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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1038.v1

Perceptions of COVID-19 Vaccination among Organ Transplant Recipients

River Lerner, Panos Arvanitis, Dorra Guermazi, Dimitrios Farmakiotis

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Transplantation Keywords: COVID-19; vaccine; transplant; vaccine hesitancy; vaccine attitudes; public health

Online: 16 April 2024 (11:39:36 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.1063.v1

COVID-19 Outcomes in Kidney Transplant Recipients in a German Transplant Center

Michael Mikhailov, Klemens Budde, Fabian Halleck, Georgios Eleftheriadis, Marcel Naik, Eva Schrezenmeier, Friederike Bachmann, Mira Choi, Wiebke Duettmann, Ellen Von Hoerschelmann, Nadine Koch, Lutz Liefeldt, Christian Lücht, Henriette Straub-Hohenbleicher, Johannes Waiser, Ulrike Weber, Bianca Zukunft, Bilgin Osmanodja

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Transplantation Keywords: kidney transplant recipients, immunosuppression, vaccination, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Omicron

Online: 15 August 2023 (08:32:22 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0056.v1

Antibody Response after 3 Dose Booster against SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Domenico Tripodi, Roberto Dominici, Gennaro Santorelli, Rodolfo Rivera, Sandro Acquaviva, Marino Marchisio, Paolo Brambilla, Graziana Battini, Valerio Leoni

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Covid-19; antibody response; vaccination; kidney transplant recipients

Online: 1 August 2023 (10:38:45 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202210.0292.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant: A Challenge with Covid-19

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Ali Tavakoli Pirzaman, Bardia Karim, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Arefeh Babazadeh, Dariush Hosseinzadeh, Seyed Rouhollah Miri, Terence T. Sio, Mark J. M. Sullman, Mohammad Barary, Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: Omicron; Covid-19; SARS-CoV-2; Variants of concern

Online: 20 October 2022 (02:16:05 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0728.v1

The Influence of Initial Immunosuppression on the Kinetics of Humoral Response after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients Undergoing Kidney Transplantation

Renato Demarchi Foresto, Roberto Matias Souza, Gustavo Rodrigues dos Anjos, Mônica Rika Nakamura, Haryanne de Souza Goulart, Rayra Sampaio da Silva, Daniela Pereira França, Emanuelle Ferreira Marques, Elisabeth França Lucena, Marina Pontello Cristelli, Helio Tedesco-Silva, Lúcio Requião-Moura, Jose Medina Pestana

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Transplantation Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; vaccine; kidney transplant; dialysis; immunosuppression

Online: 10 September 2024 (07:28:47 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.1332.v1

Mycophenolate Interruption Restores Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Immunogenicity in Unresponsive Liver Transplant Recipients

Pierluigi Toniutto, Annarosa Cussigh, Sara Cmet, Martina Fabris, Francesco Curcio, Davide Bitetto, Ezio Fornasiere, Elisa Fumolo, Edmondo Falleti

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Gastroenterology And Hepatology Keywords: Sars-CoV-2 infection; mycophenolate mofetil, liver transplantation, anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Online: 18 May 2023 (10:39:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0097.v1

Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccines Against the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2

Kritika Srinivasan Rajsri, Meena Singh, Mana Rao

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Bivalent COVID-19 vaccine; COVID-19 vaccination booster; COVID-19; Omicron; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 6 March 2023 (07:00:00 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0085.v1

Myocarditis and Pericarditis Following the SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Jackson Liang, Mohammad Amin Habib, Mohamad Ali Taghizadeh Moghadam, Arefeh Babazadeh, Elham Ramzani, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Erfan Hashemi, Terence T. Sio, Amirreza Allahgholipour, Mohammad Barary, Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Vaccines; Myocarditis; Pericarditis

Online: 6 February 2023 (07:51:04 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0286.v1

Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Healthcare Worker Infection Rate and Outcome during SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Outbreak in Hong Kong

Sze Tsing Jonpaul Zee, Lam Fung Kwok, Carmen Ka Man Kee, Ling Hiu Fung, Luke Wing Pan Luk, Chris Tsun Leung Chan, Alex Chin Pang Leung, Bella Pik Wa YU, Jhan Raymond L Hung, Kit Ying SzeTo, Queenie Wai Leng Chan, Bone Siu Fai Tang, Ada Wai Chi Lin, Edmond Shiu Kwan Ma, Koon Hung Lee, Chor Chiu Lau, Raymond Wai Hung Yung

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Omicron variant of concern; homologous boosting; heterologous boosting; Coro-naVac; BNT162b2; healthcare worker; return-to-work

Online: 19 July 2022 (10:15:39 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0122.v1

Preexposure Prophylaxis against COVID-19 with Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab in Slovenian National Cohort of Kidney Transplant Recipients

Špela Borštnar, Miha Arnol, Željka Večerić Haler, Gregor Mlinšek

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Internal Medicine Keywords: COVID 19; pre-exposure prophylaxis; kidney transplantation, tixagevimab/cilgavimab

Online: 2 June 2023 (03:58:07 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0020.v1

SARS-CoV-2 and Covid-19 Immunopathogenesis

Antonio Luiz Boechat, Beatriz Pessoa, Carlos Soares, Cecília Barroso, David Vila, Emanuelly Barbosa, Isabela Seffair, João Victor Melo, Julia Becil, Maria Polyanna Rebouças, Natascha Rodrigues, Pedro Henrique Freitas, Rebeka Rocha, Thaise Rodrigues, Vanessa Ferreira, Rosmery Ubiera, Maria Cristina Dos-Santos

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Immunopathogenesis; Cytokine storm; IL-6; macrophages; neutrophils

Online: 2 August 2020 (11:53:17 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0889.v1

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Comparative Review

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Homa Mazaherinia, Hosein Nazari rostami, Arefeh Babazadeh, Mohammad Barary, Erfan Hashemi, Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Primary Health Care Keywords: Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS); COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination

Online: 13 October 2023 (10:58:23 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0285.v1

How Much Does SARS-CoV-2 Infection during Pregnancy Affect the Neonatal Brain, Heart and Kidney? A Parallel between COVID-19, Vaccination and Normal Pregnancy

Daniela Eugenia Popescu, Ana Maria Cristina Jura, Daniela Știube, Adrian Ciulpan, Florina Stoica, Simona Ioana Sipos, Cosmin Citu, Florin Gorun, Marioara Boia

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: pregnancy; COVID-19; neonatal; ultrasound; infectious diseases; SARS-CoV-2; vaccine; disease course

Online: 4 January 2024 (15:17:29 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0060.v1

Time-Limited Therapy With Belatacept in Kidney Transplant Recipients

Thibault Letellier, Delphine Kervella, Abderrahmane Sadek, Christophe Masset, Claire Garandeau, Cynthia Fourgeux, Victor Gourain, Jeremie Poschmann, Gilles Blancho, Simon Ville

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Urology And Nephrology Keywords: kidney transplantation; belatacept; calcineurin inhibitor; transcriptome; RNAseq

Online: 7 April 2022 (12:31:09 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1910.v1

Cytokine Storm Fatal Acute Kidney Infection Triggered by COVID-19 (SARS CoV-2) Infection: A Review

Hailemeleak Regassa, Kasahun Gudeta, Ankeet Bhagat, Rachna Chaturvedi

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Internal Medicine Keywords: cytokine storm, COVID-19, Acute kidney infection, SARS-CoV-2, pro-inflammatory cytokines

Online: 29 January 2024 (02:10:24 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202304.0038.v1

Serological Response to SARS-CoV-2 after COVID-19 Vaccination in Lung Cancer patients: Short Review

Ananda Rodilla, Sooyun Tavolacci, Jazz Cagan, Tanay Shah, Sandeep Mittan, Philip C. Mack, Fred R. Hirsch

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: lung cancer; SARS-CoV-2 vaccine; immunogenicity

Online: 4 April 2023 (04:58:31 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1283.v1

Mutation Trajectory of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Virus

Tomokazu Konishi, Toa Takahashi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: mutations; conservation; variants; host specificity; JN.1; principal component analysis

Online: 22 February 2024 (12:40:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202312.2116.v1

Biological Properties of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Sublineages

Andrey V. Shipovalov, Anna V. Zaykovskaya, Gleb A. Kudrov, Irina A. Drachkova, Maria E. Antonets, Maksim P. Lyukhanov, Sergey A. Bodnev, Tatyana V. Bauer, Tatyana V. Tregubchak, Elena K. Ivleva, Oleg S. Taranov, Oleg V. Pyankov

