In many image processing and computer vision applications, the main aim is to describe image contents. So, different visual properties such as color, texture and shape are extracted to make aim. In this respect, texture information play important role in image description and visual pattern classification. Texture is referred to a specific local distribution of intensities that is repeated throughout the image. Since now different operations or descriptors have been proposed to analysis texture characteristics. In the multi object images specific texture operators usually doesn’t provide accurate results. So, in many cases, combination of texture operators are used to achieve more discriminant features. In this paper, some combination methods are survived to analysis effect of combinational texture features in image content description. Also, in the result part, different related methods are compared in terms of accuracy and computational complexity.

The strong competition in the automotive industry has required manufacturers to implement lean production, both with methods and techniques specific to Industry 4.0. At the same time, universities must provide graduates with specific skills for applying these new production methods and techniques. In this context, a Lean Learning Factory was developed in the Pitesti University Center, which allows students to learn, experiment, and research, in an environment similar to that of enterprises, the new Lean Manufacturing methods and techniques, and Industry 4.0. The research presented in this study had as its objective identifying the minimum number of repetitions necessary to train operators who serve two differently organized workstations, one classic, the other including digital techniques, but on which the same assembly operation is performed. Several indicators were considered in the analysis, such as the number of errors, the number of stops, the effective duration of the work cycle, and the percentage ratio between the standard duration of cyclical activities and the effective duration of the work cycle. The evolution of these indicators was mathematically modelled by regression functions, using the least squares method. The obtained results also highlight the usefulness of applying the DOJO method as a Lean manufacturing-specific learning technique and the efficiency of implementing digital techniques in work organization.

We consider fractional integral operators $(I-T)^d, d \in (-1,1)$ acting on functions $g: \mathbb{Z}^{\nu} \to \mathbb{R}, \nu \ge 1 $, where $T $ is the transition operator of a random walk on $\mathbb{Z}^{\nu}$. We obtain sufficient and necessary conditions for the existence, invertibility and square summability of kernels $\tau (\mathbf{s}; d), \mathmb{s} \in \mathbb{Z}^{\nu}$ of $(I-T)^d $. Asymptotic behavior of $\tau (\mathbf{s}; d)$ as $|\mathbf{s}| \to \infty$ is identified following local limit theorem for random walk. A class of fractionally integrated random fields $X$ on $\mathbb{Z}^{\nu}$ solving the difference equation $(I-T)^d X = \varepsilon$ with white noise on the right-hand side is discussed, and their scaling limits. Several examples including fractional lattice Laplace and heat operators are studied in detail.

In this paper, several classes of rough Marcinkiewicz integral operators along surfaces of revolution on product spaces are investigated. We prove the Lp boundedness of these operators when their kernels functions belong to a class of functions related to a class of functions introduced by Grafakos-Stefanov. The results in this paper extend and improve several known results on Marcinkiewicz integrals.

In this article, rst we are going to review the concept of ordinary frames , in more general case in measure spaces, namely, gc-frames. We try to develop the use of measure space in describing frames. Then by means of the gc-frames, we shall introduce gn-operators, which we shall show that each trace class operator has a vector-valued integral representation and vice-versa.

Splines and quasi-interpolation operators are important both in approximation theory and applications. In this paper, we construct a family of quasi-interpolation operators for the bivariate quintic spline spaces S₅³ (∆_mn⁽²⁾). Moreover, the properties of the proposed quasi-interpolation operators are studied, as well as its applications for solving two-dimensional Burgers’ equation and image reconstruction. Some numerical examples show that these methods, which are easy to implement, provide accurate results.

Orthogonal operators can successfully be used to calculate eigenvalues and eigenvector compositions in complex spectra. Orthogonality ensures least correlation between the operators and thereby more stability in the fit, even for small interactions. The resulting eigenvectors are used to transform the pure transition matrix into realistic intermediate coupling transition probabilities. Calculated transition probabilities for close lying levels illustrate the power of the complete orthogonal operator approach.

A new kind of quantum gates, higher braiding gates, as matrix solutions of the polyadic braid equations (different from the generalized Yang-Baxter equations) is introduced. Such gates lead to another special multiqubit entanglement which can speed up key distribution and accelerate algorithms. Ternary braiding gates acting on three qubit states are studied in details. We also consider exotic noninvertible gates which can be related with qubit loss, and define partial identities (which can be orthogonal), partial unitarity, and partially bounded operators (which can be noninvertible). We define two classes of matrices, star and circle ones, such that the magic matrices (connected with the Cartan decomposition) belong to the star class. The general algebraic structure of the introduced classes is described in terms of semigroups, ternary and $5$-ary groups and modules. The higher braid group and its representation by the higher braid operators are given. Finally, we show, that for each multiqubit state there exist higher braiding gates which are not entangling, and the concrete conditions to be non-entangling are given for the obtained binary and ternary gates.

This work intends to present a study on relations between a Lie algebra called dispersion operators algebra, linear canonical transformation and a phase space representation of quantum mechanics that we have introduced and studied in previous works. The paper begins with a brief recall of our previous works followed by the description of the dispersion operators algebra which is performed in the framework of the phase space representation. Then, linear canonical transformations are introduced and linked with this algebra. A multidimensional generalization of the obtained results is given.

In this paper, it is introduced the notion of r-fuzzy β-T_i, i = 0, 1, 2 separation axioms related to a fuzzy operator β on the initial set X which is a generalization of previous fuzzy separation axioms. An r-fuzzy α-connectedness related to a fuzzy operator α on the set X is introduced which is a generalization of many types of r-fuzzy connectedness. An r-fuzzy α-compactness related to a fuzzy operator α on the set X is introduced which is a generalization of many types of fuzzy compactness.

The commercial oxygen-free copper sheets were cold-rolled with reduction rates ranging from 20% to 87% reduction rate and annealed at 400, 500 and 600 °C. The microstructure and texture evolution during cold-rolling and annealing processes were studied using optical microscopy (OM), the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). The results show that the deformation textures of {123} (S) , {112} (Copper) and {110} (Brass) were continuously enhanced with the increase of cold-rolling reduction. The orientations along the α-oriented fiber converged towards Brass and the orientation density of β fiber obviously increased when the rolling reduction exceeded 60%. The recrystallization texture was significantly affected by the cold-rolling reduction. After 60% cold-rolling reduction, Copper and S textures components gradually decreased and {011} recrystallization texture component formed with the increase of annealing temperature. After 87% cold-rolling reduction, a strong Cube texture formed and other textures were inhibited with the increase of annealing temperature. The strong Brass and S deformation texture was conducive to the formation of a strong Cube annealing texture. The density of annealing twin boundary decreased with the increase of annealing temperature, and more annealing twin boundaries formed in the oxygen-free copper sheets with the increase of cold rolling reduction.

In Indonesia, types of meat are still identified manually due to increasing prices for beef and buf-falo ahead of Idul Fitri. Traders mix beef with pork to thwart the beef scam. Haar wavelet and GLCM, GLCM with angles of 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°, as well as matrices using contrast, correlation, energy, homogeneity, and entropy, are used in feature extraction. The following are the results of meat image classification testing using k-NN, Haar wavelet, and GLCM: The k-NN algorithm shows superiority in identifying fresh (99%), frozen (99%), and rotten (96%) meat texture images with the most fantastic accuracy results in every situation. Meanwhile, GLCM routinely provides good results, especially regarding the texture image of fresh meat (183.21) and rotten meat (115.79). However, despite delivering less throughput than k-NN and GLCM, Haar wavelets are still helpful, especially when dealing with fresh meat texture images (89,96).

Bi1-xSbx crystal is one of the best n-type thermoelectric materials below 200 K, but its weak mechanical strength hinders practical applications for deep refrigeration. Herein, we adopted the mechanical enhancement method of hot extrusion to investigate the comprehensive mechanical and thermoelectric properties of Bi0.905Sb0.095. It revealed that reducing the grain size of the matrix and increasing the extrusion ratio can improve the gain size uniformity and mechanical properties. While the thermoelectric performance depends on the texture, grain size, and local composition. The extruded sample prepared by ingot with the high extrusion ratio of 9:1 generated a high texture degree of (001) plane and small grain sizes between ~4-40 mm, which resulted in the high bending strength of Bi1-xSbx ~130 Mpa and a high-power factor of ~ 68 μW·cm-1·K-2@173 K, as well as the relative high figure of merit of 0.25@173K. This work highlights the importance of the uniform distribution of the grain size and the compositions for Bi1-xSbx, as well as the required universal key parameter for the hot-extrusion method.

This research aimed to study and compare prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal (MSK) problem and perceived discomfort among port crane operators consisting of quay and rubber tyred gantry (RTG) cranes working in the Laem Chabang Deep-sea Port, Thailand. Direct interviews for a cross-sectional analysis was selected for this unique job with a small amount of sample size. A standardized modified version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was lunched for 26 male participants, consisting of 11 quay and 15 RTG, where a priori power analysis using G*Power suggested the minimum as 24 for the hypothesis test. Socio-demographic characteristics showed no significant difference among them. The NMQ revealed lower back as the highest prevalent body part (76.9%) followed by neck, shoulders and upper back at the same percentage (23.1%) for all port crane group, with up to 96.2% reporting MSK problem over the past 12 months. And Borg scale rating, assessing the perceived discomfort, revealed lower back with the highest score (2.38) followed by upper back (0.65), shoulders (0.54) and neck (0.5). Remarkably, the comparation between the quey and RTG crane operators on the MSK prevalence (χ2 test) and perceived discomfort levels (Kruskal-Wallis test), regarding different 9 body parts, revealed a significant difference between the two on upper back with quay crane having more problem than the RTG at p < 0.05. while the rest of them were mainly in the same direction. MSK contributors such as: working awkward posture, mental stress, height, trolley distance and vibration are considerably the main causes of this. However, the larger in scale of exposure to those for the quey crane compared to the RTG might have led to the distinguishing MSK problem found in this study which require thoroughly deliberation for the particular solutions.

In this paper, two types of the general fractional derivatives of distributed order as well as a corresponding fractional integral of distributed type are defined and their basic properties are investigated. The general fractional derivatives of distributed order are constructed for a special class of the one-parametric Sonin kernels with a power law singularities at the origin. The conventional fractional derivatives of distributed order based on the Riemann-Liouville and the Caputo fractional derivatives are particular cases of the general fractional derivatives of distributed order introduced in this paper.

Purpose of this article is to introduce a modification of Phillips operators on the interval $\left[ \frac{1}{2},\infty \right) $ via Dunkl generalization. This type of modification enables a better error estimation on the interval $\left[ \frac{1}{2},\infty \right) $ rather than the classical Dunkl Phillips operators on $\left[ 0,\infty \right) $. We discuss the convergence results and obtain the degrees of approximations. Furthermore, we calculate the rate of convergence by means of modulus of continuity, Lipschitz type maximal functions, Peetre's $K$-functional and second order modulus of continuity.

Purpose of this article is to introduce a modification of Phillips operators on the interval $\left[ \frac{1}{2}% ,\infty \right) $ via Dunkl generalization. This type of modification enables a better error estimation on the interval $\left[ \frac{1}{2},\infty \right) $ rather than the classical Dunkl Phillips operators on $\left[ 0,\infty \right) $. We discuss the convergence results and obtain the degrees of approximations. Furthermore, we calculate the rate of convergence by means of modulus of continuity, Lipschitz type maximal functions, Peetre's $K$-functional and second order modulus of continuity.

