry oxidation is presented. The surface modification is done by coating the silicon surface with a silicon dioxide (SiO₂) layer using thermal oxidation process. The process is aimed not only to improve the surface quality of the channel to be suitable for electroosmotic fluid transport but also to reduce the channel width using a simple technique. Initially, the parallel microchannel array with dimensions of 0.5 mm length and width ranging from 1.8 µm to 2 µm are created using plasma etching on the 2x2 cm <100> silicon substrate. The oxidation of silicon channel in a thermal chamber is then conducted to create the SiO₂ layer. The layer properties and the quality of the surface are analyzed using SEM and surface profiler, respectively. The results show that the maximum oxidation growth rate occurs in the first 4 hours of oxidation time and the rate decreases by time as the oxide layer becomes thicker. It is also found that the surface roughness is reduced with the increase of process temperature and oxide thickness. The scallop effect on the vertical wall due to plasma etching process also improved with the presence of the oxide layer. After the oxidation, the channel width is reduced by ~40%. The demonstrated method is suggested for the fabrication of a uniform channel cross section with high aspect ratio in sub-micro and nanometer scale that will be useful for the electroosmotic flow (EOF) manipulation of the biomedical fluid sample.

Titanium alloys belong to the metal biomaterials that are one of the most widely used in medicine. In recent years, in order to reduce the use of vanadium, Ti6Al4V alloy is increasingly replaced by Ti6Al7Nb alloy. In addition, to ensure the best possible biocompatibility, its surface is subjected to appropriate modifications, for example, anodic oxidation. Despite the extensive use of anodic oxidation of titanium implants in orthopedics, there are few works focused on a detailed analysis of the chemical composition of the surface layers. In addition, the effect of treatments before anodic oxidation on the properties of the produced layer has not been analyzed. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze in detail the chemical composition of the passive layer of Ti6Al7Nb alloy obtained by anodic oxidation preceded by sandblasting. Moreover, the physicochemical properties of the analyzed surface affecting biocompatibility were determined. For this purpose, surface observation, wettability and roughness tests, microhardness tests, electrochemical tests and phase composition analysis were carried out. In addition, the preclinical suitability, of the surface modified in this way, was evaluated by cytotoxicity tests.

The development of oxidation processes with generating powerful radicals is the most interesting and thought-provoking dimension of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. In this study, a magnetic spinel CuFe2O4 was successfully prepared by a facile, non-toxic, cost-efficient co-precipitation method with the synergetic effect of photocatalytic PMS oxidation against recalcitrant benzotriazole (BTA) pollutant. The high particle dispersion and large surface area (201.898 m2/g) provided a high photocatalytic activity with CuFe2O4. The obtained results from the central composite design (CCD) analysis confirmed the optimum degrading rate of BTA reached 81.4% at the optimum operational condition of CuFe2O4= 0.4 g/L, PMS= 2 mM, BTA= 20 mg/L after 70 min irradiation time. As such, the active species capture experiments revealed the presence of •OH, SO4•‒, O2•‒ and h+ species in CuFe2O4/UV/PMS system where SO4•‒ was dominated for BTA photodegradation. The combination of photocatalysis and PMS activation enhanced the consumption of metal ions in redox cycle reactions, thus preventing metal leaching and maintain the recyclability with reasonable mineralization efficiency which achieved more than 40% total organic carbon removal after four batch experiments. A retardant effect on BTA oxidation was observed with comparing the water’s common anion constituents as HCO3‒ > Cl‒ > NO3‒ > SO2‒. Results from intermediates identification showed that the transformation pathway of BTA developed as the deprotonation, hydrolysis and ring cleavage processes promoting the practical potential of photo-absorbing CuFe2O4 catalyzed PMS which can be a promising method due to convenient magnetic separation form the solution.

In this work we explored how solvents can affect olefin oxidation reactions catalyzed by MCM-bpy-Mo catalysts and whether their control can be made with those players. The results of this study evidenced that polar and apolar aprotic solvents modulated the reactions in different ways. Experimental data showed that acetonitrile (aprotic polar) could hinder largely the reaction rate whereas toluene (aprotic apolar) did not. In both cases product selectivity at isoconversion was not affected. Further insights were obtained by means of neutron diffraction experiments, which confirmed the kinetic data allowing to propose a model based on substrate-solvent crosstalk by means of hydrogen bonding. In addition, the model was also validated in the ring-opening reaction (overoxidation) of styrene oxide towards benzaldehyde, which progressed when toluene was the solvent (reaching 31% styrene oxide conversion) but was strongly hindered when acetonitrile was used instead (reaching only 7% conversion), due to the establishment of H-bonds in the latter. Although this model was confirmed and validated for olefin oxidation reactions, it can be envisaged that it may also be applied to other catalytic reaction systems where reaction control is critical, while widening its use.