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 virus; Omicron variant; coronavirus evolution; Vero E6 cells; BALB/c mice; Syrian hamster

Online: 27 December 2023 (14:30:19 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.0661.v1

An Overview of the Immune Response to COVID-19 Vaccination and Strategies to Boost SARS-CoV-2 Immunity in People with Inborn Errors of Immunity

Emma Chang-Rabley, Menno C. van Zelm, Emily E. Ricotta, Emily S.J. Edwards

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19 vaccination; SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody therapies; immune memory; inborn errors of immunity; breakthrough infections; antibodies; memory B cells; memory T-cells; receptor-binding domain

Online: 10 May 2024 (11:42:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.0805.v1

Long-Term Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 Wild Type and Omicron XBB 1.5 in Indonesian Residents after Vaccination and Infection

Karismananda Karismananda, Ammar Abdurrahman Hasyim, Akihiko Sakamoto, Kyouhei Yamagata, Kartika Hardianti Zainal, Desi Dwirosalia Ningsih Suparman, Ika Yustisia, Mitsuhiro Iyori, Shigeto Yoshida, Yenni Yusuf

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Omicron XBB 1.5; neutralizing capacity; antibodies; COVID-19 vaccines; Persistence of immunity

Online: 10 July 2024 (04:11:13 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0449.v2

An Updated Primer on SARS-CoV-2 and the Evolving Covid-19 Pandemic

Subramani Mani

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Covid-19; pandemic; primer; India; mortality rate; evolution; updated primer; evolving pandemic

Online: 1 June 2020 (11:08:03 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0060.v3

Fighting the SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic with Soap

Narendra Kumar Chaudhary, Nabina Chaudhary, Manis Dahal, Biswash Guragain, Sumie Rai, Rahul Chaudhary, K.M. Sachin, Reena Lamichhane-Khadka, Ajaya Bhattarai

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Analytical Chemistry Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-Cov-2; soap; hand washing; WHO

Online: 6 July 2021 (11:30:53 CEST)

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Working Paper CASE REPORT

Novel Coronavirus Infection and Acute Kidney Injury in Two Renal Transplant Recipients: Case Report

Qiuyu Li, Qin Cheng, Zhiling Zhao, Lin Zeng, Lan Zhu, Wei Guo, Chao Li, Junhong Wang, Shu Li, Ning Shen, Qinggang Ge

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Urology And Nephrology Keywords: novel coronavirus infection; renal transplant; acute kidney injury

Online: 12 March 2020 (03:02:03 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0060.v1

COVID-19: Unmasking Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Vaccines and Therapeutic Strategies

Renuka Raman, Krishna J. Patel, Kishu Ranjan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; variants; vaccines; immune dysregulated; comorbidities; antibody; Spike protein; biomolecules; coronavirus

Online: 2 June 2021 (09:56:14 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0005.v1

SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral Genomics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Interventions

Mohammed Uddin, Farah Mustafa, Tahir A. Rizvi, Tom Loney, Hanan Al Suwaidi, Ahmad Al Marzouqi, Afaf Kamal Eldin, Nabeel Alsabeeha, Thomas E. Adrian, Cesare Stefanini, Norbert Nowotny, Alawi Alsheikh-Ali, Abiola C. Senok

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Coronavirus; Pandemic; Viral Genomics

Online: 1 April 2020 (09:22:38 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0376.v1

Immunity Escape of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Omicron Leads the Way

Rupali Dhingra, Aarjoo Sharma, Sanjeev Balda, Anshika Billa, Shiv Nandan Sah, Neena Capalash, Prince Sharma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Mutations; Omicron; Delta; Variants of Concern; Variants of Interest; Immunity Escape; Mechanisms

Online: 29 March 2022 (08:44:09 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.2185.v1

Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Healthcare Workers before and after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cohort Study in a Primary Care Unit of Brazil

Ana Cláudia Pinheiro Torres, Raissa Nogueira Brito, Wildo Navegantes de Araújo, Priscila Pedrette, Daiani Cristina Cilião Alves, Ana Izabel Passarella Teixeira, Carolina Carvalho Gontijo, Gustavo Adolfo Sierra Romero, Rodrigo Gurgel-Gonçalves, Walter Massa Ramalho

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: Monitoring; seroprevalence; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19

Online: 29 August 2024 (14:25:32 CEST)

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Introduction: Healthcare workers (HCW) are at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Viral surveillance for early detection of COVID-19 is a critical strategy to understand the infection dynamics in this population and to prevent transmission. The study examines SARS-CoV-2 infection and reinfection among HCW vaccinated against COVID-19 who are employed at a primary health care unit serving a disenfranchised community of Brazil. Methods: The study was conducted in Cidade Estrutural, Federal District of Brazil, between February and October 2021. Participants were interviewed and provided samples. A prospective open cohort study was used to analyze the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 infection and reinfection. Nasopharyngeal and peripheral blood samples were collected from workers presenting with flu-like symptoms and subjected to RT-qPCR and serological testing (IgM and IgG chemiluminescence). The frequencies of infection and reinfection (RT-qPCR positive results 90 days after the infection) were calculated along with their respective confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: Of the 128 workers, 61 (47.65%; CI: 39.19-56.25) reported probable SARS-CoV-2 infection before vaccination. Of these, 50 (39.06%; CI: 31.04-47.71) had SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination, confirmed by molecular tests. Reinfection was identified in seven workers (14.00%; CI: 6.95-26.18), based on the 90-day interval between results. The serological data from the 128 workers during the cohort indicated that 68 had IgG antibodies (53.12%; CI: 44.5-61.5) and 46 had IgM antibodies (35.93%; CI: 28.14-44.54) against SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 infection was common in community health workers (CHW, 56%), registered nurses (50%), and licensed practice nurses (33%). Following the COVID-19 vaccination, the percentage of infections among CHW decreased from 47.83% to 4.35%. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that (i) approximately 40% of the workers were infected with SARS-CoV-2 in 2021 and (ii) reinfections confirmed by RT-qPCR occurred in 14% of the HCW after vaccination. The results provide valuable insights into the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 among HCW in a primary care unit serving a minoritized community.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1260.v1

Humoral immunity across the SARS-CoV-2 Spike after Sputnik V (Gam‑COVID‑Vac) vaccination

Alejandro Cornejo, Christopher Franco, Mariajose Rodriguez, Alexis García, Inirida Belisario, Soriuska Mayoría, Domingo Jose Garzaro, Jose Luis Zambrano, Rossana Celeste Jaspe, Mariana Hidalgo, Nereida Parra-Gimenez, Franklin Ennodio Claro, Ferdinando Liprandi, Jacobus Henri de Waard, Hector Rafael Rangel, Flor Helene Pujol

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Antibody; ELISA; Spike; S1; S2; RBD; epitopes; Neutralization

Online: 21 March 2024 (09:12:29 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202309.2171.v1

Pre-exposure prophylaxis for COVID-19 with Tix-agevimab/Cilgavimab in kidney transplant recipients in the Kraken variant (XBB.1.5) era: A Single-center Experience

Biagio Pinchera, Rosa Carrano, Fabrizio Salemi, Amerigo Piccione, Elisa Schettino, Paolo Romano, Emilia Trucillo, Alessia D'Agostino, Marina Sarno, Emanuela Zappulo, Ivan Gentile

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab, kidney transplantation, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Kraken variant, XBB.1.5, pre-exposure prophylaxis, immunosuppressed patients

Online: 2 October 2023 (11:22:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1414.v1

Effects of Influenza Vaccine on the Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination

A Riccomi, CM Trombetta, Maria Dorrucci, Daniela Di Placido, Nunzia Sanarico, Francesca Farchi, Roberto Giuseppetti, Umbertina Villano, C Marcantonio, Serena Marchi, Antonio Ciaramella, P Pezzotti, E Montomoli, C Valdarchi, AR Ciccaglione, S. Vendetti

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Other Keywords: Influenza vaccine; SARS-CoV-2 vaccine; immune response to vaccination

Online: 25 March 2024 (08:03:56 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0022.v1

Immune Escape Associated with RBD Omicron Mutations and SARS-CoV-2 Evolution Dynamics

Alexander Kudryavtsev, Anna V. Vakhrusheva, Valery Novoseletsky, Marine Bozdaganyan, Konstantin V. Shaitan, Mikhail P. Kirpichnikov, Olga S. Sokolova

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Omicron; bioinformatics; immune escape; RBD mutations; vaccine development