Objective: Interstitial fibrosis / tubular atrophy (IFTA) is a common, irreversible, and progressive form of chronic kidney allograft injury, and it is considered a critical predictor of kidney allograft outcomes. The extent of IFTA is estimated through a graft biopsy, while a non-invasive test is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of an MRI radiomic-based machine learning (ML) algorithm in estimating the degree of IFTA in a cohort of transplanted patients. Approach: Patients who underwent MRI and renal biopsy within a 6-month interval from 1/1/2012 to 1/3/2021 were included. Stable MRI sequences were selected, and renal parenchyma, renal cortex and medulla were segmented. After image filtering and pre-processing, we computed radiomic features which were subsequently selected through a LASSO algorithm for their highest correlation with the outcome and lowest intercorrelation. Selected features and relevant patients’ clinical data were used to produce ML-algorithms using 70% of the study cases for feature selection, model training and validation with a 10-fold cross-validation, and 30% for model testing. Performances were evaluated using AUC with 95% confidence interval. Main results: 70 coupled tests (63 patients, 35.4% females, mean age 52.2 years) have been included and subdivided into a wider cohort of 50 for training and a smaller cohort of 20 for testing. For IFTA ≥ 25%, AUCs in test cohort were 0.60, 0.59, and 0.54 for radiomic features only, clinical variables only, and combined radiomic-clinical model, respectively. For IFTA ≥ 50%, AUCs in training cohort were 0.89, 0.84, 0.96, and in test cohort were 0.82, 0.83, and 0.86, for radiomic features only, clinical variables only, and combined radiomic-clinical model, respectively. Significance: An ML-based MRI radiomic algorithm showed promising discrimination capacity for IFTA>50%, especially when combined with clinical variables. These results need to be confirmed in larger cohorts.

First, we examine how spin is treated in special relativity and the necessity of introducing spin supplementary conditions (SSC) and how they are related to the choice of a center-of-mass of a spinning particle. Next, we discuss quantum electrodynamics and the Foldy-Wouthuysen transformation which we note is a position operator identical to the Pryce-Newton-Wigner position operator. The classical version of the operators are shown to be essential for the treatment of classical relativistic particles in general relativity, of special interest being the case of binary systems (black holes/neutron stars) which emit gravitational radiation.

Uchino first initiated the study of generalized Reynolds operators on associative algebras. Recently, related research has become a hot topic. In this paper, we first introduce the notion of generalized Reynolds operators on Hom-Lie triple systems associated to a representation and a 3-cocycle. Then, we develop cohomology of generalized Reynolds operators on Hom-Lie triple systems with coefficients in a suitable representation. As applications, we use the first cohomology group to classify linear deformations and we study the obstruction class of an extendable order $n$ deformation. Finally, we introduce and investigate Hom-NS-Lie triple system as the underlying structure of generalized Reynolds operators on Hom-Lie triple systems.

A superior variant of dried jujube in China is ‘Huizao’ (HZ) jujube. Nonetheless, detailed evaluations of the texture quality of HZ fruits have been the subject of few studies. Texture is a significant indicator of the sensory and processed quality of a fruit. Here, we differentiate and characterize the texture quality of HZ fruits from the four primary producing regions in southern Xinjiang, as well as develop a system for assessing the texture quality of HZ fruits. Furthermore, five texture indices of HZ fruits from 109 plantations were exhaustively evaluated utilizing principal component analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and hierarchical clustering analysis. Consequently, by the 10th, 30th, 70th, and 90th percentiles, each index was classified into five grades—lower, medium, high, and higher. Correlation investigation indicated strong relationships between the springiness, chewiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and hardness of HZ fruits. Springiness, hardness, and adhesiveness are essential indicators that influence the texture of HZ fruits. We used clustering analysis to separate the six texture indices into three major categories (hard factor, stick-elastic factor, and adhesive factor), with indices representing hardness, springiness, and adhesiveness, respectively. Furthermore, according to the factor molecules, the texture quality of HZ fruits in the four production areas was evaluated as Bazhou (1.24) > Hotan (0.773) > Kashi (-0.577) > Aksu (-0.852). RDA analysis of six texture quality parameters and 24 climate conditions identified higher mean temperature (TEM) and lower relative humidity (RHU) as the primary factors contributing to the improved texture quality of HZ fruits in Xinjiang. This study identified the texture quality characteristics of HZ fruits in four major producing areas of Southern Xinjiang, and it offered a theoretical foundation for optimizing the dominant producing areas and regional production of HZ varieties in Xinjiang.

Chromium (Cr) metal has garnered significant attention in alloy systems owing to its exceptional properties, such as high melting point, low density, and superior oxidation and corrosion resistance. However, its processing capabilities are hindered by the high Ductile-Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT). Recently, powder bed fusion-laser beam for metals (PBF-LB/M) has emerged as a promising technique, offering the fabrication of net shapes and precise control over crystallographic texture. Nevertheless, research investigating the mechanism underlying crystallographic texture development in pure Cr via PBF-LB/M still needs to be conducted. This study explores the impact of scan speed on relative density and crystallographic texture. At the optimal scan speed, an increase in grain size attributed to epitaxial growth was observed, resulting in the formation of cubic texture. Consequently, a reduction in High Angle Grain Boundaries (HAGB) was achieved, suppressing defects such as cracks and enhancing relative density up to 98.1%. Furthermore, with increasing densification, Vickers hardness also exhibited a corresponding increase. These findings underscore the efficacy of PBF-LB/M for processing metals with high DBTT properties.

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) tools have revolutionized FPGA application development by providing a more efficient and streamlined approach, significantly impacting digital design methodologies. Despite the capability of FPGAs to customize numerical representations in data paths, most HLS projects have focused on fixed-point precision, while floating-point representations remain limited to vendor-provided single, double, and half-precision formats. This paper proposes a customized floating-point library compatible with HLS to address these limitations. This library allows programmers to define the number of exponent and mantissa bits at compile time, providing greater flexibility and enabling the use of mixed precision. Moreover, this library includes optimized implementations of common components such as vector summation (VSUM), dot-product (DP), and matrix-vector multiplication (MVM). Results demonstrate that the proposed library reduces latency and resource utilization compared to vendor IP blocks, particularly in VSUM, DP, and MVM operations. For example, the MVM operation involving a 32x32 matrix, using vendor IP requires 22 clock cycles, whereas CuFP completes the same task in just 7 clock cycles, using approximately 60% fewer DSPs, 10% fewer LUTs, and 60% fewer FFs.

The present paper introduces a new class of Stancu-Kantorovich operators constructed in the King sense. For this class of operators we establish some convergence results, error estimations theorems and graphical properties of approximation for the cases considered, namely, operators that preserve the test functions $e_{0}(x)=1$ and $e_{1}(x)=x$, $% e_{0}(x)=1$ and $e_{2}(x)=x^{2},$ as well as $e_{1}(x)=x$ and $e_{2}(x)=x^{2} $. The new class of operators introduced in this paper is a genuine generalization of the class introduced by Indrea et al. (see Indrea A., Indrea A., Pop O. A New Class of Kantorovich-Type Operators, Constructive Mathematical Analysis).

Information-related measures are useful tools for multi-variable data analysis, as measures of dependence among variables, and as descriptions of order and disorder in biological and physical systems. Measures, like marginal entropies, mutual / interaction / multi -information, have long been used in a number of fields including descriptions of systems complexity and biological data analysis. The mathematical relationships among these measures are therefore of significant inherent interest. Relations between common information measures include the duality relations based on Möbius inversion on lattices. These are the direct consequence of the symmetries of the lattices of the sets of variables (subsets ordered by inclusion). While these relationships are of significant interest there has been, to our knowledge, no systematic examination of the full range of relationships of this diverse range of functions into a unifying formalism as we do here. In this paper we define operators on functions on these lattices based on the Möbius inversions that map functions into one another (Möbius operators). We show that these operators form a simple group isomorphic to the symmetric group S₃. Relations among the set of functions on the lattice are transparently expressed in terms of the operator algebra, and, applied to the information measures, can be used to derive a wide range of relationships among diverse information measures. The Möbius operator algebra is naturally generalized which yields extensive new relationships. This formalism now provides a fundamental unification of information-related measures, and the isomorphism of all distributive lattices with the subset lattice implies an even broader application of these results.

It is shown that if a non-constant meromorphic function f(z) is of finite order and shares certain values with its shifts/difference operators then f(z) coincides with that particular shift/difference operator.

In practical applications, the detection of objects with various sizes is a common requirement for most detectors. The feature pyramid network (FPN) is widely adopted as a framework to address this challenge. The field is witnessing an increasing number of transformer-based target detectors due to the widespread adoption of transformer technology. This paper initially examines the design flaws in FPN and transformer-based target detectors, followed by the introduction of a new transformer-based approach called Texturized Instance Guidance (TIG-DETR) to address these issues. Specifically, TIG-DETR comprises a backbone network, a new pyramidal structure known as Texture-Enhanced FPN (TE-FPN), and an enhanced DETR detector.The TE-FPN is composed of three components: a bottom-up pathway for enhancing texture information in the feature map, a lightweight attention module to address confounding effects resulting from cross-scale fusion, and a standard attention module to enhance the final output features.The improved DETR detector utilizes Shifted Window based Self-Attention to replace the multi-headed self-attention module in DETR, thereby accelerating model convergence. Moreover, it incorporates an Instance Based Advanced Guidance Module to enhance instance perception in the image by employing a pre-local self-attentive mechanism for recognizing larger instances. By employing TE-FPN instead of FPN in Faster RCNN with Resnet-50 as the backbone network, we achieve a 1.9% improvement in average accuracy. TIG-DETR achieves an average accuracy of 44.1 with Resnet-50 as the backbone network.

Soil texture is key information in agriculture for improving soil knowledge and crop performance, so the accurate mapping of this crucial feature is imperative for rationally planning cultivations and for targeting interventions. We studied the relationship between radioelements and soil texture in the Mezzano Lowland (Italy), a 189 km² agricultural plain investigated through a dedicated airborne gamma-ray spectroscopy survey. The K and Th abundances were used to retrieve the clay and sand content by means of a multi-approach method. Linear (simple and multiple) and non-linear (machine learning algorithms with deep neural networks) predictive models were trained and tested adopting a 1:50,000 scale soil texture map. The comparison of these approaches highlighted that the non-linear model introduces significant improvements in the prediction of soil texture fractions. The predicted maps of the clay and of the sand content were compared with the regional soil maps. Although the macro-structures were equally present, the airborne gamma-ray data permits us shedding light on finer features. Map areas with higher clay content were coincident with paleo-channels crossing the Mezzano Lowland in Etruscan and Roman periods, confirmed by the hydrographic setting of historical maps and by the geo-morphological features of the study area.

This paper compares a series of traditional and deep learning methodologies for the segmentation of textures. Six well-known texture composites first published by Randen and Hus{\o}y were used to compare traditional segmentation techniques (co-occurrence, filtering, local binary patterns, watershed, multiresolution sub-band filtering) against a deep-learning approach based on the U-Net architecture. For the latter, the effects of depth of the network, number of epochs and different optimisation algorithms were investigated. Overall, the best results were provided by the deep-learning approach. However, the best results were distributed within the parameters, and many configurations provided results well below the traditional techniques.

We proposed in this work the introduction of a new vision of stochastic processes through geometry induced by dilation. The dilation matrices of a given process are obtained by a composition of rotation matrices built in with respect to partial correlation coefficients. Particularly interesting is the fact that the obtention of dilation matrices is regardless of the stationarity of the underlying process. When the process is stationary, only one dilation matrix is obtained and it corresponds therefore to Naimark dilation. When the process is nonstationary, a set of dilation matrices is obtained. They correspond to Kolmogorov decomposition. In this work, the nonstationary class of periodically correlated processes was of interest. The underlying periodicity of correlation coefficients is then transmitted to the set of dilation matrices. Because this set lives on the Lie group of rotation matrices, we can see them as points of a closed curve on the Lie group. Geometrical aspects can then be investigated through the shape of the obtained curves, and to give a complete insight into the space of curves, a metric and the derived geodesic equations are provided. The general results are adapted to the more specific case where the base manifold is the Lie group of rotation matrices, and because the metric in the space of curve naturally extends to the space of shapes, this enables a comparison between curves’ shapes and allows then the classification of processes’ measure.