In this research paper a novel Ultra Violet Photo Catalyst Oxidation (UVPCO) sensor for air and surface sanitization using Common Source (CS) amplifier is presented. The ultra violet photo catalysis is the process in which the highly reactive radicals like H+, OH-and peroxides ions are produced from air in the presence of the ultra violet radiation and photo catalyst. In this process, the free radicals outbreaks the bio aerosols like bacteria, fungus and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and destroy them. The proposed system is relies on the fast operation of PCS which operates under sub-threshold conditions and reduced computation time. The properties of common source amplifier like very high voltage gain and input output resistance increased the sensitivity as well as stability of the circuit. The system is more user friendly and the outcomes of simulation are fairly in agreement with the theoretical estimation. Keywords: bio aerosol, Photo Catalytic Oxidation (PCO), hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, SPICE, surface sanitizer.

Solid oxide cells are capable of efficiently converting various chemical energy carriers to electricity and vice versa. The urgent challenge nowadays is the faster degradation rate compared with other fuel cell/electrolyzer technologies. To understand the degradation mechanisms, simulation of a solid oxide cell is helpful. Since most previous research developed models using commercial software, such as COMSOL and ANSYS Fluent, a gap for knowledge transfer is being gradually formed between academia and industry due to licensing issues. This paper introduces a multiphysics model, developed by a computational code, openFuelCell2. The code is implemented with an open-source library, OpenFOAM. It accounts for momentum transfer, mass transfer, electrochemical reactions and metal interconnect oxidation. The model can precisely predict I-V curves under different temperatures, fuel humidity and operation modes. Comparison between OpenFOAM and COMSOL simulations shows good agreement. The metal interconnect oxidation is modelled, which can predict the thickness of the oxide scale under different protective coatings. Simulations are conducted by assuming an ultra-thin film resistance on the rib surface. It is revealed that coatings fabricated by atmospheric plasma spraying can efficiently prevent metal interconnect oxidation, with a contribution of only 0.53 \% to the total degradation rate.

An understanding of the mechanism underlying fruit ripening is critical for fruit quality improvement. Although post-harvest ethylene application is known to enhance the onset of fruit ripening, exact mechanisms remain unclear. To characterize the fruit ripening process and mechanism, we investigated the effects of exposing kiwifruit cultivars ‘Hayward’ and ‘Gamrok’ to exogenous ethylene treatment post-harvest using comprehensive proteomic analyses. Comparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that most of the proteins aggregated in ethylene-treated samples compared to the control (non-treated). We observed that among all ethylene treatments, 95 proteins from ‘Hayward’ and 106 from ‘Gamrok’ were differentially expressed. Interestingly, among the elicited protein successfully identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 50% from “Hayward’ and 60% from ‘Gamrok’ are associated with fruit ripening. Furthermore, 18% and 10% of proteins, respectively, are associated with defense response, whereas other major proteins are related to protein biosynthesis and photosynthesis/Calvin cycle. Interactions between identified proteins were demonstrated by bioinformatic analysis, providing insights into biological pathways and molecular functions in post-harvest kiwifruit ripening elicited by ethylene application. The present proteomic study in accordance with physiological analysis provides a quantitative evaluation of fruit ripening in response to exogenous ethylene in post-harvest kiwifruit.

Background: Patterns of humoral immune responses represent a major hurdle in terms of pig-to-human xenotransplantation approaches. The best-known xenogeneic glycan antigens pre-sent in pigs are the αGal (Galili-antigen) and the non-human sialic acid Neu5Gc. As there are further differences between porcine and human cellular surface glycosylation, a much broader range of glycan epitopes with xeno-reactive relevance can be anticipated. Therefore, we set-out to chemically modify porcine cellular surface glycans in a global approach by applying sodium peri-odate (NaIO4) oxidation. Methods: Porcine endothelial cells were exposed to oxidation with 1 to 5 mM NaIO4 for different time periods at 37°C or 4°C and under static or dynamic conditions. The impact on cellular sur-vival was determined applying live/dead-assays. Oxidation of αGal-epitopes was assessed by flu-orescence microscopy-based quantification of isolectin-B4 (IL-B4) staining. Overall immunogenic-ity of porcine cells was determined by human serum antibody binding. Results: Treatment of porcine endothelial cells and tissues with NaIO4 led to a reduced binding of the αGal-specific IL-B4 and/or human serum antibodies. NaIO4 revealed to be cytotoxic when performed at elevated temperature and for prolonged time. However, by applying 2 mM NaIO4 for 60 min at 4°C a high extent of cellular viability and a relevant reduction of detectable αGal epitope were observed. No differences were detected irrespectively on whether the cells were oxi-dized under static or flow conditions. Conclusion: Glycan epitopes on living cells can be oxidized with NaIO4 while maintaining their viability. Accordingly, this strategy holds promise to prevent immune reactions mediated by pre-formed anti-glycan antibodies.