Online: 1 June 2022 (14:12:36 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202409.0479.v1

T Cell Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination

Samuele Notarbartolo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 infection; COVID-19 vaccine; human T cells; immunological memory; antigen-specific T cells; cross-reactive T cells; hybrid immunity; resident memory T cells; vaccine improvement

Online: 6 September 2024 (08:09:43 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0118.v1

SARS-CoV-2-Infection (COVID-19): Clinical Course and Cause(s) of Death

Giuliano Ramadori

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2-infection; dehydration; hypoalbuminemia; pulmonary hypoxia; hyaline memrane; pulmonary engorgement; lung weight; acute respiratory distress syndrome; diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)

Online: 13 April 2022 (08:27:30 CEST)

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ABSTRACT Two years after first patients approached the emergency rooms of hospitals in Wuhan becouse of respiratory distress,thousend of SARS-CoV-2 infected persons continue to die every day worldwide.SARS-CoV-2-infected patients undergo a process of dehydration and malnutrition before they develop respiratory problems and approach the emergency room of a hospital.This is,in many cases, the consequence of high fever which causes massive loss of fluids. In addition loss of appetite, is responsible for the deficit of protein intake.Most of the virus-infected patients admitted to the emergency room are therefore hypovolemic and hypoproteinemic and suffer of respiratory distress accompanied by ground grass opacities at CT-scan of the lungs.Critically ill patients are treated following the guidelines for treatment of septic shock but with „conservative“ fluid replacement and administration of diuretics to assure sufficient hourly urine production. The combination of conservative fluid administration with reduced protein content in the enterally administered diet, together with administration of diuretics, has severe hemodynamic consequenses in mostly aged,dehydrated,critically ill patients. Many of them will develop acute kidney injury in the next 24 hours.In most of the cases, patients continue to loose weight by loosing skeletal muscle mass. Ischemic damage in the lung capillaries is responsible for the acute respiratory distreass syndrome (ARDS) and for the hallmark of autoptic findings,diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) characterized by hyaline membrane formation,fluid invasion of the alveoli recruitment of some inflammatory cells and progressive arrest of blood flow in the pulmonary vessels.The consequence is progressive congestion , increase of lung weight and progressive hypoxia (progressive severity of ARDS).Sequestration of blood in the lungs worsen hypovolemia and ischemia in different organs.This is most probably responsible for recruitment of inflammatory cells and for persistance of elevated serum levels of positive acute-phase markers and of hypoalbuminemia. Autoptic studies have been performed mostly in patients who died in the ICU after SARS-CoV-2-infection because of progessive ARDS.In those patients, tubulus epithelium necrosis in the kidney is a frequent finding as it has been the case in the first SARS-CoV-1 pandemic.In the death certification charts, many times weeks after first symptoms have started ,cardiac arrest is the cause of death after respitatory insufficiency.Replacement therapy with sufficient amount of fluid and albumin should be part of the early individualized life-saving supportive measures avoiding mechanical ventilation.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0353.v1

Rethinking Aptamers as Nanotheranostic Tools for SARS-COV-2 and COVID-19 Infection

christian Dzuvor

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: aptamers; theranostics; SARS-COV-2; COVID-19; bioaffinity

Online: 17 August 2020 (08:01:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1727.v3

On Bisphosphonates and COVID-19: In Silico Model Suggests Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp as Potential Explanation

Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman Mohammed, Kishore Suryakant Chougule, Chandu Ala, Pranali Vijaykumar Kuthe, Mohit Garg, Murugesan Sankaranarayanan, Seshadri S Vasan

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Medicinal Chemistry Keywords: Alendronate; COVID-19; Minodronate; MM-GBSA; Molecular docking; Molecular dynamics; RdRp; SARS-CoV-2; Virtual screening; Zoledronate

Online: 26 February 2024 (13:51:28 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0185.v1

Would New SARS-CoV-2 Variants Change the War Against COVID-19?

Elrashdy M. Redwan, Fatma Elrashdy, Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz, Debmalya Barh, Adam M. Brufsky, Sk. Sarif Hassan, Kenneth Lundstrom, Ángel Serrano-Aroca, Kazuo Takayama, Murtaza M. Tambuwala, Bruce D. Uhal, Vladimir N Uversky

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; variant; sublineage; transmission; immunity; infection; vaccination; non-pharmaceutical interventions

Online: 14 March 2022 (11:19:04 CET)

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Preprint HYPOTHESIS | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0061.v1

Lysosomotropic Active Compounds—Hidden Protection against COVID-19 / SARS-CoV-2 Infection?

Markus Blaess, Lars Kaiser, Martin Sauer, Hans-Peter Deigner

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Lysosomotropism; Chloroquine

Online: 5 May 2020 (04:29:48 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0018.v2

First Identification in Italy of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4 Harboring KSF141_del: Genomic Comparison with Omicron Sub-Variants

Cinzia Peronace, Rossana Tallerico, Manuela Colosimo, Marco De Fazio, Federica Pasceri, Ilenia Talotta, Giuseppina Panduri, Letizia Pintomalli, Rosaria Oteri, Valeria Calantoni, Maria Teresa Fiorillo, Maria Cristina Caroleo, Rosita Curcio, Vincenza Dolce, Erika Cione, Pasquale Minchella

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Variant of Concern; BA.4; pandemic

Online: 6 May 2022 (11:55:20 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0471.v1

Integrative Chronic Pain Management: A Narrative Review

Matthew Halma, Paul Marik, Yusuf M. Saleeby, Jack A. Tuszynski

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Orthopedics And Sports Medicine Keywords: chronic pain; opioid use disorder; musculoskeletal disorders; injury

Online: 7 April 2024 (10:56:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0196.v1

SARS-CoV-2 PCR Persistence and Duration of COVID-19 Symptoms in Health Professionals

Tatiana Schäffer Gregianini, Ludmila Fiorenzano Baethgen, Richard Steiner Salvato, Ivone Andreatta Menegolla, CEVS COVID-19 Team, Ana Beatriz Gorini da Veiga

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Anatomy And Physiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; PCR persistent positive; respiratory infection; COVID-19

Online: 12 December 2022 (09:04:59 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0409.v1

Clinical Features of Hospitalized Stroke Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant

Hiroshi Kanno, Kazuki Miyazaki, Sachiko Yamada, Shutaro Matsumoto, Yuki Sagehashi, Satoru Takahashi, Yongson Kim, Keiko Namiki, Satoshi Fujii

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Clinical Medicine Keywords: Stroke; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant; modified Ranking scale; coagulopathy

Online: 9 October 2023 (09:30:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0126.v1

Endogenous piRNAs Can Interact with Omicron Variant of the SARS-CoV-2 Genome

Aizhan Rakhmetullina, Aigul Akimniyazova, Togzhan Niyazova, Anna Pyrkova, Saltanat Kamenova, Aida Kondybayeva, Alma-Gul Ryskulova, Anatoliy Ivashchenko, Piotr Zielenkiewicz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: Omicron; SARS-CoV-2; piRNAs; coronavirus genome; translation; replication

Online: 7 February 2023 (08:54:49 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202208.0516.v1

Burden of Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 Hospitalizations during the Omicron Wave in Germany

Maren Doenhardt, Christin Gano, Anna-Lisa Sorg, Natalie Diffloth, Tobias Tenenbaum, Rüdiger von Kries, Reinhard Berner, Jakob P. Armann

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Omicron; children; hospitalization

Online: 30 August 2022 (09:00:24 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0659.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Molecular Mechanisms of Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients

Laurence Bouillet, Alban DEROUX, Meryem BENMARCE, Chloé GUERIN, Laura BOUVET, Olivia GARNIER, Donald K. MARTIN, ISABELLE VILGRAIN

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Internal Medicine Keywords: Endothelium; VE-cadherin; ACE2; SARS-CoV2 infection; Long COVID syndrome

Online: 9 June 2023 (03:43:57 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202103.0469.v1

The Economic Impact of the SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Spain

Jaime Pinilla, Patricia Barber, Laura Vallejo-Torres, Silvia Rodríguez-Mireles, Beatriz González López-Valcárcel G., LLuis Serra-Majem

Subject: Business, Economics And Management, Accounting And Taxation Keywords: Economic impact; uncertainty; COVID-19, productive system, Spain

Online: 18 March 2021 (10:50:16 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0145.v1

Lessons for SARS-CoV-2 Study (COVID-19 Disease) From Its Exosome Relatives

Pierre Arsene

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Exosome; Extracellular Vesicle; Diagnostics; Vaccine; Treatment