Hamacher operation which is generalization of the Algebraic and Einstein operation, can widely provide a large number of arithmetical operation with respect to uncertainty information, and Heronian mean can deal with correlations of the input arguments or different criteria and don’t make calculation redundancy, meanwhile, the normal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (NIFNs) can depict distinctively normal distribution information in practical decision making. In this paper, a multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problem is researched under the NIFNs environment, and a new MCGDM approach is introduced on the basis of the Hamacher operation. Firstly, according to Hamacher t-conorm and t-norm, some operational laws of NIFNs are presented. Secondly, it is noticed that Heronian mean can’t only once take into account mutual relation between attribute values once, but also consider the correlation between input argument and itself. Therefore, we develop some operators and study their properties in order to aggregate normal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers information, these operators include Hamacher Heronian mean (NIFHHM), Hamacher weighted Heronian mean (NIFHWHM), Hamacher geometric Heronian mean (NIFHGHM) and Hamacher weighted geometric Heronian mean (NIFHWGHM). Furthermore, we apply the proposed operators to the MCGDM problem and present a new method. The main characteristics of this new method involve that: (1) it is suitable to make decision under the normal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers environment and more reliable and reasonable to aggregate the normal distribution information. (2) it utilizes Hamacher operation which can provide more reliable and flexible decision-making results and offer an effective and powerful mathematic tool for the MAGDM under uncertainty. (3) it uses the Heronian mean operator which can considers relationships between the input arguments or the attributes and don’t brings subsequently about redundancy. Lastly, an application is given for showing the feasibility and effectiveness of the presented method in this paper.

In this paper, we study a co-variational inequality problem involving Yosida approximation operators in real uniformly smooth Banach space and define an iterative method to obtain its solution. We prove some properties of Yosida approximation operator for our purpose, that is strongly accretivity and Lipschitz continuity. An existence as well as convergence result is proved for co-variational inequality problem involving Yosida approximation operators using the concept of nonexpansive sunny retraction.

Texture has long been considered an important attribute for food acceptance. However, which specific textural characteristics contribute to overall acceptance of a food is not well understood. It has been suggested that texture contrasts and combinations are a universal feature in giving foods a desirable texture, yet this notion is largely based upon anecdotal data. This study uses multiple survey research methods to assess the importance of texture contrast and combinations across cultures (Poland, U.S.A., and Singapore). Participants (n = 288) completed a survey that included overt measures of food texture contrast importance as well as free response questions regarding texture. The overall importance of texture for food liking was not different across the populations. However, the participants from Singapore and Poland gave more importance to a desirable food having multiple textures than the U.S.A. cohort. When looking at free responses, participants were twice as likely to mention combinations (multiple textures) with a texture contrast when describing foods they liked, in comparison to foods they disliked. This was observed across all 3 cultures. However, the type and quantity of texture terms used within combinations were different among cultures. For instance, Asians enjoyed more texturally diverse food combinations than the other two cultures. These findings highlight the importance of texture contrasts and combinations in three distinct cultures.

In a generalized topological space Tg = (Ω, Tg), ordinary interior and ordinary closure operators intg, clg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω), respectively, are defined in terms of ordinary sets. In order to let these operators be as general and unified a manner as possible, and so to prove as many generalized forms of some of the most important theorems in generalized topological spaces as possible, thereby attaining desirable and interesting results, the present au- thors have defined the notions of generalized interior and generalized closure operators g-Intg, g-Clg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω), respectively, in terms of a new class of generalized sets which they studied earlier and studied their essen- tial properties and commutativity. The outstanding result to which the study has led to is: g-Intg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω) is finer (or, larger, stronger) than intg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω) and g-Clg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω) is coarser (or, smal ler, weaker) than clg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω). The elements supporting this fact are reported therein as a source of inspiration for more generalized operations.

Fractional differential equations have become a fundamental modelling approach for understanding and simulating the many aspects of nonlocality and spatial heterogeneity of complex materials and systems. Yet, while real-order fractional operators are nowadays widely adopted, little progress has been made in extending such operators to complex-order counterparts. In this work, we introduce new definitions for the complex-order fractional Laplacian, fully consistent with the theory of averaging of smooth functions over fractal sets, and present tailored spectral methods for their numerical treatment. The proposed complex-order operators exhibit a dual particle-wave behaviour, with solutions manifesting wave-like features depending on the magnitude of the imaginary part of the fractional order. Reaction-diffusion systems driven by the complex-order fractional Laplacian exhibit unique spatio-temporal dynamics, such as equilibrium of diffusion in random materials by interference of scattered waves, conduction block and highly fractionated propagation, or the generation of completely novel Turing patterns. Taken together, our results support that the proposed complex-order operators hold unparalleled capabilities to advance the description of multiscale transport phenomena in physical and biological processes highly influenced by the heterogeneity of complex media.

As most of the videos are destined for human perception, many techniques have been designed to improve video coding based on how the human visual system perceives video quality. In this paper, we propose the use of two perceptual coding techniques, namely contrast masking and texture masking, jointly operating under the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard. These techniques aim to improve the subjective quality of the reconstructed video at the same bit rate. For contrast masking, we propose the use of a specific weighting matrix for each block size (from 4×4 up to 32×32). We achieve average Bjøntegaard Delta-Rate (BD-rate) gains of between 2.5% and 4.48%, depending on the perceptual metric and coding mode used. The texture masking scheme is based on the classification of each coding unit, using its mean directional variance features as input to a support vector machine model. According to this classification, the block’s energy, the type of coding unit, and its size, an over-quantization is computed to provide a QP offset (DQP) for this coding unit. By applying both techniques in the HEVC Reference Software, an overall average of 5.79% BD-rate gain is achieved.

While texturing of workpiece surfaces to promote lubrication in metal forming has been applied for several decades tool surface texturing is rather new. In the present paper tool texturing is studied as a method to prevent galling. Adopting a strip reduction test longitudinal pocket geometries oriented perpendicular to the sliding direction, with shallow pocket depth, small pocket angle to the workpiece surface and varying distance between pockets are investigated. The experiments reveal that the distance between pockets should be larger than the pocket width thereby creating a topography similar to flat table mountains to avoid mechanical interlocking in the valleys; otherwise an increase in drawing load and pick-up on the tools is observed. The textured tool surface lowers friction and improves lubrication performance provided that the distance between pockets is 2-4 times larger than the pocket width. Larger drawing speed facilitates escape of the entrapped lubricant in the pockets. Testing with low to medium viscosity oils leads to a low sheet roughness on the plateaus but also local workpiece material pick-up on the tool plateaus. Large lubricant viscosity results in higher sheet plateau roughness but also prevents pick-up and galling.

In this paper, we investigate some elementary properties of two kinds modified Szasz type basis functions, depending on non-negative parameters. We study some shape preserving properties of these operators concerning monotonicity, convexity, starlikeness, semi-additivity and smoothness.

In this work, we studied the Green’s functions of the second order differential operators with involution. Uniform equiconvergence of spectral expansions related to the second-order differential operators with involution is obtained. Basicity of eigenfunctions of the second-order differential operator operator with complex-valued coefficient is established.

The Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS), which is characterized by a membership and a non-membership degree and the square sum of them is less or equal to one, can act as an effective tool to express decision makers’ fuzziness and uncertainty. Considering that the Heronian mean (HM) is a powerful aggregation operator which can take the interrelationship between any two arguments, we study the HM in Pythagorean fuzzy environment and propose new operators for aggregating interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy information. First, we investigate the HM and geometric HM (GHM) under interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment and develop a series of aggregation operators for interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IVIFNs) including interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy Heronian mean (IVIFHM), interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy geometric Heronian mean (IVIFGHM), interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy weighted Heronian mean (IVIFWHM) and interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy weighted geometric Heronian mean (IVIFWGHM). Second, some desirable and important properties of these aggregation operators are discussed. Third, based on these aggregation operators, a novel approach to multi-attribute decision making (MADM) is proposed. Finally, to demonstrate the validity of the approach, a numerical example is provided and discussed. Moreover, we discuss several real-world applications of these operators within policy-making contexts.

In directional forming processes such as rolling and extrusion, the microstructure is strongly elongated in the forming direction. This results in a preferred alignment of the crystal orientations of the initially randomly oriented grains. These preferred orientations – the texture – and elongations of the grains are the cause of the material anisotropy. This anisotropy leads to phenomena such as earing, which occur during further forming processes, e.g., during deep drawing of sheet metal. Considering anisotropic properties in numerical simulations allows to investigate the effects of texture-dependent defects in forming processes and the development of possible solutions. Purely phenomenological models for modelling anisotropy work by fitting material parameters or applying measured R-values in experiments which are applied to all elements of the part and remain constant over the duration of the simulation. In contrast, methods such as the Visco-Plastic Self-Consistent (VPSC) model, which has been used in this work, provide a deeper insight into the development of the material microstructure. By experimentally measuring the initial texture and using it as an initial condition for the simulations, it is possible to predict the evolution of the microstructure and the resulting effect on the mechanical properties during forming operations. The results of the simulations with VPSC show good qualitative agreement with tests typically used for rolled stock.

This paper discusses the computer-aided (CAD) classification between Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), i.e., the most common type of liver cancer, and Liver Abscess, based on ultrasound image texture features and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. Among 79 cases of liver diseases, with 44 cases of HCC and 35 cases of liver abscess, this research extracts 96 features of Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Gray-Level Run-Length Matrix (GLRLM) from the region of interests (ROIs) in ultrasound images. Three feature selection models, i) Sequential Forward Selection, ii) Sequential Backward Selection, and iii) F-score, are adopted to determine the identification of these liver diseases. Finally, the developed system can classify HCC and liver abscess by SVM with the accuracy of 88.875%. The proposed methods can provide diagnostic assistance while distinguishing two kinds of liver diseases by using a CAD system.

Automatic garments design class identification for recommending the fashion trends is important nowadays because of the rapid growth of online shopping. By learning the properties of images efficiently, a machine can give better accuracy of classification. Several methods, based on Hand-Engineered feature coding exist for identifying garments design classes. But, most of the time, those methods do not help to achieve better results. Recently, Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have shown better performances for different object recognition. Deep CNN uses multiple levels of representation and abstraction that helps a machine to understand the types of data (images, sound, and text) more accurately. In this paper, we have applied deep CNN for identifying garments design classes. To evaluate the performances, we used two well-known CNN models AlexNet and VGGNet on two different datasets. We also propose a new CNN model based on AlexNet and found better results than existing state-of-the-art by a significant margin.

The agricultural soil maps (ASMs) showing the agricultural land of Poland were prepared in 1:5000 scale in 1960s’ and 1970s’. These maps show land suitability group, soil type and soil texture (ST) to a depth of about 150cm. Nowadays, these maps are being digitalized and might be a basis for the preparation of modern soil maps at local, regional, national and international level. The agreement between the ST of topsoil derived from ASMs and recently evaluated for eleven fields located in three voivodeships (regions) of Poland was studied. The study of soil considered the examination of soil profiles or augerings and laboratory analysis of the ST. The agreement between soil status in the field and according to maps was field-specific. Complete agreement (purity) within the field was assessed for 5-79% of ST classes and for 23-100% of agronomic categories (ACs) – a groupings of similar ST classes. However, the averaged agreement, which treated adjacent ST classes as having partial agreement, varied from 37 to 88% for ST classes and from 61 to 100% for the ACs among studied fields. These results indicate on the variable quality of the information shown on the ASMs and on the necessity of improvement of these maps.