This review focus on a critical analysis of nanocatalysts for Advanced Reductive Processes (ARP) and Oxidation Processes (AOP) designed for the degradation of poly/perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water. Ozone, ultraviolet and photocatalyzed ARP and/or AOP will be the basic treatment technologies. Besides the review of the nanomaterials with greater potential as catalyst for advanced processes of PFAS in water, the perspectives for its future development considering sustainability considerations will be discussed. Moreover, a brief analysis of the current state of the art of the ARP and AOP for the treatment of PFAS in water will be presented.

The screening and treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) using Na₂FeO₄ has been explored. Elemental composition was performed using an ICP-OES for the raw and treated AMD. The AMD samples were collected from three different sampling sites (RTW1, RTW2 and RTW3) in Pretoria, South Africa with acidic pH ranging between 2.50 and 3.13. Total dissolved solids and Electrical Conductivity of AMD samples ranged between 960 and > 1000 mg. L^-1, 226 and 263 µS. cm^-1, respectively. The final pH of treated water samples increased up to ≥ 9.5 after treatment with Na₂FeO₄. Sodium ferrate showed dual functions by removing metals and raising the pH of the treated water. Concentrations of most trace elements were not complying with WHO and DWAF guideline standards in raw AMD while after treatment with Na₂FeO₄ the concentrations were below guidelines for domestic and irrigation purposes.

Different water treatment regiments are revealed to have potential in enriching antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based disinfection techniques have been studied widely in the recent times due to their advantages over conventional treatment methods. However, bacterial response and adaptations against the hostile environments of AOPs is not clearly understood yet. Based on the existing knowledge on the ways in which bacteria surpass the antibiotic treatment, here we propose few important aspects of bacterial adaptation which could be true for AOPs as well since both antibiotics and AOPs generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) during their modes of action. We discuss the plausible role of ROS in the selection of ARB and bacterial heterogeneity as a strategy to bypass the lethal action of AOPs. Understanding bacterial adaptation during disinfection plays a vital role in devising strategies to outclass the bacterial survival. Hence, more importance should be given to such studies in the near future for the successful implementation of AOPs.

This study investigates the role of oxygen vacancy on Fe-doped CeO₂ catalyst activity for soot oxidation. The oxygen vacancy was assessed through Ce³⁺ content. The Fe content was varied between 0 and 30% for two catalyst preparation methods, co-precipitation (CP) and solution combustion synthesis (SCS). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that ceria exists as both Ce₄₊ and Ce₃₊, while iron is present only as Fe₃₊. The catalyst’s activity was evaluated by ignition (T10) and combustion (T50) temperatures using thermogravimetric analysis. Optimum Fe contents yielding the highest activity were found to be 10% and 5% for CP and SCS catalysts, respectively. The surface area and morphology have shown moderate effect on catalyst activity, because catalytic soot oxidation involves solid-solid contact. More importantly, regardless of the fabrication method, it was found that Ce₃₊ content, which is closely related to oxygen vacancies, plays the most important role in affecting the catalyst activity.

Carbon supported nanoparticles of monometallic Ni catalyst and binary Ni-Transition Metal (Ni-TM/C) electrocatalytic composites were synthesized via chemical reduction method, where TM stands for the doping elements Fe, Co, and Cu. The chemical composition, structure and morphology of the Ni-TM/C materials were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The electrochemical properties towards hydrogen oxidation reaction in alkaline medium were studied using the rotating disc electrode and cycling voltammetry methods. A significant role of the TM dopant in the promotion of the hydrogen electrooxidation kinetics of the binary Ni-TM/C materials were revealed. A record-high in exchange current density value of 0.060 mA cm²_Ni was measured for Ni₃Fe₁/C, whereas the monometallic Ni/C counterpart has only shown 0.039 mA cm²_Ni. In order to predict the feasibility of the electrocatalysts for hydrogen chemisorption, density functional theory was applied to calculate the hydrogen binding energy and hydroxide binding energy values for bare Ni and Ni₃TM₁.