Online: 12 June 2020 (09:01:02 CEST)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202003.0451.v2

Potential for COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Exposure During Laparoscopic Gynaecological Surgery

Graham Taylor, Claire Shannon-Lowe, Heather Long, Sudha Sundar

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Obstetrics And Gynaecology Keywords: gynaecology; gynecology infection; safety; polypectomy; biopsy

Online: 9 April 2020 (10:01:17 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0082.v1

Update on the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Global Pandemic Challenge

Abhishek Kumar Soni

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; global pandemic; global health emergency; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 7 April 2020 (10:08:47 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1115.v1

Low Number of Baselines γδ T Cells Increase the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Post-Vaccination Infection

Juan Carlos Andreu-Ballester, Lorena Galindo-Regal, Carmen Cuellar, Francisca López-Chuliá, Carlos García-Ballesteros, Leonor Fernández-Muga, Antonio Llombart-Cussac, María Victoria Domínguez-Márquez

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; vaccine; antibodies; α β T cells; γ δ T cells

Online: 17 April 2024 (08:00:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0917.v1

A Comparative Experimental and Computational Study on the Nature of the Pangolin-CoV and COVID-19 Omicron

Lai Wei, Lihua Song, A. Keith Dunker, James A. Foster, Vladimir N. Uversky, Gerard Kian-Meng Goh

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: coronavirus; COVID; intrinsic disorder; membrane; nucleocapsid; nucleoprotein; Omicron; pangolin; shell; long COVID; Delta; attenuation; virulence; variant; XBB; AI; Artificial Intelligence; vaccine

Online: 15 March 2024 (14:43:09 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202405.1826.v1

Implications of SARS‐CoV‐2 Immunity in the Context of the Pathogenesis of COVID‐19, Immune Evasion of the Virus, and the Effectiveness of Vaccination

Hikmet Akkiz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; T cells; B cells; macrophages; dendritic cells; NK-cells; innate immunity; adaptive immunity; variants of concern; cytokines; chemokines; receptors

Online: 28 May 2024 (08:41:15 CEST)

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Since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 emerged in December 2019, significant research has been conducted around the world to understand the virus- and vaccine-generated immune response, and to identify the drivers of severe coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Although viral tropism is largely limited to the respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to severe COVID-19 disease, which is characterized by multiorgan failure and permanent cognitive disorders. The combined effects of virus-mediated inhibition of host antiviral mechanisms and the recognition of pathogen-associated molecules by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are the main drivers in the pathogenesis of severe disease. The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 by limiting the entry of the virus into the host cell, suppressing viral replication, detecting virus-infected cells, and accelerating the formation of the adaptive immune response. The adaptive immune system is composed of two basic cells, B and T cells, which serve different but complementary functions in viral infections. Although the critical role of adaptive immunity in clearing SARS-CoV-2 infection is well known, its function in the development of virus-induced immunopathogenesis remains poorly understood. The basic characteristic of the humoral immune response is the creation of specific antibodies to each foreign antigen encountered. Antibodies that sense pathogens are classified as neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and non-neutralizing antibodies (non-nAbs) based on their capacity to neutralize pathogens and inhibit membrane fusion. While nAbs exert their activities by blocking ACE2-dependent viral entry into host cells and neutralizing pathogens, the functions of non-nAbs are often undetectable. The level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum and mucosal tissues varies with the stage and severity of the COVID-19 infection. Although current COVID-19 vaccines elicit robust antibody responses, this effect decreases over time, due to the weakening of immunity and the emergence of novel variants that evade the antibody response, such as Delta and Omicron. SARS-CoV-2 may evade host innate immune surveillance by minimizing host recognition and interfering with cellular immune signaling. In this review article, the central role of host immune responses in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as the immune evasion strategies of SARS-CoV-2 are discussed in detail in the light of novel knowledge.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.1181.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Expressing Enterococcus for Oral Vaccination: Immunogenicity and Protection

Alexander Suvorov, Svetlana Loginova, Galina Leontieva, Tatiana Gupalova, Yulia Desheva, Dmitry Korzhevskii, Tatiana Kramkaya, Elena Bormotova, Irina Koroleva, Olga Kopteva, Olga Kirik, Veronika Shchukina, Sergey Savenko, Dmitry Kutaev, Sergey Borisevitch

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: recombinant probiotic -based vaccines; probiotic strain E. faecium L3; mucosal vaccines; SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; vaccine efficacy.

Online: 18 October 2023 (11:29:09 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202301.0195.v1

Capillary Leak Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccines: A Comparative Review

Zeinab Mohseni Afshar, Hossein Nazari Rostami, Ali Tavakoli Pirzaman, Rezvan Hosseinzadeh, Arefeh Babazadeh, Dariush Hosseinzadeh, Seyed Rouhollah Miri, Terence T. Sio, Mohammad Barary, Soheil Ebrahimpour

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pharmacology And Toxicology Keywords: COVID-19; COVID-19 vaccines; capillary leak syndrome

Online: 11 January 2023 (09:41:36 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0415.v1

Monitoring Coronavirus COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic using GIS Dashboard: International and Indonesia Context

Edy Irwansyah, Widodo Budiharto, Danu Widhyatmoko, Achmad Istamar, Fepri Putra Panghurian

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: pandemic; covid-19; monitoring; GIS dashboard; emergency spatial support centre

Online: 19 August 2020 (11:48:55 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0260.v2

COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights into Structure, Function, and hACE2 Receptor Recognition by SARS-CoV-2

Anshumali Mittal, Kavyashree Manjunath, Rajesh Kumar Ranjan, Sandeep Kaushik, Sujeet Kumar, Vikash Verma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV; SARS-like coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; SARS-CoV-2; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2); RdRp; Remdesivir; and neutralizing antibody

Online: 10 July 2020 (16:21:17 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0940.v1

Impact of Vaccination on Intra-host Genetic Diversity of Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Gamma Lineage

Beatriz de Carvalho Marques, Cecília Artico Banho, LIvia Sacchetto, Andreia Negri, Nikos Vasilakis, Maurício Lacerda Nogueira

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: COVID-19, vaccination, Gamma lineage, negative selection, breakthrough infections

Online: 13 August 2024 (13:03:55 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202404.1728.v1

Symptomatology and IgG Levels Before and After SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Individuals

Nigella M. Paula, Emerson Joucoski, Valter A. Baura, Emanuel M. Souza, Fábio O. Pedrosa, Alan G. Gonçalves, Luciano F. Huergo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: omicron; symptoms; IgG; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19

Online: 28 April 2024 (07:48:02 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202211.0516.v1

Discovery of Polyphenolic Natural Products as SARS-CoV-2 Mpro Inhibitors for COVID-19

Nadine Krüger, Thales Kronenberger, Hang Xie, Cheila Rocha, Stefan Pöhlmann, Haixia Su, Yechun Xu, Stefan A. Laufer, Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar

Subject: Chemistry And Materials Science, Medicinal Chemistry Keywords: Antivirals; coronavirus; COVID-19; covalent drugs; dynamic light scattering; inhibitors; main protease; natural products

Online: 28 November 2022 (13:40:01 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0439.v1

SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Fecal Samples in Sym-asymptotic Patients with Typical Findings of COVID-19 on Ag-RDT and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Tests

Richard Odongo Magwanga, Benson Onyango, Alfred Ochieng, Shehu Shagari Awandu, Pamela Were, Joy Nyangasi Kirungu, Marceline Adhiambo Oloo, Erick Muok, Stephen Munga, Fredrick Ogutu, Angeline Orwa, Fredrick Okumu, Clayton Onyango, Dorothy Awuor, Francis Orata, Justine Ochieng’-Midega, Bonface Oure, Regina Nyunja, Fredrick Ade, Sharley Indechi, Erick Okuto, Benson Estambale

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pathology And Pathobiology Keywords: COVID19; SARS-CoV-2 virus; Oro-nasopharyngeal; fecal; vaccination; asym-symptomatic; rapid diagnostic test

Online: 28 September 2022 (11:51:21 CEST)