In a generalized topological space T_g = (Ω, T_g) (T_g-space), the g-topology T_g : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω) can be characterized in the generalized sense by specifying the generalized open, generalized closed sets (g-T_g-open, g-T_g-closed sets), generalized interior, generalized closure operators g-Intg, g-Cl_g : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω) (g-T_g-interior, g-T_g-closure operators), or generalized derived, generalized coderived operators g-Der_g, g-Cod_g : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω) (g-T_g-derived, g-T_g-coderived operators), respectively. For very many T_g-spaces, the δ^th-iterates g-Der_g^(δ), g-Cod_g^(δ) : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω) of g-Der_g, g-Cod_g : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω), respectively, defined by transfinite recursion on the class of successor ordinals are also themselves g-T_g-derived, g-T_g-coderived operators for new g-topologies in the generalized sense on Ω. Thus, the use of novel definitions of g-T_g-derived, g-T_g-coderived operators g-Der_g, g-Cod_g : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω), respectively, based on a very clever construction, together with their δ^th-iterates g-T_g-operators g-Der_g^(δ), g-Cod_g^(δ) : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω), defined by transfinite recursion on the class of successor ordinals, will give rise to novel generalized g-topologies on Ω. The present authors have been actively engaged in the study of g-T_g-operators in T_g-spaces. The study of the essential properties and the commutativity of novel definitions of g-T_g-interior and g-T_g-closure operators g-Int_g, g-Cl_g : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω), respectively, in T_g has formed the first part, and the study of the essential properties and sets of consistent, independent axioms of novel definitions of g-T_g-exterior and g-T_g-frontier operators g-Ext_g, g-Fr_g : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω), respectively, has formed the second part. In this work, which forms the last part on the theory of g-T_g-operators in T_g-spaces, the present authors propose to present novel definitions and the study of the essential properties of g-T_g-derived and g-T_g-coderived operators g-Der_g, g-Cod_g : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω), respectively, and their δ^th-iterates, and the notions of g-T_g-open and g-T_g-closed sets of ranks δ in T_g-spaces.

We construct a novel family of summation-integral type hybrid operators in terms of shape parameter $\alpha\in \lbrack 0,1]$ in this paper. Basic estimates, rate of convergence, and order of approximation are also studied using the Korovkin theorem and the modulus of smoothness. We investigate the local approximation findings for these sequences of positive linear operators utilising Peetre's K-functional, Lipschitz class, and second-order modulus of smoothness.

A major task in Functional Time Series Analysis is measuring the dependence within and between processes, for which lagged covariance and cross-covariance operators have proven to be a practical tool in well-established spaces. This article deduces estimators and asymptotic upper bounds of the estimation errors for lagged covariance and cross-covariance operators of processes in Cartesian products of abstract Hilbert spaces for fixed and increasing lag and Cartesian powers. We allow the processes to be non-centered, and to have values in different spaces when investigating the dependence between processes. Also, we discuss features of estimators for the principle components of our covariance operators.

There is a fast-growing interest in the use of selective laser melting (SLM) for metal/alloy additive manufacturing. Our current knowledge of SLM printed 316 stainless steel (SS316) is limited and sometimes appears sporadic, presumably due to the complex interdependent effects of a large number of process variables of the SLM processing. This is reflected from the discrepant findings in the crystallographic textures and microstructures in this investigation with those reported in the literatures, which also vary itself. The as-printed material is macroscopically asymmetric in both the structures and crystallographic textures. The <101> and <111> crystallographic directions align parallel with the SLM scanning direction (SD) and build direction (BD), respectively. Like-wise, some characteristic low angle boundary features are reported crystallographic, while this investigation unequivocally proves them non-crystallographic since they always maintain an identical alignment with the SLM laser scanning direction irrespective of the matrix material’s crystal orientation. There is also 500±200 nm columnar or cellular features, depending on the cross-section, generally found all over the sample. These columnar or cellular features are formed with walls made of dense packing of dislocations entangled with Mn, Si and O enriched amorphous inclusions. They remain stable after the ASM solution treatments at 1050 °C temperatures, and therefore, are capable of hindering boundary migration events of recrystallization and grain growth. Thus, the nanoscale structures can be retained at high temperatures. Large 2-4 µm inclusions form during the solution treatment, within which the chemical and phase distribution are heterogeneous.

Aggregating data is the main line of any discipline dealing with fusion of information from the knowledge-based systems to the decision-making. The purpose of aggregation methods is to convert a list of objects, all belonging to a given set, into a single representative object of the same set usually by an n-ary function, so-called aggregation operator. Since the useful aggregation functions for modeling real-life problems are limit, the basic problem is to construct a proper aggregation operator for each situation. During the last decades, a number of construction methods for aggregation functions have been developed to build new classes based on the well-known operators. This paper reviews some of these construction methods where they are based on transformation, composition and weighted rule.

Increasing distributed generation and intermittency, along with the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, impose a serious challenge for the electric power supply security. Understanding the costs of interruption is vital in terms of enhancing the power system infrastructure and planning the distribution grid. On the other hand, customer rights and demand response techniques are further reasons to study the worth of power reliability. In this paper, the authors make use of directional distance function and shadow pricing method for a case study from Finland. The aim is to calculate the cost of one minute of power interruption from the distribution network operator perspective. The sample consists of 78 distribution network operators from Finland with cost and network information between 2013 and 2015.

The concept of neutrosophic number is a significant mathematical tool to deal with real scientific problems because it can tackle indeterminate and incomplete information which exists generally in real problems. In this article, we use neutrosophic numbers (a + bI), where a and bI denote determinate component and indeterminate component respectively. We explore the situations in which the input information is needed to express in terms of neutrosophic numbers. We define score functions and accuracy functions for ranking neutrosophic numbers. We then define a cosine function to determine unknown criteria weights. We define neutrosophic number harmonic mean operators and proved their basic properties. Then, we develop two novel MCGDM strategies using the proposed aggregation operators. We solve a numerical example to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed two strategies. Sensitivity analysis with variation of “I” on neutrosophic numbers is performed to demonstrate how the preference ranking order of alternatives is sensitive to the change of “I”. The efficiency of the developed strategies is ascertained by comparing the obtained results from the proposed strategies with the existing strategies in the literature.

ORB (Oriented FAST and Rotated Brief) features are the most commonly used features in visual SLAM and visual odometry that have high computational speed, and rotation scale invariance. However, due to the homogenization of ORB features, the corner properties of specific features are poor in some artificial environments, and it can lead to poor matching performance when the environmental texture is not rich. The underlying reason is that the pixel grayscale changes in the less-richly textured regions on the image are not obvious, leading to a certain degree of mis-matching in the matching process. At the same time, when the camera motion speed is low, there is much overlap between adjacent frames. This results in minimal or almost no changes in the projection of feature points, and the system is highly sensitive to errors, In this case, even small errors can cause significant fluctuations in the calculation results. In response to the above issues, an improved feature point method for stereo vision mileage calculation is proposed to solve the problem of system stability deterioration when cameras move at low speeds in artificial envi-ronments. Firstly, weight calculation based on different texture regions is used to solve the problem of low corner properties of feature points caused by environmental texture differences. Then, keyframes are used for motion model estimation to improve the system's stability under low-speed motion. The experimental results of the dataset showed that the key frame rate was optimal between 10% and 12%, and the positioning accuracy was higher than these open-source systems compared with three common open-source VO systems.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is multi-faceted world-wide distributed disorder exerting deep effects on the sleeping brain. In the latest years strong efforts have been dedicated to find novel measures assessing the real impact and severity of the pathology, traditionally trivialized by the simplistic apnea/hypopnea index. Due to the unavoidable connection between OSA and sleep we reviewed the key aspects linking the breathing disorder with sleep pathophysiology, focuings on the role of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP). Sleep structure, reflecting the degree of apnea-induced sleep instability, may provide topical informations to stratify OSA severity and foresee some of its dangerous consequences such as excessive daytime sleepiness and cognitive deterioration.

This paper presents a robust method based on graph topology to find the topologically correct and consistent subset of inter-robot relative pose measurements for multi-robot map fusion. However, the absence of good prior gives a severe challenge to distinguish the inliers and outliers, and wrong loop closures can seriously corrupt the fused global map. Existing works mainly rely on the consistency of spatial dimension to select inter-robot measurements, which does not always hold. In this paper, we propose a fast inter-robot loop closure selection method that integrates the consistency and topology relationship of measurements, which both conform to the continuity characteristics of similar scenes and spatiotemporal consistency. The traditional high-dimensional consistency matrix is decomposed into the sub-matrix blocks corresponding to the overlapping trajectory area. Building on this logic, a clustering method involving topology correctness of inter-robot loop closures is introduced to split the entire measurement set into multiple clusters. We define the weight function to find the maximum cardinality subset with topologically correct and consistent, then convert the weight function to a maximum clique problem in the graph and solve it. We evaluate the performance of our method in a simulation and in a real-world experiment. Compared to state-of-the-art methods, the results show that our method can achieve competitive performance in accuracy while reducing computation time by 75%.

This paper presented a feature vector using a different statistical texture analysis of brain tumor from MRI image. The statistical feature texture is computed using GLCM (Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrices) of Brain Nodule structure. For this paper, the brain nodule segmented using strips method to implemented marker watershed image segmentation based on PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) and Fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM). Furthermore, the four angles 0^o, 45^o, 90^o and 135^o are calculated the segmented brain image in GLCM. The four angular directions are calculated using texture features are correlation, energy, contrast and homogeneity. The texture analysis is performed a different types of images using past years. So the algorithm proposed statistical texture features are calculated for iterative image segmentation. These results show that MRI image can be implemented in a system of brain cancer detection.

In a generalized topological space Tg = (Ω, Tg), generalized interior and generalized closure operators g-Intg, g-Clg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω), respectively, are merely two of a number of generalized primitive operators which may be employed to topologize the underlying set Ω in the generalized sense. Generalized exterior and generalized frontier operators g-Extg, g-Frg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω), respectively, are other generalized primitive operators by means of which characterizations of generalized operations under g-Intg, g-Clg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω) can be given without even realizing generalized interior and generalized closure operations first in order to topologize Ω in the generalized sense. In a recent work, the present authors have defined novel types of generalized interior and generalized closure operators g-Intg, g-Clg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω), respectively, in Tg and studied their essential properties and commutativity. In this work, they propose to present novel definitions of generalized exterior and generalized frontier operators g-Extg, g-Frg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω), respectively, a set of consistent, independent axioms after studying their essential properties, and established further characterizations of generalized operations under g-Intg, g-Clg : P (Ω) −→ P (Ω) in Tg.

The present work shows a novel physical-mathematical model to estimate the average corrosion resistance index from the crystallographic texture in API 5L steels. The crystallographic texture of the studied steels was measured by means of the X-ray diffraction technique. The model, based on the symmetric spherical surface harmonics for a BCC structure, is capable of describing the anisotropy surface of anodic dissolution resistance of the crystal and establishing a straightforward relationship between crystallographic texture, surface roughness, and metal corrosion behavior. The predictions of the average corrosion resistance index made from the crystallographic texture were in good agreement with those obtained from potentiodynamic polarization curves for the investigated steels. This agreement validates the capacity of this model and opens the possibility of applying it as a novel criterion for the material selection and design stages in order to combat metal corrosion problems.

We address weighted composition operators between Bers-type spaces on generalized Hua-Cartan-Hartogs domains and provide necessary and sufficient conditions for their boundedness and compactness. We then apply our results to study the boundedness and the compactness of weighted composition operators between Bers-type spaces on five different domains: generalized Hua domains, Cartan-Hartogs domains, generalized Cartan-Hartogs domains, generalized Cartan-Hartogs domains over different Cartan domains and generalized ellipsoidal-type domains.