The processing of alkanes (the main components of natural gas) for obtaining of industrially important chemical products is one of the most urgent environmental problems, because the major share of raw materials are burned in torches. Therefore, the main goal of the work is the development of catalysts and conditions for obtaining of important petrochemical products from light alkanes. For the preparation of catalysts, Mo, Cr and Ga oxide catalysts as well as catalysts based on heteropoly compounds, supported on natural materials were used. The catalysts were prepared by the capillary impregnation method and used in oxidative conversion in a flowing unit while varying the process conditions. It has been determined that 5 and 10% MoCrGa catalysts are optimal for obtaining of liquid and gaseous products, and 1% catalyst is more favorable for the synthesis of gaseous products. Supported catalysts from heteropoly acid Н₃PW₁₂O₄₀ are highly active in oxidative dehydrogenation and cracking processes, which are concurrent. High activity is caused by dispersity of catalysts, formation of crystal hydrates and amorphous phase of heteropoly acid in a condition of interaction with carrier. Maximum yield of C₂H₄ - 35.2% at 973 K, C₃H₆ – 20.0% and C₄H₈ – 14.3% at 773 К were observed.

The direct methane to methanol (MTM) oxidation is a grand challenge in catalysis, with profound economical implications for the modern chemical industry. Bioinspired metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with active iron and copper sites have been emerging very recently as innovative catalytic platforms to accomplish the MTM conversion under mild conditions. This review discusses the current state of the art regarding the application of MOFs with iron and copper catalytic centers to perform the MTM reaction, with a focus on the diverse spectroscopic techniques used to unveil the electronic and structural properties of the MOF catalysts at a microscopic level. We explore the synthetic strategies employed to incorporate iron and copper sites into different MOF topologies, the efficiency and selectivity of the iron- and copper-bearing MOF catalysts, and the ensuing MTM reaction mechanisms proposed on the basis of spectroscopic characterization supported by theory. In particular, we evidence how the combination of complementary spectroscopic tools probing different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum is particularly useful to reach a satisfactory understanding of the key reaction pathways and intermediates. Finally, we provide a critical perspective on future directions to advance the use of MOFs to accomplish the MTM reaction.

MnO₂ nanoparticles are considered nanozymes with intrinsic peroxidase-like activity and there are several reports on their application in the field of nanozyme-based sensing and detection, however, up to now, there is no report on the investigation of their biochemical and kinetics properties toward enzyme-mediated oxidations. Hence, in this work, the MnO₂ nanozymes were synthesized and characterized with different characterization methods. Thereafter, their biochemical properties including pH stability, thermal stability, and salt stability as well as their kinetics perfromances were evaluated toward n-electron irreversible oxidation of 3,3’-diaminobezedine. The results showed that the as-prepared nanozymes reveal their maximal enzyme-like activity over a wide pH range of 3.0-6.0 at a temperature of 23-25 ℃ toward oxidation of 3,3’-diaminobezedine. Besides, the salt stability studies exhibited that the as-mentioned nanozymes can save their maximal activity over a wide range of high salt concentrations over 3-7 M of NaCl. Moreover, the kinetics studies revealed a K_m as low as 1.6 mM and a V_max as high as 47 nM sec^-1 for the MnO₂ nanozymes toward irreversible oxidation of DAB to produce the brown-colored polyDAB.

The conversion of methane into chemicals is of interest to achieve a decarbonized future. Fuel cells are electrochemical devices commonly used to obtain electrical energy, but can be utilized either for chemicals production or both energy and chemicals cogeneration. In this work, the partial oxidation of methane in fuel cells for electricity generation and valuable chemicals production at the same time is reviewed. For this purpose, different types of methane-fed fuel cells, both low temperature fuel cells, such as PEMFCs and AAEMFCs, and high temperature fuel cells, such as SOFCs, have been used. Also if few works have been devoted to this topic, the promising results drive the development of fuel cells using methane as the source for the cogeneration of power and valuable chemicals.