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Coronavirus is a disease caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which emerged as a global pandemic in 2019 from Wuhan, China. Since its emergence, it has caused immense suffering to human life, 6.27 million lives have been lost, movement curtailed and social dynamics disrupted. The golden standard for getting samples for SARS-CoV-2 detection is through oral- nasopharyngeal swab, this method of sample collection is invasive and uncomfortable, thus stigmatized the general population, and thereby impeded the progress of controlling the spread through mass testing. Being a contact disease, mechanisms to encourage mass testing is key to reduce the spread. This study thus developed a complimentary sample type to test for SARS-CoV-2, the use of human feces. Fecal samples were collected from 100 asym-symptomatic individuals suspected to be infected with COVID-19, virus RNA was then extracted and profiled through Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). The antigen rapid diagnostic test revealed high positivity rate of 44%, but the real time polymerase chain reaction results on nasopharyngeal and fecal samples revealed a significant variation, high number of the patients tested positive with stool samples compared to the nasopharyngeal swabs, with 43 and 37%, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 virus was detected in both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals; however, the symptomatic registered a higher positivity of 25% compared to 20% among the asymptomatic patients. Vaccination only lowered the risk of infection, fully and partially vaccinated lowered the infection level to 10% compared to 20% among the unvaccinated. Finally, gender parity in relation to COVID19 was evaluated, more females (56%) compared to males were recruited in this study, out of which (20; 43.4%) were positive, and 26 (56.6%) were negative based on fecal RT-qPCR outcomes. Based on the outcome of this study, rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) however cheap and or fast does not provide accurate information, moreover, the virus does not stay longer within the Oro-nasopharyngeal region, thus the invalid or negative results, thus use of feces should be adopted as a confirmatory test to ascertain the COVID19 status of an individual.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202308.0360.v1

SARS-CoV-2 in Domestic UK Cats from Alpha to Omicron: Swab Surveillance and Case Reports

Sarah Jones, Grace B. Tyson, Richard J. Orton, Katherine Smollett, Federica Manna, Kirsty Kwok, Nicolás M Suárez, Nicola Logan, Michael McDonald, Andrea Bowie, Ana Filipe, Brian J. Willett, William Weir, Margaret J. Hosie

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; coronavirus; pets; companion animals; reverse zoonosis; veterinary; animal welfare; feline; One Health

Online: 4 August 2023 (14:48:06 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202209.0390.v1

Determination of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Seroprevalence in Accra, Ghana during the Delta-Omicron Waves

Irene Owusu Donkor, Elvis Suatey Lomotey, Jewelna Akorli, Millicent Opoku, Emmanuel Frimpong Gyekye, Kojo M. Sedzro, Nana Efua Andoh, Yvonne Ashong, Benjamin Abuaku, Kwadwo Ansah Koram, Vincent Munster

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; asymptomatic; seroprevalence; Delta variant; Omicron variant; vaccination

Online: 26 September 2022 (09:41:01 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0155.v1

Susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants to Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Kaiming Tao, Philip L. Tzou, Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond, John P.A. Ioannidis, Robert W. Shafer

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Omicron variant; Monoclonal antibody; Neutralization; Spike protein

Online: 10 March 2022 (14:30:25 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202311.1883.v1

Circulating Synthetic SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins Possibly Contribute to a Transient ACE2 Dysfunction Leading to Rare Cases of Myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination

Christian A. Devaux, Philippe Colson, Didier Raoult, Laurence Camoin-Jau

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Cardiac And Cardiovascular Systems Keywords: COVID-19 vaccines; mRNA vaccine; SARS-CoV-2 spike; myocarditis; ACE2; renin-angiotensin system

Online: 29 November 2023 (12:20:42 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.1833.v1

Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2, IgM and IgG, and COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in Nairobi, Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study

Agnes Muhonja Otindo, Eric M Ndombi, Martin Theuri, Margaret Muturi, Peris Thamaini, James Ogutu, Lister Onsongo, June K. Madete, Victor Ofula, Samuel Gitau, Gladys Mwangi, Paul Okemo

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; hesitancy; IgG; IgM; mistrust; SARS-CoV-2; seroprevalence; vaccination

Online: 23 July 2024 (18:02:37 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202306.2087.v1

SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Vaccine Hesitancy during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Dynamic Perspective

Valentina Gerussi, Maddalena Peghin, Alvisa Palese, Maria De Martino, Elena Graziano, Stefania Chiappinotto, Federico Fonda, Giulia Bontempo, Tosca Semenzin, Luca Martini, Miriam Isola, Carlo Tascini

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Influenza; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Green-Pass; Vaccination; Immunization; Vaccine-hesitancy; Pandemic

Online: 29 June 2023 (10:23:58 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0384.v1

Clinical and Evolutionary Features of SARS Cov-2 Infection (COVID-19) in Children, A Romanian Perspective

George Jugulete, Daniela Pacurar, Mirela Luminita Pavelescu, Mihaela Safta, Elena Gheorghe, Bianca Borcos, Carmen Pavelescu, Mihaela Oros, Madalina Merisescu

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Perinatology And Child Health Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; children; clinical features; comorbidities; male genderSARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, children, clinical features, comorbidities, male gender

Online: 26 July 2022 (04:43:02 CEST)

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Background: Given the potential for additional development to clarify a better knowledge of the overall impact of COVID-19 on the pediatric population, the clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents are still being explored. Morbidity in children is characterized by a variable clinical course. Our study's goal was to compare clinical aspects of 230 pediatric patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were hospitalized between April 2020 and March 2022. Methods: In a retrospective analysis, we compared two groups hospitalized in the infectious diseases clinical ward IX at the National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof. Dr. Matei Bals," Bucharest, Romania. The first group of 88 patients was admitted between (April–December 2020) and their clinical manifestations were compared with the second group of 142 children followed between July 2021 and March 2022. Results: Of 230 children, the median age was 4.5 (interquartile range 0.6-17) years, 53.9% were male. 88 (36.21%) patients (first group) were admitted during the second wave in Romania, mostly aged < 5 years old, and experienced digestive manifestations like fever (p=0.001), and diarrhoea (p=0.004). The second group experienced different clinical signs when compared with the first group, with higher temperature and increased respiratory symptoms analogous to those of acute respiratory viral infections. The proportion in the second group increased, and 64.5% had symptoms for a median interval of 5 days; age (0-4 -years old) and length of stay were both proportionally inversely (p<0.01) and with correlation with hospital admission (p = 0.04). We report two Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome (PIMS) in the second group, with favourable evolution under treatment. Comorbidities were risk factors for complications appear (p < 0.001) in both groups. All paediatric cases admitted to our clinic evolved favourably and no death was recorded. Conclusions: In the first group children experienced digestive symptoms, whereas the second group experienced mild and moderate respiratory symptoms. We confirmed risk factors for severe cases as manifestations across the age spectrum, 0-4 (digestive symptoms) and 5-12 years old (for respiratory symptoms), associated comorbidities, fever, and male gender. The potential effects of COVID-19 infection in children older than 5 years should encourage caregivers to vaccinate and improve the prognosis among pediatric patients at risk.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0432.v1

Biomedical Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Success in Sars-Cov-2 and Other Infectious Diseases

Nuno S. Osório, Maria Isabel Veiga

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Infectious disease; Pandemics; Epidemics; Biomedical Research

Online: 19 February 2021 (10:03:47 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0086.v2

An Overview of Basic Molecular Biology of SARS-CoV-2 and Current COVID-19 Prevention Strategies

Ankur Das, Raja Ahmed, Suraiya Akhtar, Khaleda Begum, Sofia Banu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Genome organisation and expression; Polyproteins; Prevention strategies

Online: 14 June 2020 (16:49:10 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0376.v1

Computational Strategies to Combat COVID-19: Useful Tools to Accelerate SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Research

Franziska Hufsky, Kevin Lamkiewicz, Alexandre Almeida, Abdel Aouacheria, Cecilia Arighi, Alex Bateman, Jan Baumbach, Niko Beerenwinkel, Christian Brandt, Marco Cacciabue, Sara Chuguransky, Oliver Drechsel, Robert D. Finn, Adrian Fritz, Stephan Fuchs, Georges Hattab, Anne-Christin Hauschild, Dominik Heider, Marie Hoffmann, Martin Hölzer, Stefan Hoops, Lars Kaderali, Ioanna Kalvari, Max von Kleist, René Kmiecinski, Denise Kühnert, Gorka Lasso, Pieter Libin, Markus List, Hannah F. Löchel, Maria J. Martin, Roman Martin, Julian Matschinske, Alice C. McHardy, Pedro Mendes, Jaina Mistry, Vincent Navratil, Eric Nawrocki, Áine Niamh O'Toole, Nancy Palacios-Ontiveros, Anton I. Petrov, Guillermo Rangel-Piñeros, Nicole Redaschi, Susanne Reimering, Knut Reinert, Alejandro Reyes, Lorna Richardson, David L. Robertson, Sepideh Sadegh, Joshua B. Singer, Kristof Theys, Chris Upton, Marius Welzel, Lowri Williams, Manja Marz