Here, we propose a prescriptive simulation model of a process operator’s decision-making assisted by artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm in a technical system control loop. We analyze situations fraught with a catastrophic threat that may cause unacceptable damage. Operators’ decision-making is interpreted in terms of a subjectively admissible probability of disaster and subjectively necessary reliability of its assessment. We distinguish four extreme decision-making strategies corresponding to different ratios between the above variables. An experiment simulating a process facility, an AI algorithm and operator's decision-making strategy was held. It showed that depending on the properties of a controlled process (the speed of hazard onset) and the AI algorithm characteristics (Type I and II error rate), each of such strategies or some intermediate strategy may prove to be more beneficial than others. The same approach is applicable to the identification and analysis of sustainability of strategies applied in real-life operating conditions, as well as to the development of a computer simulator to train operators to control hazardous technological processes using AI-generated advice.

More than fifty million people over the age of fifty have osteoporosis issues due to low bone mass, disease contribution, and not exercising continuously. Certain most important risk factors and causes of osteoporosis contain age, gender, hormones, visits to inexperienced doctors, and certain medical conditions. In this manuscript, we diagnosed certain frank operational laws under the availability of complex intuitionistic fuzzy (CIF) information. Furthermore, using the evaluated operational laws, we pioneered the theory of CIF frank weighted averaging (CIFFWA), CIF frank ordered weighted averaging (CIFFOWA), CIF frank hybrid averaging (CIFFHA), CIF frank weighted geometric (CIFFWG), CIF frank ordered weighted geometric (CIFFOWG), CIF frank hybrid geometric (CIFFHG) operators, and described their beneficial and valuable results with certain useful properties. Moreover, we aim to evaluate the most dangerous type of osteoporosis based on their symptoms, causes, and risk factors using diagnosed approaches. Finally, to enhance the worth of the evaluated operators, we compare the diagnosed result with certain prevailing results and illustrated their geometrical representation with the help of MATLAB.

Many (if not a very large number) of metals and alloys evince substantial softening with torsion deformation to strains not usually achievable in tension. Of course, softening has long been observed by discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) but this paper will discuss cases where softening is associated by texture development with large-strain deformation that is not reliant on changes in the dislocation hardening. This paper reviews the work of the current authors on FCC metals and alloys in this area and extends to a new discussion of BCC and HCP cases.

The information of seismic damage of buildings in SAR images of different time phase, especially in SAR images after earthquake, is easily disturbed by other factors, which affects the accuracy of information discrimination. In order to identify and evaluate the distribution information of the seismic damage accurately and make full use of the abundant texture features in the SAR image. The conventional method of change detection based on texture features usually takes the pixel as the calculating unit. In this paper, a method of texture feature change detection of SAR images based on watershed segmentation algorithm is proposed. Based on the optimization of texture feature parameters, the feature parameters are segmented by the watershed segmentation algorithm, and the feature object image is obtained. This method introduces the idea of object oriented, and carries out the calculation of the difference map at the object level, Finally, the classification threshold value of different types of seismic damage types is selected, and the recognition of building damage is achieved. Taking the ALOS data before and after the earthquake in Yushu as an example to verify the effectiveness of the method, the overall accuracy of the building extraction is 88.9%, Compared with pixel-based methods, it is proved that the proposed method is effective.

Halloysite and kaolinite are dioctahedral TO phyllosilicates that drive the interest of scientists for formulating environmental friendly materials, and consequently in the field of ceramics. The main scope of this study was the understanding of the texture evolution upon the dehydroxylation reaction and the influence of the presence of halloysite. In situ synchrotron (002) and (111) poles figures were recorded on the DiffAbs beamline at SOLEIL Synchrotron, from room temperature to 1000°C, on kaolinite and/or halloysite-rich samples shaped by tape casting. Commercial kaolins and halloysite provided by Imerys company were used. The samples were labeled KRG100, KCS100, H100, KRG50H50 and KRG59H50 in relation with the wt. % of kaolin (KRG, KCS) or halloysite (H) clays. In samples KCS100 and KRG100, a strong texture was observed until in situ annealing at 700°C, with respect to the c-axis of kaolinite. One the contrary, the texture with respect to the c-axis of halloysite for the sample H100 was weak whatever the temperature was. Moreover, this weak texture disappeared before the complete dehydroxylation of halloysite. This is due to the opening of some halloysite tubes. When considering the samples KRG50H50 and KCS50H50, a significant texture was observed with the c-axis preferentially oriented perpendicular to the sample surface . The presence of kaolinite platelets predominated onto the alignment of halloysites tubes. Furthermore, it was noted that the halloysite influenced the (002) diffracted intensity into the temperature range 20 °C and 400 °C. Above 400°C, the behavior obtained for the (002) reflection in samples KRG50H50 and KCS50H50 was similar to the behavior noticed for pure kaolins KRG100 and KCS100 respectively. The dehydroxylation temperature range appeared to be relevant with combined effect of kaolinite and halloysite transformations arising from KRG100 or KCS100 and H100 samples. Therefore, the onset point of dehydroxylation is 550 °C ± 25 °C for KRG100, KCS100 KRG50H50 and KCS50H50. For the pure halloysite H100 sample, the dehydroxylation starts at lower temperature 475°C. It was also noted that during the dehydroxylation of kaolinite, the characteristic portion of ring related to the diffracted intensity of the (111) reflection located at χ = 45 ° tended to disappear above 550 °C and led to the formation of a new transitory phase with a (111) reflection with perpendicular alignment to the c-axis. Indeed, an epitaxial relationship with the (111) kaolinite reflection could be assumed. Further X-ray scattering experiments allowed highlighting the effective offset temperature of the dehydroxylation, which was identified as close to 720 °C. The metakaolinite obtained undergone structural transformation to another transitory phase at 1000°C.

In this paper, we study a differential operator of parabolic type with a variable and unbounded coefficient, defined on an infinite strip. Sufficient conditions for the existence and compactness of the resolvent are established, and an estimate for the maximum regularity of solutions of the equation Lu=f∈L_2(Ω) is obtained. Two-sided estimates for the distribution function of approximation numbers are obtained. As is known, estimates of approximation numbers show the rate of best approximation of the resolvent of an operator by finite-dimensional operators. The paper proves the assertion about the existence of positive eigenvalues among the eigenvalues of the given operator and finds two-sided estimates for them.

In this study, we investigate the existence of positive solutions within a system of Riemann-Liouville fractional differential equations that incorporate the (r1,r2,r3)-Laplacian operator while being subject to three-point boundary conditions. These equations incorporate various fractional derivatives and are influenced by parameters represented as (ψ1,ψ2,ψ3). Our approach involves employing techniques such as cone expansion and compression of the functional type, in conjunction with the Leggett-Williams fixed point theorem, to establish the existence of positive solutions. To emphasize the practical significance of our findings in the realm of fractional differential equations, we provide two illustrative examples.

The aims of this research were to know the physicochemical parameters, texture properties and sensory profile of vegetarian sausages through the flash profile, overall liking and purchase intention. Additionally, protein, fat and carbohydrate contents, pH, water activity, color, instrumental texture and descriptive profile were quantified with the overall liking and purchase intention of four sausages: ovo-vegetarian (SO), classic vegan (SC), fine herb vegan (SH) and vegan quinoa (SQ). Regarding the physicochemical properties, significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) were obtained. Using the flash profile, consumers described SO with attributes of elasticity, tamale smell, strange smell, characteristic flavor, pastiness, softness, pastel color. SC described as soft, pale color, characteristic odor, characteristic flavor, porous and flexible; SH and SQ characterized by the presence of ingredients, stew flavor, spices, pale and soft color. The SO sample presented greater overall liking and purchase intention compared to the other samples, and had a better texture and higher protein content. Through the HMFA analysis, a positive correlation was obtained between the texture and descriptive sensory of the flash profile, and on the other hand, a correlation between the physicochemical characteristics pH, aw, color, overall liking and purchase intention.

Watermelon fruits of different ploidy exhibit significant variations in texture. In order to investigate the primary factors influencing texture differences, this study was conducted to investigate the differences in fruit texture development using homozygous autogamous diploid (2X)lines and their autotriploid (3X) and autotetraploid (4X) lines 'Yixuan'. The research encompassed fruit development, flesh texture profile analysis (TPA), flesh cell wall polysaccharide content, and flesh cell microstructure analysis, specifically in 2X, 3X, and 4X watermelon fruits.The results showed that as watermelon fruits matured, several characteristics exhibited an ascending trend, including fruit weight, TSS (total soluble solids) content, rind hardness, flesh cell size, and cell wall polysaccharide contents such as crude fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and protopectin. Conversely, the flesh texture parameters and soluble pectin content of the flesh cell wall gradually declined. Notably, significant differences in fruit flesh texture and flesh cell structure were observed among fruits of different ploidy at the 32d. Specifically, 2X fruits displayed considerably lower rind hardness, reduced flesh texture (Hardness, Fracturability, Chewiness, Gumminess), and cell density compared to 3X and 4X fruits. Additionally, 2X fruits exhibited larger cell sizes than 3X and 4X fruits. However, no significant differences were observed in the content of flesh cell wall polysaccharide contents across various ploidy levels.These findings suggested that the variation in texture among watermelon fruits of different ploidy can be attributed to the size and arrangement of flesh cells. Importantly, this research provided a foundation for further exploration of the intrinsic regulatory factors and molecular mechanisms contributing to texture variation in polyploid watermelon fruits.

In order to realize rapid and nondestructive monitoring of wheat biomass in field, field experiments based on different densities, nitrogen fertilizer and variety treatments were studied. RGB images of wheat in the main growth stage were obtained by UAV, and wheat color and texture feature indices were obtained by image processing, and wheat biomass was obtained by field sampling in the same period. Then the relationship between different color and texture feature indices and wheat biomass was analyzed to select the color and texture feature index suitable for wheat biomass estimation. The results showed that there was a high correlation between image color index and wheat biomass in different stages, and most of them reached a very significant correlation level. However, the correlation between image texture feature index and wheat biomass was poor, only a few indexes reached significant or extremely significant correlation level. Based on the above results, the color indices with the highest correlation to wheat biomass or the combining indices of color and texture feature in different growth stage were used to construct estimation model of wheat biomass. The models were validated using independently measured biomass data, and the correlation between simulated and measured values reached the significant level, RMSE were smaller. This indicated that the estimated results by the models were reliable and accurate. It also showed that the estimation models of wheat biomass combined with color and texture feature indices of UAV image were better than the single color index models. The results would provide a new method for real-time monitoring of wheat field growth and biomass estimation.

In this paper we introduce the hypo-q-operator norm and hypo-q-numerical radius on a Cartesian product of algebras of bounded linear operators on Banach spaces. A representation of these norms in terms of semi-inner products, the equivalence with the q-norms on a Cartesian product and some reverse inequalities obtained via the scalar reverses of Cauchy-Buniakowski-Schwarz inequality are also given.

The optical reflection characteristics of asphalt pavement are an important influencing factor in road lighting design, and the macro and micro textures of asphalt pavement significantly affect its reflection characteristics. To investigate the impact of texture parameters on the retroreflection coefficient of asphalt pavement, this study obtained the macroscopic and microscopic texture properties of rutting board specimens and on-site asphalt pavement using a pavement texture tester. The macro- and microtexture parameters, such as macroscopic texture distribution density (D1), microscopic texture distribution density (D2), profile height root-mean-square (Rq), profile slope root-mean-square (Δq), skewness Rsk and kurtosis Rku, were measured, and the corresponding retroreflection coefficient RL was measured using a retro-reflectometer. In the laboratory ex-periments, rutting specimens of AC-13, SMA-13, and OGFC-13 asphalt mixtures were formed. The changes in texture parameters and retroreflection coefficient of different rutting specimens before and after crushing were studied, and a factor influence model between macro- and microtexture parameters and RL was established. And the correlation models of texture index and RL of asphalt pavement are further established. The results showed that in the single factor model, the param-eters can be used to characterize RL with high prediction accuracy, whereas for the on-site meas-urements, the three parameters of Δq, Rsk, and Rku can characterize the RL well. The nonlinear model established on the basis of the B-P neural network algorithm improves its prediction ac-curacy. This research can provide ideas for optimizing the reflection characteristics of asphalt pavement and further provide a decision-making basis for road lighting design.

Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies aim to improve water usage without reducing yield. Generally, irrigation strategy effectiveness is measured as fruit yield, with little consideration of fruit quality. As water deficit and increased plant cell sclerification often associated, this study explores the effect of RDI on pear fruit stone cells, a crucial factor affecting flesh texture. The presence, distribution and development of pear fruit stone cells under RDI and full irrigation are compared using Pyrus communis L. cv. Barlett trees, employing recently developed microscope image analysis technology. The Control treatment was maintained under non-stress conditions, while the RDI treatment received an average of 15% of Control water during the latter part of Stage I fruit development. Observations at the end of Stage I and at harvest showed no effect on stone cell presence under the tested RDI strategy. Relative area of stone cells within the flesh was greater at Stage I than at harvest, as stone cell expansion occurred early in development while the (unsclerified) parenchyma cells, dominant component of the fruit flesh, expanded until harvest. Stone cell cluster density was higher near the fruit core than in the cortex center and exterior. These initial results suggest that well-planned RDI strategies will generally not affect pear fruit stone cell content and thus, textural quality. Microscope image analysis supported results from previously used analytical techniques, principally chemical, while providing a tool for better understanding the process and timing of stone cell differentiation and thus testing the factors involved.

Speckle noise reduction is an important area of research in the field of ultrasound image processing. Several algorithms for speckle noise characterization and analysis have been recently proposed in the area. Synthetic ultrasound images can play a key role in noise evaluation methods as they can be used to generate a variety of speckle noise models under different interpolation and sampling schemes, and can also provide valuable ground truth data for estimating the accuracy of the chosen methods. However, not much work has been done in the area of modelling synthetic ultrasound images, and in simulating speckle noise generation to get images that are as close as possible to real ultrasound images. An important aspect of simulated synthetic ultrasound images is the requirement for extensive quality assessment for ensuring that they have the texture characteristics and gray-tone features of real images. This paper presents texture feature analysis of synthetic ultrasound images using local binary patterns (LBP) and demonstrates the usefulness of a set of LBP features for image quality assessment. Experimental results presented in the paper clearly show how these features could provide an accurate quality metric that correlates very well with subjective evaluations performed by clinical experts.

Targets detection in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing images, which is a fundamental but challenging problem in the field of satellite image analysis, plays an important role for a wide range of applications and is receiving significant attention in recent years. Besides, the ability of human visual system to detect visual saliency is extraordinarily fast and reliable. However, computational modeling of SAR image scene still remains a challenge. This paper analyzes the defects and shortcomings of traditional visual models applied to SAR images. Then a visual attention model designed for SAR images is proposed. The model draws the basic framework of classical ITTI model; selects and extracts the texture features and other features that can describe the SAR image better. We proposes a new algorithm for computing the local texture saliency of the input image, then the model constructs the corresponding saliency maps of features; Next, a new mechanism of feature fusion is adopted to replace the linear additive mechanism of classical models to obtain the overall saliency map; Finally, the gray-scale characteristics of focus of attention (FOA) in saliency map of all features are taken into account, our model choose the best saliency representation, Through the multi-scale competition strategy, the filter and threshold segmentation of the saliency maps can be used to select the salient regions accurately, thereby completing this operation for the visual saliency detection in SAR images. In the paper, several types of satellite image data, such as TerraSAR-X (TS-X), Radarsat-2, are used to evaluate the performance of visual models. The results show that our model provides superior performance compared with classical visual models. By further contrasting with the classical visual models, Our model reduce the false alarm caused by speckle noise, and its detection speed is greatly improved, and it is increased by 25% to 45%.

Kiwifruits are often exposed to various temperature fluctuation (TF) during postharvest storage. To evaluate the effect of TF on the qualities of kiwifruits, fruits were stored at 2 ºC, 2 ºC or 5 ºC (TF2ºC-5ºC), 2 ºC or 7 ºC (TF2ºC-7ºC), alternating every 12 h. Observations revealed that kiwifruits stored at constant 2 °C showed the lowest loss of weight and vitamin C due to the minimum ethylene production and respiratory rate compared to that of TF2ºC-5ºC and TF2ºC-7ºC. Moreover, the results of RT-qPCR verifed that the expression of genes encoding polygalacturonase, β-galacturonidase, and pectin methyl esterase was significantly increased by the treatment of TF. Hence, TF accelerated the degradation of the cell walls, softening, translucency and relative conductivity of the flesh of kiwifruits. Besides, the impact of TF2ºC-7ºC on kiwifruits was more significant relative to TF2ºC-5ºC. The present study provides a theoretical basis for kiwifruit during cold storage.

Global warming has led to the increase in chalky grains of rice, which has also caused the deteriorations of physicochemical and cooking qualities of rice grains. These chalky rice grains are characterized by high α-amylase activity, high protease activity, and low apparent amylose contents, low degree of hardness and stickiness of boiled rice than those of the whole rice grains. In the present paper, we evaluated 14 Japonica unpolished rice grains harvested in Japan in 2021, and these samples (original grains) were divided to two groups (whole grain group and chalky grain one). We found that the chalky rice grains showed higher values of xylanase activity than those of the whole rice grains, while cellulase activity were lower than that of whole rice grains. Using rice grains blended with 30 % of chalky grains as material, we compared sugar and mineral contents and textural properties of the boiled rice grains soaked and boiled in the ordinary water or in the hard water, such as Evian or Contrex. It was shown that the hard water is useful for the prevention of the texture deterioration of the boiled rice grains due to the inhibition of the reduction of endogenous hydrolytic enzymes, such as amylase, proteinase, and xylanase. Furthermore, we found that hard water is useful for the increase of calcium and magnesium intake through the meal with the boiled rice grains soaked and cooked using hard water.

The current research examines the many characteristics of the $\ell_{p}(\widetilde{F}(\widetilde{r},\widetilde{s}))$ $(1\leq p<\infty)$ and $\ell_{\infty}(\widetilde{F}(\widetilde{r},\widetilde{s}))$ spaces which are the generalized forms of those by Candan in 2024 using Fibonacci numbers and two non-zero real numbers in accordance with a predetermined rule, we have made an effort to go through all the characteristics and features which the author of earlier versions thought are the most valuable. This manuscript contains all the information required to describe the matrix class $(\ell_{1},\ell_{p}(\widetilde{F}(\widetilde{r},\widetilde{s})))$ $(1\leq p<\infty)$ which are going to be given in detail in the following sections of the manuscript. We are going to offer estimates for the norms of the bounded linear operators $L_{A}$ formed by those matrix transformations utilizing the Hausdorff measure of non-compactness and identify prerequisites to derive the relevant subclasses of compact matrix operators. When the findings of the current study are compared to those found in the literature, it can be said that the newly found ones are more inclusive and comprehensive.

The continuing public health issue known as COVID-19 (the 2019 Novel Corona virus infection) has a global emphasis. Despite (or perhaps because of) the fact that there are significant gaps in our understanding of COVID-19 epidemiology, transmission dynamics, research methods, and management breakout poses a new kind of global hazard. The good news is that there is currently enough knowledge about the epidemic process to allow for the creation of mathematical forecasting models. We modify a conventional SEIR epidemic model to the unique dynamic compartments and epidemic features of COVID 19 as it spreads in a population with a diverse age structure. Although many US states and other nations around the world followed lockdown and reopening processes, we perform some analysis on using some techniques of the epidemic course. A new perspective of fractional calculus known as piecewise derivatives of fractional order is used to study the proposed model. Sufficient conditions are established to show the existence theory. In addition, a numerical scheme based on Newton’s polynomials is established to simulate the approximate solutions of the proposed model by using various fractional orders. Some real data results are also shown with comparison of the numerical results.

In this paper we introduce the hypo-q-norms on a Cartesian product of algebras of bounded linear operators on Hilbert spaces. A representation of these norms in terms of inner products, the equivalence with the q-norms on a Cartesian product and some reverse inequalities obtained via the scalar reverses of Cauchy-Buniakowski-Schwarz inequality are also given. Several bounds for the norms δ_p, ϑ_p and the real norms η_r,p and θ_r,p are provided as well.

This article explores the transformative potential of fermentation in elevating the quality of plant-based matrices to match the desirable attributes of traditional dairy and meat products. As the demand for sustainable products without animal welfare issues increases, fermentation emerges as a key process to enhance the organoleptic properties and nutritional content of plant-based analogs. This study explores the effect of fermentation when applied to legume matrices, focusing on the resulting texture, flavor, and nutritional value. A selection of Bacillus subtilis, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, and combinations thereof, showed potential for improving the aforementioned organoleptic and nutritional characteristics of fermented plant bases. In four different legume-derived matrices, fermentation improved texture, degraded undesirable plant carbohydrates, and removed off-flavor compounds, while producing desirable dairy-associated compounds. The degradation of the undesirable beany off-flavor-causing compound hexanal appears to be a universal phenomenon, as every tested strain as well as their combinations exhibited the capability to decrease the hexanal content albeit with varying efficiency. Some LAB strains were found to be capable of producing carotenoids and might hence have the potential for tailoring fermented plant-based matrices for specific applications, such as yellow cheese or red meat analogs.

Gelidium jelly was traditionally made by boiling processed Gelidium seaweed and allowing the filtrate to congeal into jelly. The processing of Gelidium seaweed was very complicate involved the repeated procedures of water washing and sun drying for 7 times, and the seaweed was originally purple-red in color turned into yellow after the repeated wash and sun drying. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of halogen lamp drying methods in replace of sun drying on the physical-chemical qualities of Gelidium jellies. Properties included the agar yield, gelling temperature, hardness, springiness, rheological parameters, sensory attributes, color, and volatile compounds were investigated. The results demonstrated halogen lamp drying method required 12 times of washing and drying processes to achieve the similar jelly properties compared to sun drying for 7 times in the experimental conditions. Volatiles including heptanal, β-ionone, and (E)-2-decenal could be used as indicators to monitor the washing and drying processing. Halogen lamp was found could be an alternative processing method for seaweed drying, especially at rainy days.

Texture is essential information for image representation, capturing patterns, and structures. Consequently, texture plays a crucial role in the manufacturing industry and has been extensively studied in the fields of computer vision and pattern recognition. However, real-world textures are susceptible to defects, which can degrade the image quality and cause various issues. Therefore, there is a need for accurate and effective methods to detect texture defects. In this study, a simple autoencoder and Fourier transform were employed for texture defect detection. The proposed method combines Fourier transform analysis with the reconstructed template obtained from the simple autoencoder. Fourier transform is a powerful tool for analyzing the frequency domain of images and signals. Moreover, analyzing the frequency domain enables effective defect detection because texture defects often exhibit characteristic changes in specific frequency ranges. The proposed method demonstrates effectiveness and accuracy in detecting texture defects. Experimental results are presented to evaluate its performance and compare it with those of existing approaches.

Surfaces of additively manufactured metal parts from powder-based processes typically show powder particle agglomerations and other features, resulting in high surface roughness. Proper characterization of those surfaces is necessary in order to assess part quality with respect to coatability, mechanical performance or corrosion resistance for use in aerospace, automotive, medical and more industrial applications. Optical surface texture measurement allows for collection of areal surface data, while the established contact stylus method only captures line profile data. When applying optical methods for surface topography measurements, proper data acquisition and post-processing in order to assess surface texture may be complex. A number of variables can be adjusted, such as different measurement settings, approaches to outlier removal, evaluated area size or form removal. This work shows the influence of selected z-range prior to measurement and the influence of choosing pre-defined outlier removal settings in MountainsMap 9.2 on selected ISO 25178-2:2022 parameters calculated from data obtained from confocal microscopy for as-built Ti6Al4V from laser powder bed fusion. The aim is to show the influence of variation in measurement and post-processing on calculated surface texture parameters and stress the importance of proper documentation in order to achieve reproducibility of data for quality management.