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) strain P3 and mutant strain P3-M2 with antioxidant properties on fermented sausage flavour via lipid and protein oxidation inhibition were investigated. The commerical strain was used to as positive control (control group). Results showed that P3 and P3-M2 had the ability of reducing lipid and protein oxidantion during fermentation. The increase of lipoxygenase activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were retarded. Metmyoglobin(MetMb) content relatively decreased significantly(p < 0.05), while sulfhydryl group contents were significantly higher than those in the control((p < 0.05). Futhermore, changes in protein bands were confrimed with the less protein oxidation with P3-M2 than P3 and the control. Additionally, strain P3 and P3-M2 significantly enhanced the type and relative content of esters after fermented (p < 0.05), indicating that strain P3 and P3-M2 contributed to the production of flavor substances. These results revealed that L. plantarum strains with antioxidant properties were a promising approach in inhibiting lipid and protein oxidation of chinese sausage, maintaining the stable natural structure of protein, simultaneously improve the quality of sausage and promote the sausage to form a better flavor.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in plant development and postharvest properties of fruits. However, studies on regulation of kiwifruit ripening by GABA are scarce. Here, we evaluted physicochemical characters and the expression profile of genes related to ripening in hardy kiwifruit treated with exogenous GABA compared to control during postharvest storage period. The results showed that (1) exogenous GABA treatment not only improved the fruit quality but also inhibited respiration rate and ethylene production, as well as reduced the enzyme activities of ACC oxidase (ACO) and ACC synthase (ACS), via down-regulating the expression of AaACO1 and AaACO3, AaACS1 and AaACS2 during kiwifruit storage period; (2) on the one hand, overexpression of AaGAD1 or AaGAD4 gene which is involved in GABA biosynthesis inhibited ethylene production by reducing the enzyme activities of ACO and ACS, whereas silencing of AaGAD1 or AaGAD4 gene led to the reverse effect. On the other hand, overexpression of AaGAD1 or AaGAD4 decreased the expression levels of AaACO1 and AaACO3, AaACS1 and AaACS2, whereas silencing of AaGAD1 or AaGAD4 gene increased the expression levels of these four genes. Above all, our findings demonstrate that exogenous GABA treatment could improve the storage quality and extend the shelf life of kiwifruit, Additionally, the content of GABA was participated in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis at the molecular level.

Co/TiO2 catalysts with different cobalt loadings (3.8, 7.5 and 15 wt%) were prepared by impreg-nation method of Co(NO3)2 .6H2O over titania. Samples containing Co(NO3)2 .6H2O and TiO2 in stoichiometric proportions in order to obtain CoTiO3 and Co2 TiO4 phases were also synthesized. The effect of the calcination treatment at two different temperatures, 550 and 1150 °C was investigated. Characterizations by several techniques, such as XRD UV-vis-NIR, DRS, Raman and XPS were carried out. XRD showed the coexistence of three phases: CoTiO3; Co2TiO4 and Co3O4 after calci-nation at 550°C, while the calcination at high temperature (1150°C) leads to single-phase systems (CoTiO3 or Co2TiO4). Diffuse reflection and XPS spectroscopy showed that divalent cobalt occupies octahedral sites in the ilmenite phase and both tetrahedral and octahedral sites in the spinel phase. The catalytic performances of the prepared catalysts, calcined at the two different temperatures, were evaluated in the oxidative dehydrogenation reaction (ODH) of ethane to ethylene. The con-version values were almost comparable for all the samples, calcined at 550 °C, and comparable the ethylene selectivity were recorded, slightly higher only in the case of CoTiO3. The calcination at 1150°C did not modify the overall activity (ethane conversion values around 20%), however, the production of COx becomes more significant. The study examined the influence of the reaction mixture composition, specifically the presence of water, and reveals a slight increase in the yield of ethylene accompanied by a decrease in the overall catalyst activity. This behavior is likely attributed to an increase in the surface concentration of hydroxyl species (OH), resulting in heightened surface acidity.

Pt-coated Ni layer supported on Ni foam catalyst (denoted PtNi/Nifoam) was investigated for the oxidation of the formic acid (FAO) in acidic media. The prepared PtNi/Ni foam catalyst was studied as a function of the formic acid (FA) concentration at bare Pt and PtNi/Nifoam catalysts. The catalytic activity of the PtNi/Nifoam catalysts, studied on the basis of the ratio of the direct and indirect current peaks (jd)/(jnd) for the FAO reaction, showed values about 10 times higher compared to those on bare Pt, particularly at a low formic acid concentrations, reflecting the superiority of the former catalysts for the oxidation of FA to CO2. Ni foams provide a large surface area for the FOR while synergistic effects between Pt nanoparticles and Ni-oxy species layer on Ni foams contribute significantly to the enhanced oxidation of FA via the direct pathway, making it almost equal to the indirect pathway, particularly at low formic acid concentrations.

This work presents the electrochemical degradation of the herbicide Diuron by anodic oxidation on a Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 dimensionally stable anode (DSA) using sulfate as electrolyte. The study includes the influence of the Diuron concentration and the current density on the anodic oxidation. The results evidence a first-order degradation, with the highest degradation capacity achieved at 40 mA cm2 and an initial Diuron concentration of 38 mg L1. Nevertheless, in terms of efficiency and energy demand, the operation at 10 mA cm2 is favored due to the more efficient and less energy-consuming condition. To discern the optimum design and operation conditions, this work presents the results of a preliminary technical-economical analysis, demonstrating that, to minimize the total costs of the system, it is recommended to seek the most efficient conditions, i.e., the conditions demanding the lowest applied charges with the highest Diuron degradation. At the same time, attention must be given to the required cell voltage to not increase excessively the operating costs.