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: virus bioinformatics; SARS-CoV-2; sequencing; epidemiology; drug design; tools

Online: 23 May 2020 (11:01:11 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.0196.v1

The Epidemiological Scenario of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Emergence in the Southeast Brazilian Population

Evandra Strazza Rodrigues, Svetoslav N. Slavov, Debora Glenda Lima De La-Roque, Elaine Vieira Santos, Josiane Serrano Borges, Mariane Evaristo, Pericles Natan Mendes Da Costa, Juliana Matos, Adriana Marques, Anemarie Dinarte Baccarin, Renata Aparecida Machado Oliveira, Wilson Lau Junior, Bruno Iglesias Benincasa, Luana Martins de Andrade Da Cruz, Alex R. J. Lima, Gabriela Ribeiro, Vincent Louis Viala, Loyze Paola Oliveira De Lima, Antonio Jorge Martins, Claudia Renata Dos Santos Barros, Elaine Cristina Marqueze, Jardelina De Souza Todão Bernardino, Rejane Maria Tommasini Grotto, Jayme A. Souza-Neto, Vagner Fonseca, Maurício Lacerda Nogueira, Heidge Fukumasu, Luiz Lehmann Coutinho, Rodrigo Tocantins Calado, Dimas Tadeu Covas, Marta Giovanetti, Luiz Carlos Júnior Alcantara, Sandra Coccuzzo Sampaio, Maria Carolina Elias, Simone K. Haddad

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance; Brazilian population; omicron variant

Online: 3 January 2024 (08:01:58 CET)

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Preprint COMMUNICATION | doi:10.20944/preprints202203.0010.v1

Analytical Sensitivity of Five SARS-CoV-2 Rapid Antigen Tests for Omicron Versus Delta Variant

Jean-Louis Bayart, Jonathan Degosserie, Julien Favresse, Constant Gillot, Marie Didembourg, Happy Phanio Djokoto, Valérie Verbelen, Gatien Roussel, Celine Maschietto, François Mullier, Jean-Michel Dogné, Jonathan Douxfils

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; variant; Omicron; Delta; antigen; RT-qPCR

Online: 1 March 2022 (09:01:19 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.1357.v1

Cryptosporidium spp. Infection in Adult Kidney Transplant Patients

Danuta Kosik-Bogacka, Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk, Krzysztof Korzeniewski, Joanna Kabat-Koperska, Paweł Ziętek, Małgorzata Marchelek-Myśliwiec

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: Cryptosporidium spp.; kidney transplantation; kidney transplantation

Online: 19 June 2024 (14:23:46 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202406.0353.v1

Herbal Medicine for Hypertension: A Review of Potential Therapeutics

Matthew Halma, Yusuf Saleeby

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Primary Health Care Keywords: hypertension; herbal medicine; nutraceuticals; lifestyle medicine

Online: 6 June 2024 (07:40:56 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202305.0568.v1

Financial Burden of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Pregnancy in a Tertiary Exclusive COVID-19 Maternity

Tina-Ioana Bobei, Romina Marina Sima, Gabriel-Petre Gorecki, Anca Bobircă, Mihai Popescu, Bashar Haj Hamoud, Liana Ples

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biology And Biotechnology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-COV-2; pregnancy

Online: 9 May 2023 (04:51:40 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0375.v1

Unexpected Co-infection with Different Strains of SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19

Hayder O. Hashim, Mudher K. Mohammed, Mazin J. Mousa, Hadeer H. Abdulameer, Alaa T.S. Alhassnawi, Safa A. Hassan, Mohammed Baqur S. Al-Shuhaib

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: co-infection; SARS-CoV-2; pike glycoprotein; stop mutations

Online: 17 September 2020 (05:33:59 CEST)

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There is a rising global concern for the ongoing outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 due to its high transmission rate and unavailability of treatment. Through the binding of its spike glycoprotein with angiotensin type 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 can efficiently get in the cells of patients and start its pandemic cycle. Herein, the biological diversity of SARS-CoV-2 infection was assessed in Babylon province of Iraq by investigating the possible genetic variations of the spike glycoprotein. A specific coding region of 795 bp within the viral spike (S) gene was amplified from 19 patients who suffered from obvious symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sequencing results identified fifteen novel nucleic acid variations with a variety of distributions within the investigated samples. The electropherograms of all the identified variations showed obvious co-infections with at least two different viral strains per sample. Within these co-infections, the majority of samples exhibited three nonsense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)s, p.301Cdel, p.380Ydel, and p.436del, which yielded three truncated SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins of 301, 380, and 436 amino acids length, respectively. The network and phylogenetic analyses indicated that for all viral infections were derived from multi-ancestral origins. Results inferred from the specific clade-based tree entailed that some viral strains were derived from European G-clade sequences. In conclusion, our data demonstrated the absence of any single strain infection among all investigated viral samples in the studied area, which may entail a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 in this country. Through the identified high frequency of truncated spike proteins, we suggest that defective SARS-CoV-2 may depend on helper strains having intact spikes in its infection. Alternatively, another putative ACE2-independent route of viral infection way also suggested. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the co-infection of multiple strains of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202106.0477.v1

High Mortality and Graft Loss After Infective Endocarditis in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Case-Controlled Study From Two Centers

Yanis Tamzali, Clément Danthu, Alexandra Aubry, Jean-François Faucher, Zhour El Ouafi, Pierre Rufat, Marie Essig, Benoît Barrou, Fatouma Touré, Jerome Tourret

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Immunology And Allergy Keywords: Infective endocarditis; Kidney Transplantation; Survival analysis; graft failure; transplant infectious diseases

Online: 18 June 2021 (11:17:15 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0247.v1

Percentages of Vaccination Coverage Required To Establish Herd Immunity Against SARS-Cov-2

Pedro Plans-Rubió

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Health Policy And Services Keywords: Covid-19 vaccination coverage; anti-SARS-CoV-2 herd immunity; Covid-19 vaccination strategy; SARS-CoV-2

Online: 27 April 2022 (05:04:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.1112.v1

Cellular Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Nested Case-Control Study

Salvador Domenèch-Montoliu, Joan Puig-Barberà, Maria Rosario Pac-Sa, Alejandro Orrico-Sanchez, Lorna Gómez-Lanas, Diego Sala-Trull, Carmen Domènech-León, Alba Del Rio-González, Manuel Sanchez-Urbano, Paloma Satorres-Martinez, Laura Aparisi-Esteve, Gema Badenes-Marques, Roser Blasco-Gari, Juan Casanova-Suarez, Maria Gil-Fortuño, Noelia Hernández-Pérez, David Jovani-Sales, Laura López-Diago, Cristina Notari-Rodríguez, Oscar Pérez-Olaso, María Angeles Romeu-Garcia, Raquel Ruíz-Puig, Alberto Arnedo-Pena

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2 infection; cellular immunity; T cells; CD4+; CD8+; humoral immunity; Anti-S antibodies Anti-N antibodies; nested case-control; associated factors

Online: 20 February 2024 (09:01:39 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0266.v1

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant of Concern and its Rapid Spread throughout the Western Brazilian Amazon

Gabriella Sgorlon-Oliveira, Jackson Alves da Silva Queiroz, Nadson Willian Felipe Gasparelo, Tárcio Peixoto Roca, Ana Maisa Passos-Silva, Karolaine Santos Teixeira, Adrhyan Araújo da Silva Oliveira, Paulo Ricardo Freitas de Souza, Elizama de Souza Silva, Ciciléia Correia da Silva, Adriana Cristina Salvador Maia, Camila Flávia Gomes Azzi, Flávia Serrano Batista, Valquiria Reis de Souza, Franciane Mendes Oliveira, Juan Miguel Villalobos Salcedo, Soraya dos Santos Pereira, Felipe Gomes Naveca, Rita de Cássia Pontello Rampazzo, Luis Gustavo Morello, Fabricio Klerynton Marchini, Deusilene Vieira

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS CoV-2; Variant of Concern; Omicron; mutation; genomic surveillance

Online: 28 April 2022 (03:28:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202204.0091.v1

Evidence-Based Evaluation of PCR Diagnostics for SARS-Cov-2 and The Omicron Variants by Sanger Sequencing