Bioactive peptides are promising cosmetic active ingredients that can improve skin health and appearance. They exhibit a broad spectrum of activity, including anti–ageing, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti–inflammatory. The aim of this study was to develop a safe, stable and efficacious environmentaly friendly ("green") emulsion using milk protein hydrolysate as a model active ingredient. Potential emulsions were formulated with biodegradable emollients, stabilised with a naturally-derived mixed emulsifier and prepared by cold process. They were evaluated for rheological behavior (continuous rotation and oscillation tests), physical stability (dynamic mechanical thermal analysis - DMTA test) and texture profiles, as well as for cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. Rheological characterization revealed shear-thinning flow behaviour with yield point from continuous rotation tests and predominantly elastic character from oscillation (amplitude and frequency sweep) tests, with small structural change detected in the DMTA test. These results implied satisfactory rheological properties and good stability. Texture analysis revealed acceptable spreadability and substantivity of the emulsions. The protein hydrolysate showed antioxidant activity. The developed emulsions showed low antibacterial activity against selected microorganisms, but this was due to the action of preservatives, not peptides. All potential emulsions showed desirable safety profile. The results obtained provide the basis for the next stage of formulation development, i.e. in vivo efficacy tests.

The texture properties of cooked rice are a dominant property which can indicate the eating quality. Evaluation of back extrusion (BE) test precision and sensitivity for cooked germinated brown rice (GBR) texture in production process was investigated in this study. BE test on texture properties of cooked GBR rice show high precision of measurement of hardness, toughness and stickiness tests which indicated by the repeatability and reproductivity test but the sensitivity indicated by coefficient of variation of the texture properties. The findings of the study of the effect of different soaking and aging duration in the production of Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML 105) GBR on cooked GBR texture measured by BE test confirmed the developed protocol for evaluation of high precision and sensitivity of the texture measurement method. Repeatability and reproducibility of reliable measurements have a low standard deviation of the farthest different between replicates, which is considered high precision. High coefficient of variation where the relative wide variation of the absolute value of the property can be detected indicate high sensitivity which even small resolution can be detected or vice versa. But the correlation coefficient among the texture properties by BE were not related to the precision or sensitivity of the test. By these results, the original protocol for determination of precision and sensitivity of food texture measurement was successfully verified as the usable evaluation protocol for GBR texture measurement.

Eight samples of limestones and marbles were studied by neutron diffraction to collect 2 Quantitative Texture (i.e., Crystallographic Preferred Orientations or CPO) of calcite deforming at 3 different depths in the crust. We studied the different Texture patterns developed in shear zones at 4 different depth and their influence on seismic anisotropies. Samples were collected in the French and 5 Italian Alps, Apennines, and Paleozoic Sardinian basement. They are characterized by isotropic to 6 highly anisotropic (e.g., mylonite shear zone) fabrics. Mylonite limestones occur as shear zone horizons 7 within the Cenozoic Southern Domain in Alpine thrust-and-fold belts (Italy), the Briançonnais domain 8 of the Western Alps (Italy-France border), the Sardinian Paleozoic back-thrusts or in the Austroalpine 9 intermediate units. The analyzed marbles were collected in the Carrara Marble, in the Austroalpine Units 10 in the Central (Mortirolo) and Western Alps (Valpelline). The temperature and depth of development of fabrics vary from < 100◦C, to 800◦C and depth from <10 km to about 30 km, corresponding from upper 12 to lower crust conditions. Quantitative Texture Analysis shows different types of patterns for calcite: 13 random to strongly textured. Textured types may be further separated in orthorhombic and monoclinic 14 (Types A and B), based on the angle defined with the mesoscopic fabrics. Seismic anisotropies were 15 calculated by homogenizing the single crystal elastic tensor, using the Orientation Distribution Function 16 calculated by the Quantitative Texture Analysis. The resulting P- and S-waves anisotropies show a wide 17 variability due to the textural types, temperature and pressure conditions, and dip of the shear planes.

: The effect that the microstructure exerts on the TRIP phenomenon and on the mechanical properties in a multiphase steel was studied. Samples of an initially cold-rolled ferrite-pearlite steel underwent different intercritical annealing treatments at 750 °C until an equal fractions of austenite/ferrite was reached; the intercritical treatment was followed by isothermal bainitic treatments before cooling the samples to room temperature. Samples in the first treatment were heated directly to the intercritical temperature, whereas other samples were heated to either 900 or 1100 °C to obtain a fully homogenized, single phase austenitic microstructure prior to the conducting the intercritical treatment. The high temperature homogenization of austenite resulted in the decrease in its stability, so a considerable austenite fraction transformed into martensite by cooling to room temperature after the bainitic heat treatment. Most of the retained austenite transformed during the tensile tests, and as a consequence, the previously homogenized steels showed the highest UTS. In turn, the steel with a ferritic-pearlitic initial microstructure, exhibited higher ductility than the other steels and texture components that favor forming processes.

In winter sports, the equipment often comes into contact with snow or ice, and this contact generates a force that resists motion. In some sports, such as cross-country skiing, this resistive force can significantly affect the outcome of a race, as a small reduction in this force can give an athlete an advantage. Researchers have examined the contact between skis and snow in detail, and to fully understand this friction, the entire ski must be studied at various scales. At the macro scale, the entire geometry of the ski is considered and the apparent contact between the ski and the snow is considered and at the micro scale the contact between the snow and the ski base ski-base textures. In the present work, a method for characterising contact between the ski-base texture and virtual snow will be presented. Six different ski-base textures will be considered. Five of them are stone-ground ski bases, and three of them have linear longitudinal textures with a varying number of lines and peak-to-valley height, and the other two are factory-ground “universal” ski bases. The sixth ski base has been fabricated by a steel-scraping procedure. In general, the results show that a ski base texture with a higher Spk-value has less real contact area, and that the mutual differences can be large for surfaces with similar Sa-values. The average interfacial separation is, in general, correlated with the Sa-value, where a “rougher” surface exhibits a larger average interfacial separation. The results for the reciprocal average interfacial separation, which is related to the Couette type of viscous friction, were in line with the general consensus that a “rougher” texture performs better at high speed than a “smoother” one, and it was found that a texture with high Sa and Spk values resulted in a low reciprocal average interfacial separation and consequently low viscous friction. The reciprocal average interfacial separation was found to increase with increasing real contact area, indicating a correlation between the real area of contact and the Couette part of viscous friction.

With the increase in occupation-specific risks of lip cancer associated with solar radiation, there is a need for developing photoprotective lipsticks to protect skin against harmful effects of UV radiation. Considering the unique chemical and physical properties of low-molecular-weight organogelators (LMOGs), the present study intended to assess the UV protective properties of LMOGs-based lipstick formulations. In this study, dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS) and 12-hydroxystearic acid (12-HSA) were used to formulate lipsticks : L1 (1% DBS), L2 (10% 12-HSA), L3 (1.5% DBS) and L4 (control, no LMOGs). The lipstick formulations were tested for in vitro sun protection factors (SPF), UVA protection factor (UVA-PF), thermal, mechanical and texture analyses. Lipsticks with LMOGs exhibited higher UVA-PF and SPF, and more particularly 12-HSA-based lipstick. Results showed also the viscoelastic and heat-resistant properties of LMOGs and their effect of increasing pay-off values. In general, texture analysis indicating that 12-HSA-based lipstick was significantly harder to bend compared to control, while other formulations became softer and easier to bend throughout the stability study. Finally, sensorial and instrumental analyses permitted to classify lipsticks into two groups. This work suggests the potential use of LMOGs as a structuring agent for lipsticks paving the way towards more photoprotective and sustainable-derived alternatives.

700 MPa grade Ti and Nb-Ti microalloyed steels produced by thermo-mechanical control rolled processes (TMCP) were studied to elucidate texture that contributes to delamination and consequent impact toughness. The microstructure of Ti and Nb-Ti steels consisted of ferrite and bainite. Compared with Ti steel, Nb-Ti steel was characterized by a microstructure with finer ferrite and more bainite. The results from tensile and impact tests indicated that there is insignificant change in tensile properties, but toughness was greater in Nb-Ti steel compared with Ti steel. More severe delamination in Nb-Ti steel is attributed to stronger α-fiber (RD ||<110>) texture than Ti steel, especially {100}<110>, {113}<110> and {112}<110> texture. Typical cleavage river patterns were not observed on delaminated fracture surface, instead the cleavage fracture surface indicated some dimples. Interestingly, the impact energy of samples with delamination was greater than samples without delamination in the ductile–brittle transition region. The study suggests that delamination in the ductile–brittle transition zone may also be representative of high toughness.

In this paper were analyzed the effects of double reduction and annealing during rolling process on texture evolution in an ultrathin sheet of low carbon steel. Experimental samples were obtained from each process stage. EBSD technique and correlated tools as orientation density functions and pole figures were used to analyze the microstructural changes and the texture. Results show that {111} recrystallized grains were formed during process, reducing dramatically gamma-fibre texture intensity and generating an adequate finished product for deep die stamping.

Fermatean fuzzy linguistic (FFL) set theory provides an efficient tool for modeling a higher level of uncertain and imprecise information, which cannot be represented using intuitionistic fuzzy linguistic (IFL)/Pythagorean fuzzy linguistic (PFL) sets. On the other hand, the linguistic scale function is the better way to consider the semantics of the linguistic terms during the evaluation process. In the present paper, we first define some new modified operational laws for Fermatean fuzzy linguistic numbers (FFLNs) based on linguistic scale function (LSF) to overcome the shortcomings of the existing operational laws and prove some important mathematical properties of them. Based on it, the work defines several new aggregation operators (AOs), namely, the FFL-weighted averaging (FFLWA) operator, the FFL-weighted geometric (FFLWG) operator, the FFL-ordered weighted averaging (FFLOWA) operator, the FFL-ordered weighted geometric (FFLOWG) operator, the FFL-hybrid averaging (FFLHA) operator and the FFL-hybrid geometric (FFLHG) operator under FFL environment. Several properties of these AOs are investigated in detail. Further, based on these operators, a multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) approach with FFL information is developed. Finally, to illustrate the effectiveness of the present approach, a real-life supplier selection problem is presented where the evaluation information of the alternatives is given in terms of FFLNs.

Background: Objective quantitative texture characteristics may be helpful in salivary glandular tumor differential diagnosis. This study uses machine learning (ML) to explore and validate the performance of ultrasound (US) texture features in diagnosing salivary glandular tumors. Material and methods: 122 patients with salivary glandular tumors, including 71 benign and 51 malignant tumors, are enrolled. A representative brightness mode US pictures are selected for further Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) texture analysis. We use t-test to test the significance and use receiver operating characteristic curve method to fund optimal cut-point for these significant features. After splitting 80% data into training set and 20% data into testing set, we use five machine learning models k-nearest Neighbors (kNN), Naïve Bayes, Logistic regression, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and supportive vector machine (SVM) to explore and validate the performance of US GLCM texture features in diagnosing salivary glandular tumors. Results: This study includes 49 female and 73 male patients, with a mean age of 53 years old, ranging from 21 to 93. We find that six GLCM texture features (contrast, inverse difference movement, entropy, dissimilarity, inverse difference and difference entropy) are significantly different between benign from malignant tumors (p&lt;0.05). On ML, the overall accuracy rates are 74.3% (95%CI: 59.8-88.8%), 94.3% (86.6-100%), 72% (54-89%), 84% (69.5-97.3%) and 73.5% (58.7-88.4%) for kNN, Naïve Bayes, Logistic regression, one node ANN and SVM, respectively. Conclusion: US texture analysis with ML has potential as an objective and valuable tool for assessment of salivary gland tumors.