Benzaldehyde and its derivatives are used as food supplements, due to their properties as anti-oxidants and mainly as organoleptic substances. The degradation of these aldehydes produces benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol derivatives, both of which present high toxicity levels. On the other hand, peroxynitrite acts as an oxidizing agent, thus strategies for its production control during food processing could help to improve food quality parameters such as taste, colour and functional properties. Therefore, the control of these degradative oxidation processes is of great interest to the food industry. In order to know in depth this problem, the present article has fo-cused on the kinetic study of the oxidation of aldehydes by peroxynitrite. The proposed mecha-nism justifies all the experimental results, passing through three competitive pathways were per-oxynitrite acts as a radical, nucleophilic or oxidant species. The possible increase of toxic prod-ucts was analyzed.

Vanadium containing slurry is a by-product of vanadium pentoxide by hydrometallurgical methods from vanadium slag. It is promising technogenic raw material for vanadium production. The phase analysis of vanadium-containing slurry by X-ray diffraction method has shown that it contains vanadium in spinel form (FeO∙V2O3). The various oxidation roasting methods for slurry treatment have been studied for increasing vanadium extraction into the solution. It has shown that the most effective additive is 1% CaCO3 at a roasting temperature of 1000 °C. The oxidation roasting of vanadium-containing slurry with the additive led to increase acid-soluble form of V2O5 from 1.5 to 3.7% and decrease the content of FeO∙V2O3 from 3 to 0.4%. These results have confirmed the efficiency of the application of oxidation roasting to convert vanadium compounds into acid-soluble forms. The conversion mechanism of spinel to acid-soluble phases during oxidation roasting with additives was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and thermodynamic simulation. It has shown that the formation of acid-soluble calcium vanadates during oxidation roasting without additives occurs at temperatures above 800 °C, but СаСО3 addition allows to reduce this temperature to 600 °C.

Polydopamine (PDA) deposition, obtained from the oxidation of dopamine and other catecholamines is an universal way to coat all known materials with a conformal coating which can subsequently be functionalyzed at will. The structural analogies between polydopamine and eumelanin, the black-brown pigment of the skin, incited to produce stable polydopamine nanoparticles in solution instead of amorphous precipitates obtained from the oxidation of dopamine. Herein, we demonstrate that size controlled and colloidally stable PDA based nanoparticles can be obtained in acidic conditions, where spontaneous auto-oxidation of dopamine is suppressed, using sodium periodate as the oxidant and a protein like alkaline phosphatase as a templating agent. The size of the PDA@Alp nanoparticles depends on the dopamine/enzyme ratio and the obtained particles display the enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase with an activity extending up to two weeks after particle synthesis. The PDA@ alkaline phosphatase (Alp) nanoparticles can be engineered in polyelectrolyte multilayered films to potentially design model biosensors.

The energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key player in the control of energy metabolism. AMPK regulates hepatic lipid metabolism through the phosphorylation of its well-recognized downstream target acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC). Although AMPK activation is proposed to lower hepatic triglyceride (TG) content via the inhibition of ACC to cause inhibition of de novo lipogenesis and stimulation of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), its contribution to the inhibition of FAO in vivo has been recently questioned. We generated a mouse model of AMPK activation specifically in the liver achieved by expression of a constitutively active AMPK using adenoviral delivery. Indirect calorimetry studies revealed that liver-specific AMPK activation is sufficient to induce a reduction in the respiratory exchange ratio and an increase in FAO rates in vivo. This led to a more rapid metabolic switch from carbohydrate to lipid oxidation during the transition from fed to fasting. Finally, mice with chronic AMPK activation in the liver display high fat oxidation capacity evidenced by increased [C14]-palmitate oxidation and ketone body production leading to reduced hepatic TG content and body adiposity. Our findings suggest a role for hepatic AMPK in the remodeling of lipid metabolism between the liver and adipose tissue.