Sin Hang Lee

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Epidemiology And Infectious Diseases Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; SARS-CoV; RT-PCR; Sanger sequencing; RT-qPCR; receptor-binding domain (RBD); N-terminal domain (NTD); Omicron; multi-allelic SNPs; false-positive

Online: 12 April 2022 (03:57:29 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.1666.v1

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic on Characteristics and Management of Uveal Melanoma in National Referral Center in Poland

Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Michał Szymon Nowak, Janusz Śmigielski, Magdalena Dębicka-Kumela

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Oncology And Oncogenics Keywords: uveal melanoma; brachytherapy; proton therapy; enucleation

Online: 27 March 2024 (10:04:16 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0092.v1

COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates by Identification of B and T Cell Multi-Epitopes Against SARS-COV-2

Suresh Kumar, Sarmilah Mathavan, Wee Jia Jin, Nur Azznira Bt Azman, Devindren Subramanaiam, Nur Afiqah Binti Zainalabidin, Dhivashini Lingadaran, Zainah Binti Abdul Sattar, Danniya Lakshmi Manickam, Priscilla Sheba Anbananthan, Johan Ahmad Taqiyuddin, Yuvapriya Thevarajan

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Cell And Developmental Biology Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; epitopes; B-cell; T-cell; immuno informatics; MHC-I; MHC-II

Online: 4 August 2020 (11:18:27 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0719.v1

Long-term Existence of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 Patients: Host Immunity, Viral Virulence, and Transmissibility

Meilin Jin, Xingyu Wang, Haini Jiang, Lijuan Hua, Weiwei Yu, dan ding, ke wang, Xiaopan Li, Kun Huang, Zhong zou, Shuyun Xu

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; long-term; neutralization antibody; lymphocyte functionality; viral pathogenicity.

Online: 30 July 2020 (12:16:21 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0381.v1

Efficacy of Licensed Monoclonal Antibodies and Antiviral Agents against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sub-Lineages BA.1 and BA.2

Lia Fiaschi, Filippo Dragoni, Elisabetta Schiaroli, Annalisa Bergna, Barbara Rossetti, Federica Giammarino, Camilla Biba, Anna Gidari, Alessia Lai, Cesira Nencioni, Daniela Francisci, Maurizio Zazzi, Ilaria Vicenti

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: Sars-Cov-2; mAbs; Paxlovid; Remdesivir; Molnupiravir; Microneutralization assay; Cell-based assay; Omicron sublineages

Online: 27 May 2022 (10:45:19 CEST)

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Preprint BRIEF REPORT | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0469.v1

Vaccination and Younger Age Are Associated with Recurrent Laboratory-Confirmed Symptomatic SARS-Cov-2 Infections

Mónica Ríos-Silva, Xóchitl Trujillo, Miguel Huerta, José Guzmán-Esquivel, Verónica Benites-Godínez, Agustín Lugo-Radillo, Jaime Alberto Bricio-Barrios, Eder Fernando Ríos-Bracamontes, Vannya Marisol Ortega-Macías, Valeria Ruiz-Montes de Oca, Oliver Mendoza-Cano, Efrén Murillo-Zamora

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Reinfection

Online: 26 December 2022 (03:53:55 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0058.v1

Genetic and Epigenetic Variations of SARS-Cov-2 and Host Genes and Their Impact in Covid-19 Pandemic

Muhammed Elayadeth Meethal, Punnoth Poonkuzhi Naseef, Mohamed Saheer Kuruniyan, Mansoor C Abdulla, Shyju Ollakkod, Shahul Ebrahim, Godavarma Girish Varma

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Phylogenetic analysis; Next generation sequence analysis; Virus-Host interaction; Immunology; Antiviral agents; Vaccine; Virus diagnosis

Online: 2 August 2021 (16:17:24 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0667.v1

Preventing Functional Decline with Age: Biomarkers and Best Practices

Matthew Halma, Paul Marik

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy And Rehabilitation Keywords: aging populations; healthy aging interventions; physiological changes; autonomy, well-being

Online: 12 March 2024 (08:11:11 CET)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202407.0536.v1

Mechanistic Insights into the Mutational Landscape of the Main Protease/3CLPro and Its Impact on Long-Term COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 Management

Aganze Gloire-Aimé Mushebenge, Samuel Chima Ugbaja, Nonjabulo Ntombikhona Magwaza, Nonkululeko Avril Mbatha, Tambwe Willy Muzumbukilwa, Mukanda Gedeon Kadima, Fave Tata, Mthokosizi Mxumalo, Riziki Ghislain Manimani, Ntabaza Ndage, Bakari Salvius Amuri, Kahumba Byanga, Manimbulu Nlooto, Rene B. Khan, Hezekiel M. Kumalo

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease/3CLPro; ; mutations; ; vaccine efficacy; ; Enzymatic activity; therapeutic targeting; Structural alterations; Antiviral therapy; Dimerization interface

Online: 8 July 2024 (03:05:05 CEST)

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The main proteinase (Mpro), or 3CLpro, is a critical enzyme in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lifecycle and is responsible for breaking down and releasing vital functional viral proteins crucial for virus development and transmission. As a catalytically active dimer, its dimerization interface has become an attractive target for antiviral drug development. Recent research has extensively investigated the enzymatic activity of Mpro, focusing on its role in regulating the coronavirus replication complex and its significance in virus maturation and infectivity. Computational investigations have identified four druggable pockets, suggesting potential allosteric sites beyond the substrate-binding region. Empirical validation through site-directed alanine mutagenesis targeted residues in both the active and allosteric regions corroborated these predictions. Structural studies of drug target proteins can inform therapeutic approaches, with metadynamics simulations shedding light on the role of H163 in regulating Mpro function and providing insights into its dynamic equilibrium to the wild-type enzyme. Despite the efficacy of vaccines and drugs in mitigating SARS-CoV-2 spread, ongoing viral evolution, selective pressures, and continued transmission pose challenges, potentially leading to resistance mutations. Phylogenetic analyses indicated the existence of several resistance variations predating drug introduction to the human population, emphasizing the likelihood of drug spread. Hydrogen/deuterium-exchange mass spectrometry reveals the structural influence of the mutation, while clinical trials on 3CLPro inhibitors underscore the clinical significance of reduced enzymatic activity and offer avenues for future therapeutic exploration. Understanding the implications of 3CLPro mutations holds promise for shaping forthcoming therapeutic strategies against COVID-19. This review delves into factors influencing mutation rates and identifies areas warranting further investigation, providing a comprehensive overview of Mpro mutations, their categorization, and terminology. Moreover, we examined their associations with clinical outcomes, illness severity, unresolved issues, and future research prospects, including their impact on vaccine efficacy and potential therapeutic targeting.

Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0343.v1

Community Research Amid COVID-19 Pandemic: Genomics Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 over Public GALAXY server

Ambarish Kumar, Ali Haider Bangash, Bjoern Gruening

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: GALAXY; Assembly; Annotation; Genomic Variants Discovery; Workflow

Online: 21 May 2020 (09:57:42 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202205.0234.v1

Physical Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Routes: from Primary Production and Emissions to Exposures and COVID-19 Infection

Gjalt Huppes, Ruben Huele

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biophysics Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; virions mass balance; spatial modelling of toxics concentrations; human exposure to airborne substances; Substance Flow Analysis (SFA); environmental routes of toxic viruses; primary production of SARS-2 virions

Online: 17 May 2022 (14:19:43 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202401.1187.v1

Vaccine Based on Recombinant Fusion Protein Combining HBV PreS with SARS-CoV-2 Wild-Type- and Omicron-Derived RBD Strongly Induces Omicron-Neutralizing Antibodies

Pia Gattinger, Bernhard Kratzer, Al Nasar Ahmed Sehgal, Anna Ohradanova-Repic, Laura Gebetsberger, Gabor Tajti, Margarete Focke-Tejkl, Mirjam Schaar, Verena Fuhrmann, Lukas Petrowitsch, Walter Keller, Sandra Högler, Hannes Stockinger, Winfried F. Pickl, Rudolf Valenta

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Life Sciences Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Omicron; vaccine; neutralizing antibodies

Online: 16 January 2024 (13:58:31 CET)