MCrAlX (M: Ni or Co or both, X: minor elements) coatings have been widely used to protect hot components in gas turbines against oxidation and hot corrosion at high temperatures. Understanding the influence of the X-elements on oxidation behaviour is important in the design of durable MCrAlX coatings. In this study, NiCoCrAlX coatings doped with Y+Ru and Ce, respectively, were deposited on Inconel-792 substrate by HVOF. The samples were subjected to isothermal oxidation test in laboratory air at 9000, 1000, 1100 ºC and cyclic oxidation test between 100 ºC and 1100 ºC with 1 hour dwell time at 1100 ºC. It was observed that the coating with Ce shows a much higher oxidation rate than the coating with Y+Ru under both isothermal and cyclic oxidation tests. Besides, β-depletion due to interdiffusion between coating and substrate was significantly lower with Ru addition. Simulations results using both a moving phase boundary model and an established oxidation-diffusion model show that Ru stabilize β grains which reduces β-depletion of coating due to substrate interdiffusion. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the influence of Ce and Ru on oxidation behaviour including investigation of the microstructure evolution influenced by oxidation time at coating surface and coating-substrate interface combining experiment and simulation results.

This study investigates the effect of Re addition on the microstructure evolution and oxidation resistance of Co-Cr-Ta-Ti-C alloys. The alloys tested in this study consist of a Co-rich matrix with mixed HCP and FCC phases, together with TaTiC2 and Ti-based carbides. The addition of Re promotes the precipitation and growth of a CoCr-rich σ phase. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) showed that the melting temperatures did not change drastically up to 10 at% Re addition, whereas 15 at% Re addition significantly increased the melting temperature of the alloys. Oxidation tests in air at 1200°C showed that excessive Re content could lead to deterioration in oxidation resistance, mainly due to the accelerated formation of volatile Re oxides.

Ultra-high temperature oxidation-resistant alloys (UTORAs) have received a lot of attention due to the increased research demand for deep space exploration around the world. But UTORAs have the disadvantages of easy oxidation and chalking. So, in this study, a UTORA was prepared by hot-press sintering on VZrHfNbTa (HEA) substrate coated with hafnium. The bonding mechanism, resistance to high-temperature oxidation, and hardness of the sample tests were carried out. The results show that zirconium in the matrix will diffuse into the hafnium coating during the high-temperature sintering process and form the HfZr alloy transition layer, the coating thickness of the composite is about 120 μm, and the diffusion distance of zirconium in the hafnium coating is about 60 μm, this transition layer chemically combines the hafnium coating and the HEA substrate into a monolithic alloy composite. The results of high-temperature oxidation experiments show that the oxidation degree of the hafnium-coated VZrHfNbTa composite material was significantly lower than that of the VZrHfNbTa HEA after oxidation in air at 1600 °C for 5 h. The weight gain of the coated sample after oxidation is 56.56 mg/cm2, which was only 57.7 % compared to the weight gain of the uncoated sample (98.09 mg/cm2 for uncoated), and the surface of the uncoated HEA showed obvious dents, oxidation, and pulverization occurred on the surface and interior of the sample. In contrast, the coated composite alloy sample mainly underwent surface oxidation sintering to form a dense HfO2 protective layer, and the internal oxidation of the hafnium-coated VZrHfNbTa composite alloy was significantly lower than that of the uncoated VZrHfNbTa HEA.

This paper focuses on the effect of malondialdehyde-induced oxidative modification (MiOM) on the gel properties of duck myofibrillar proteins (DMPs). DMPs were first prepared and treated with oxidative modification at different concentrations of malondialdehyde (0, 0.5, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mmol/L). The physicochemical changes (carbonyl and free thiol group content) and gel properties (gel whiteness, gel strength, water holding capacity, rheological properties and mi-cro-structural properties) were then investigated. The results showed that the content of protein carbonyl groups increased with increasing MDA oxidation (P<0.05), while the content of free thiol groups decreased significantly (P<0.05). Meanwhile, there was a significant trend of decrease in gel whiteness; the hardness and water-holding capacity of protein gels increased significantly under the oxidation of low concentration of MDA (0-5 mmol/L), while the hardness of gels decreased under the oxidation of high concentration (10 mM). The storage modulus and loss modulus of oxidized DMPs also increased with increasing concentration; moreover, microstructural analysis confirmed that the gels oxidized at low concentrations were more compact and homogeneous in terms of pore size compared to the high concentration or blank group. In conclusion, moderate oxidation of malondialdehyde was beneficial to improve the gel properties of duck; however, excessive oxidation was detrimental to the formation of dense structured gels.

Plastic waste accumulation poses significant environmental challenges, underscoring the importance of closing the plastic life cycle by converting waste into valuable products. Pyrolytic char, a promising byproduct, offers diverse industrial applications. However, little attention has been given to converting hydrocarbon-based plastics into solid carbon due to their low fixed carbon content. This study compares sulfonation and thermal oxidation stabilization techniques for carbonizing waste polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride. Results indicate sulfonation yields higher pyrolytic char formation and improves surface properties, surpassing Al2O3 in catalyst support characteristics. Thermal oxidation increases fixed carbon content but adversely affects char yield and surface properties. Both methods effectively enhance fixed carbon content, but sulfonation emerges as more advantageous, suggesting potential use of plastic-derived char as a catalyst support material, contributing to circular economy development.

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activities (AA) of lyophilized rosemary extract and lyophilized sage extract and their effects on the oxidative stability of poultry pátê. For this purpose, four poultry pátê formulations with rosemary, sage, sodium erythorbate, and a control (without antioxidants) were produced. The rosemary and sage were characterized according to total phenolic compounds (TPC), and AA by several methods. The poultry pátês stored at 4°C were evaluated by the lipid oxidation. High concentrations of TPC were detected in rosemary extract and sage extract (46.48 and 41.61 mg GAE/g: Gallic acid equivalent respectively). The AA of rosemary and sage extracts by free radical-scavenging were 4745.72 and 2462.82 µmol Trolox/g, respectively. The high concentration of catechin, rutin, myricetin and p-coumaric acids in these extracts may be responsible for the strong inhibitory action against food pathogens. Besides these compounds can be responsible for the best performance in inhibiting lipid oxidation in poultry pátês during the storage. This study suggests that rosemary and sage extracts may be used as a natural antioxidant in meat products.

: Introduction: Discovering compounds with antibacterial activity is crucial in the current fight against antibiotic-resistance. Material and Methods: We generate two QSAR model to design six new heteroaryl drug candidates; we assessed the antibacterial properties of the compounds against nine ATCC strains, the majority being part of the ESKAPE group, that include Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and also Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. We performed a synergic assay in which we combined PB4, a compound that we have previously tested in published studies, with GC-VI-70, one of the new compounds with the best cytotoxicity/MIC profile. We tested sub-MIC concentrations of PB4 with five antibiotics (linezolid, gentamycin, ampicillin, erythromycin, rifampin and imipenem) to examine the synergic effect on the ATCC strains. To evaluate compounds’ cytotoxicity, we performed a 24-hour and 48-hour 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (CaCo-2) cells. The antibiotics were tested, alone and in combination with PB4. Results: PB4 lowered the MIC measured for GC-VI-70 and for the various antibiotics employed in clinical use, and all the compounds presented in this study have cytotoxic activity against cells. Conclusions: These compounds show promising use in combination with antibiotics to improve their effectiveness at low concentrations, to prevent unwanted cytotoxic effects.

Poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) (PMEA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) have protein-antifouling properties and blood compatibility. ABA triblock copolymers (PMEAn-PEO11340-PMEAn (MEOMn)) were prepared using single-electron transfer-living radical polymerization (SET-LRP) using a bi-functional PEO macroinitiator. Two types of MEOMn composed of PMEA blocks with a degree of polymerization (DP = n) of 85 and 777 were prepared using the same PEO macroinitiator. MEOMn formed flower micelles with a hydrophobic PMEA (A) core and hydrophilic PEO (B) loop shells in diluted water with a similar appearance to petals. The hydrodynamic radii of MEOM85 and MEOM777 were 151 and 108 nm, respectively. The PMEA block with a large DP formed a tightly packed core. The aggregation number (Nagg) of the PMEA block in a single flower micelle for MEOM85 and MEOM777 was 156 and 164, respectively, which were estimated using a light scat-tering technique. The critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) for MEOM85 and MEOM777 were 0.01 and 0.002 g/L, respectively, as determined by the light scattering intensity and fluorescence probe techniques. The size, Nagg, and CMC for MEOM85 and MEOM777 were almost the same inde-pendent of hydrophobic DP of the PMEA block.

The effect of CO2 pre-treatments on tomato quality prior to cold storage was investigated using physiochemical and transcriptome changes. Three hours CO2 treated fruits were firmer than untreated fruits and had a good appearance even after being transferred from 4°C storage to 20°C for 8 d. CO2 pretreatment with cold storage showed a synergistic effect on delayed ripening through reduced respiration; these tomatoes exhibited a lower lycopene content than untreated fruit under cold storage. Tomatoes treated with 30% CO2 had fewer pits than untreated fruits subjected to chilling temperatures, even after being transferred to 20°C for 8 d. Functional enrichment analyses from transcriptome and metabolome commonly showed that CO2-responsive genes or metabolites were involved in the sucrose and starch and biosynthesis of secondary metabolisms. The most frequently detected domain, ethylene-responsive factor domain and reduced glycolysis provide insights into the mechanism that CO2 regulates tomato quality.