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Background: COVID-19 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a recurrent endemic disease affecting the whole world. Since November 2021, Omicron and its subvariants are dominating. In order to prevent severe courses of disease, vaccines are needed to boost and maintain antibody levels capable of neutralizing Omicron. Recently we produced and characterized a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine based on a recombinant fusion protein consisting of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-derived PreS and two SARS-CoV-2 wild-type RBDs. Objectives: To develop a PreS-RBD vaccine which induces high levels of Omicron-specific neutralizing antibodies. Methods: We designed, produced, characterized and compared strain-specific (wild-type: W-PreS-W; Omicron: O-PreS-O), bivalent (mix of W-PreS-W and O-PreS-O) and chimeric (i.e., W-PreS-O) SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit vaccines. Immunogens were characterized in vitro by protein chemical methods, mass-spectrometry, circular dichroism in combination with thermal denaturation and immunological methods. In addition, BALB/c mice were immunized with aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed proteins and aluminum hydroxide alone (i.e., placebo) to study specific antibody and cytokine responses, safety and Omicron neutralization. Results: Defined and pure immunogens could be produced in large amounts as secreted and folded proteins in mammalian cells. Antibodies induced after vaccination with different doses of strain-specific, bivalent and chimeric PreS-RBD fusion proteins reacted with wild-type and Omicron RBD in a dose-dependent manner and resulted in a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. Interestingly, RBD-specific IgG levels induced by the different vaccines were comparable but the W-PreS-O-induced virus neutralization titers against Omicron (median VNT50: 5000) were 7- and 2-fold higher than the W-PreS-W- and O-PreS-O-specific ones, respectively and 6-fold higher than those of the bivalent vaccine. Conclusion: Among the tested immunogens, the chimeric PreS-RBD subunit vaccine, W-PreS-O, induced the highest neutralizing antibody titers against Omicron. Thus, W-PreS-O seems to be a highly promising COVID-19 vaccine candidate for further preclinical and clinical evaluation.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202310.0217.v1

Comparative Analysis of Immune-response in Humans Infected by Alpha, Delta and Omicron Strains of SARS-CoV-2

Mihieka Bose, Chayan Munshi

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Immune response, Pandemic

Online: 4 October 2023 (07:54:10 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202206.0192.v1

Implementation of the eCDC/WHO Recommendation for Molecular Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants and Its Challenges

Sin Hang Lee

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Biochemistry And Molecular Biology Keywords: eCDC; WHO; Sanger sequencing; Omicron variant; minor subvariants; BA.4/BA.5; BA.2; mul-ti-allelic; SNPs; recombinant

Online: 14 June 2022 (04:30:41 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202408.0950.v1

Insights into the Replication Kinetics Profiles of Malaysian SARS-CoV-2 Variant Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron in Vero E6 cell line

Zarina Mohd Zawawi, Jeevanathan Kalyanasundram, Rozainanee Mohd Zain, Adiratna Mat Ripen, Dayang Fredalina Basri, Wei Boon Yap

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; variants; replication kinetics; infectivity; mutations; cell culture adaptation

Online: 13 August 2024 (13:02:13 CEST)

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Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0962.v1

The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Immune Status and Societal Restrictions in Controlling COVID-19 Across the World

Jasmijn Stroo, Michaëla Lepolder, Jean-Luc Murk, Ger T. Rijkers

Subject: Public Health And Healthcare, Public Health And Health Services Keywords: COVID pass; SARS-CoV-2 antigen test; SARS-CoV-2 antibodies; societal restrictions

Online: 14 July 2023 (05:20:20 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0174.v1

Homologous or Heterologous COVID-19 Boosters Regimens Significantly Impact Sero-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Virus and Variants

Rome Buathong, Taweewun Hunsawong, Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, Suriya Guharat, Ratthapat Jirapipatt, Sasiprapa Ninwattana, Nattakarn Thippamom, Anusara Jitsatja, Anthony R. Jones, Kamonthip Rungrojchareonkit, Jindarat Lohachanakul, Rungarun Suthangkornkul, Kedsara Tayong, Chonticha Klungthong, Stefan Fernandez, Opass Putcharoen

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Immunology And Microbiology Keywords: COVID-19; vaccine; booster; variants of concern; neutralization

Online: 12 July 2022 (07:43:56 CEST)

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Working Paper REVIEW

Computational, Experimental, and Clinical Evidence for a Specific but Peculiar Evolutionary Nature of (COVID-19) SARS-CoV-2

Gerard Goh, James Foster, A. Keith Dunker, Vladimir Uversky

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: Pangolin; Intrinsic; Disorder; Protein; Nucleocapsid; Virulence; Shell; Covid; Coronavirus; Vaccine; Immune; Antibody; Shell; Nucleoprotein; Matrix; Attenuate; Severe Acute Respiratory

Online: 4 May 2021 (16:24:51 CEST)

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SARS-CoV-2 was empirically and computationally found to be of a specific but peculiar evolution. Shell disorder models found that the outer shell (M protein) of SARS-CoV-2 to be among the hardest in its CoV family. The hard outer shell (low M percentage of disorder (PID)) is likely to be related to the SARS-CoV-2 resistance to the antimicrobial enzymes in saliva and mucus, and be responsible for the high-level of viral shedding which has been observed clinically. Experimental studies have also shown that SARS-CoV-2 is more resilient in the environment than many other CoVs, including SARS-CoV-1. Another aspect of the shell disorder models predicts that SARS-CoV-1 is more virulent than SARS-CoV-2 because of higher inner shell disorder (N PID) that helps SARS-CoV-1 replicate faster in vital organs despite being of lesser viral loads in the saliva and mucus, unlike SARS-CoV-2. This has been reaffirmed experimentally, where higher levels (50 folds) of infectious particles were detected in the SARS-CoV-1 samples in comparison with those of SARS-CoV-2. The hard outer shell of SARS-CoV-2 has been found to be associated with burrowing animals, particularly pangolins, which are often in contact with buried feces. For these reasons, the M protein is highly conserved among close relatives of SARS-CoV-2. The phylogenetic tree using M, unlike the genome-wide one, shows that pangolin-CoVs are more closely related to SARS-CoV-2 than bat-RaTG13. Previous phylogenetic studies may have been confused by recombinations that are usually poorly handled. According to the shell disorder models based on the N PID, an attenuated COVID-19 strain is likely to have entered humans via pangolins in 2017 or before, which provides the virus enough time to adapt to humans. This could explain why the SARS-CoV-2 S protein is highly adapted to the human ACE-2. The specific but peculiar evolution has a wide range of clinical, immunological, and epidemiological implications.

Preprint REVIEW | doi:10.20944/preprints202303.0524.v1

From Cell to Symptoms: The Role of SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathic Effects in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and Long COVID

Pablo Gonzalez-Garcia, Ornella Fiorillo Moreno, Eloina Zarate Peñate, Alejandro Calderón-Villalba, Lisandro Pacheco Lugo, Antonio Acosta Hoyos, Jose Luis Villarreal Camacho, Roberto Navarro Quiroz, Leonardo Pacheco Londoño, Gustavo Aroca Martinez, Noelia Moares, Antonio Gabucio, Cecilia Fernandez-Ponce, Francisco Garcia-Cozar, Elkin Navarro Quiroz

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Pulmonary And Respiratory Medicine Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Long COVID; Cytopathy; cytokine storm; sequelae; PASC; coronavirus; angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; cell dysfunction

Online: 30 March 2023 (05:09:50 CEST)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202402.0200.v1

SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Responses in Vaccination and Infection during the Pandemic in 2020–2022

Wakana Inoue, Yuta Kimura, Shion Okamoto, Takuto Nogimori, Akane Sakaguchi-Mikami, Takuya Yamamoto, Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota

Subject: Medicine And Pharmacology, Other Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; infection and vaccination; serum and saliva; RBD and N-specific; IgG and IgA; T-cell responses

Online: 5 February 2024 (03:43:25 CET)

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Preprint ARTICLE | doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0202.v1

Pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 and BE.1 Variants in Syrian Hamsters and hACE2-transgenic Mmice

Inna Dolzhikova, Daria Grousova, Ilia Zorkov, Anna Kovyrshina, Anna Iliukhina, Artem Shelkov, Andrei Botikov, Nadezhda Kuznetsova, Andrei Pochtovyi, Grigory Demyashkin, Alisa Suslova, Andrei Nedorubov, Andrei Komissarov, Daria Danilenko, Dmitry Lioznov, Amir Tukhvatulin, Dmitry Shcheblyakov, Vladimir Gushchin, Denis Logunov, Alexander Gintsburg

Subject: Biology And Life Sciences, Virology Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; Omicron BA.5; Omicron BE.1; animal model

Online: 12 December 2022 (13:12:15 CET)

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