Historical city textures are living history embodying public open spaces of former civilizations, their landscapes and traditional life cultures, carrying them to the present and giving them life. The squares, which form the public open spaces, have been important meeting centers in the social lives of people. City furniture are the important elements in these public open spaces, reflecting the identity of the city and improving quality of life. City furniture improve the reflection of cultural value in historical city textures and their usability. The walled city center, where the historical city texture of Nicosia lies, has a very rich historical texture with the cultural heritage of various civilizations in the history of Cyprus. Public open spaces within the texture, which have acquired the quality of squares with their functions throughout the social history of Nicosia, are still important social spaces for the people of the city. This study analyzed Asmaaltı and Selimiye Squares, two important spaces of the walled city, through examining the city furniture in terms of their material, shape, and functionality, and their conformity with the historical texture. Their deficiencies and nonconformities with the historical texture were identified accordingly. In consideration with such examples, city furniture in historical city textures were assessed for their conformity with the texture characteristics, architectural styles, social, cultural, and economical characteristics, and relevant recommendations are presented respectively.

Tarihi kent dokuları, eski uygarlıkların kamusal açık alanlarını, peyzajlarını ve geleneksel yaşam kültürlerini bünyesinde barındıran, günümüze taşıyan ve yaşatan yaşayan bir tarihtir. Kamusal açık alanları oluşturan meydanlar, insanların sosyal yaşamlarında önemli buluşma merkezleri olmuştur. Kent mobilyaları bu kamusal açık alanlarda kentin kimliğini yansıtan ve yaşam kalitesini artıran önemli unsurlardır. Kent mobilyaları, kültürel değerlerin tarihi kent dokularına yansımasını ve kullanılabilirliğini artırır. Lefkoşa'nın tarihi kent dokusunun yattığı Suriçi kent merkezi, Kıbrıs tarihindeki çeşitli uygarlıkların kültürel mirası ile oldukça zengin bir tarihi dokuya sahiptir. Doku içinde kamusal açık alanlar, Lefkoşa'nın sosyal tarihi boyunca işlevleriyle meydan niteliği kazanan meydanlar, kent insanı için halen önemli sosyal mekanlardır. Bu çalışmada, Suriçi kentin iki önemli mekanı olan Asmaaltı ve Selimiye Meydanları, kent mobilyaları malzeme, biçim, işlevsellik ve tarihi dokuya uygunluk açısından incelenerek incelenmiştir. Buna göre eksiklikleri ve tarihi dokuya uymayanları tespit edilmiştir. Bu örnekler ışığında tarihi kent dokularındaki kent mobilyalarının doku özellikleri, mimari üsluplar, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik özelliklerle uygunluğu değerlendirilmiş ve öneriler sunulmuştur. kentliler için hala önemli sosyal mekanlardır. Bu çalışmada, Suriçi kentin iki önemli mekanı olan Asmaaltı ve Selimiye Meydanları, kent mobilyaları malzeme, biçim, işlevsellik ve tarihi dokuya uygunluk açısından incelenerek incelenmiştir. Buna göre eksiklikleri ve tarihi dokuya uymayanları tespit edilmiştir. Bu örnekler ışığında tarihi kent dokularındaki kent mobilyalarının doku özellikleri, mimari üsluplar, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik özelliklerle uygunluğu değerlendirilmiş ve öneriler sunulmuştur. kentliler için hala önemli sosyal mekanlardır. Bu çalışmada, Suriçi kentin iki önemli mekanı olan Asmaaltı ve Selimiye Meydanları, kent mobilyaları malzeme, biçim, işlevsellik ve tarihi dokuya uygunluk açısından incelenerek incelenmiştir. Buna göre eksiklikleri ve tarihi dokuya uymayanları tespit edilmiştir. Bu örnekler ışığında tarihi kent dokularındaki kent mobilyalarının doku özellikleri, mimari üsluplar, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik özelliklerle uygunluğu değerlendirilmiş ve öneriler sunulmuştur. ve tarihi dokuya uygunluğu. Buna göre eksiklikleri ve tarihi dokuya uymayanları tespit edilmiştir. Bu örnekler ışığında tarihi kent dokularındaki kent mobilyalarının doku özellikleri, mimari üsluplar, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik özelliklerle uygunluğu değerlendirilmiş ve öneriler sunulmuştur. ve tarihi dokuya uygunluğu. Buna göre eksiklikleri ve tarihi dokuya uymayanları tespit edilmiştir. Bu örnekler ışığında tarihi kent dokularındaki kent mobilyalarının doku özellikleri, mimari üsluplar, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik özelliklerle uygunluğu değerlendirilmiş ve öneriler sunulmuştur.

A recently identified broiler myopathy known as wooden breast (WB) is predominantly found in the pectoralis major muscle of fast-growing broiler hybrids and is causing significant losses to the poultry industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of WB syndrome on raw meat texture, purge loss and thermal properties of intramuscular connective tissue of pectoralis major muscle in the early post-mortem period. Results showed that WB muscles at 1d postmortem was associated with significantly increased stiffness and significantly increased purge loss compared to normal muscles (NB). However, at 3d postmortem, these parameters did not differ between the two groups. Insoluble and total collagen content was significantly higher in WB muscles compared to NB muscles, and the extractability of intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) was also higher and remained stable in the early postmortem period. These were coincided with significantly lower protein content in the sarcoplasmic protein fraction and myofibrillar protein fraction of WB muscles compared to NB muscles (P < 0.05). The IMCT of these two groups showed different thermal properties, as the enthalpy of denaturation (ΔH) was significantly lower in WB muscles compared to NB muscles. The WB syndrome had a great effect on the texture and connective tissue properties of the meat compared to normal muscle, with a tendency for having a lower water holding capacity and higher raw meat hardness

Biochar is a carbon-rich material that recently received attention due to its increasing agronomical potential. The agricultural utilization of biochar relates to its potential to act in the soil as a soil conditioner, nevertheless, the complex information on the direct dependence of biochar physical properties (texture, particle size) and corresponding leaching and availability of organic molecules (e.g. the polycyclic and heterocyclic organic compounds) and inorganic mineral salts (based on micro– and macroelements) are still not consistent. These aspects were addressed in our study. A multi-elemental analysis (ICP-OES) was used to access the information on the aqueous-extractable and total contents of inorganic macro- and macroelements in used commercial biochar samples (purchased from Sonnenerde GmbH, Novoterrra Sonnenerde GmbH, Biouhel.cz, s.r.o.). Potassium (K) was identified as the major macroelement, responsible for alkaline pH and the conductivity of biochar extract. Our results indicate an indirect relation between the size fraction of biochar and the content of extractable K, sodium (Na), and calcium (Ca) and a direct relation with the contents of phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg). As the total determined amounts of inorganic elements were significantly higher compared to aqueous-extractable amounts, we believe it could indicate the potential for repeated release to the surrounding soil. These findings were also confirmed by the analysis of biochar samples obtained after the cultivation (duration of 2 years) in selected representative soil samples from the Czech Republic (Cambisol, Fluvisol, Regosol, Chernozem). Moreover, gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectroscopy (MS) was further used to reveal the concentrations of available polycyclic aromatic and heterocyclic compounds in biochar samples. The detected concentration of these types of organic compounds were far below the certified limits. We believe our in-depth analysis could provide the necessary insight into the description of biochar mineral content, its connection to biochar texture, corresponding physicochemical properties and potential availability to leach nutrients to the soil. These findings could help in further assessment of the potential applications of biochar in modern agriculture as a soil conditioner.

Generally, mineral fillers are added to thermoplastic polymers to reduce cost and improve performance. However, properly selected mineral fillers can also improve thermal conductivity and deformation behavior, shrinkage, impact strength, dimensional stability, and molding cycle time in thermoset polymers. This study focused on the preparation and microscopic and spectroscopic characterization of various hybrid composites using pumice as primary filler and gypsum, kaolin and hollow glass sphere as secondary fillers, as well as examining some of their mechanical properties and thermal conductivities. For this, first of all, surface modification of the clay was carried out by intercalation method from solution using raw Montmorillonite, cationic surfactant and long chain hydrocarbon material, and then organo-clay melamine formaldehyde nanocomposite was prepared by in situ synthesis using organo clay and melamine formaldehyde pre-polymer. Finally, non-ionic surfactant, foaming agent and glycerin were added to the prepared nano-composite at approximately 90°C, mixed mechanically and then pumice was added. The processes at this stage were repeated while preparing hybrid composites with pumice and other mineral additives. For curing and molding, the composite was first subjected to microwave irradiation for 5 minutes followed by thermal treatment at 140°C for 60 min. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) spectra and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images were taken for morphological and textural characterization for raw clay (MMT), organo clay (OMMT) and pure polymer with prepared hybrid composites. In addition, some mechanical properties such as bending strength, elasticity modulus and screw holding resistance, as well as thermal conductivity coefficients of the hybrid composites were determined according to the relevant standards and the obtained results were evaluated. Spectroscopic and microscopic analyzes have shown that effective adhesion interactions occur between polymer-clay nanocomposite particles and filler grains, thus resulting in textural arrangements with different properties. Mechanical and thermal conductivity test results showed that melamine formaldehyde-organo-clay nano composite foam and hybrid composite containing hollow glass sphere are highly qualified materials in terms of thermal insulation and mechanical strength.

At the highest level of endurance sports, the differences in finishing times are small, so equipment is constantly being constantly improved to enhance the athletes' performance. For instance, one dominant resistive force in connection with cross-country skiing is the friction between the skis and snow and since the 1930s, research designed to understand and reduce this friction has been ongoing. The mechanisms involved in ski-snow friction include compaction, micro-ploughing, adhesion, viscosity, and water-bridging. Of these, adhesive and viscous friction have been most studied, while much less is presently known about compaction, micro-ploughing, and water-bridging. At the macro-scale, the ski-camber profile plays a key role in determining whether, with respect to friction, a particular cross-country ski is suitable for use under a given set of conditions. Through its influence on where ski-snow contact occurs, this ski-camber profile has a profound impact on adhesive and viscous friction, micro-ploughing, the formation of water bridges, and the rate of compaction. Different contact zones with different apparent areas of contact and pressure have been found to be most suitable for different conditions. In addition, the micro-scale texture of the ski base is also an important determinant of ski-snow friction. Topographical measurements of this texture can be achieved with white-light interferometer and recent characterisation has focused on the mechanical properties of contact. In numerous tribological studies the interactions between features at different scales are modelled. In most tribological systems, features on several scales influence friction and ski-snow contact is certainly no exception. Accordingly, the current investigation was designed to evaluate the multi-scale properties of different combinations of two skis with two different base textures. The real area of contact and the average interfacial separation and total average reciprocal interfacial separation between the ski and snow were taken into consideration. We found that different macro- and micro-scale properties of the ski favour different mechanisms of friction. Both the profile of the ski camber and texture of the base play decisive roles in determining viscous friction. At the same time, the texture of the ski base exerts a greater impact on the average real contact pressure, real contact area and minimal average interfacial separation between the ski and snow than does the ski-camber profile.

The capacitated team orienteering problem with time windows (CTOPTW) is a NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem. In the CTOPTW, a set of customers is given each with a profit, a demand, a service time and a time window. A homogeneous fleet of vehicles is available for serving customers and collecting their associated profits. Each vehicle is constrained by a maximum tour duration and a limited capacity. The CTOPTW is concerned with the determination of a preset number of vehicle tours that begin and end at a depot, visit each customer no more than once while satisfying the time duration, time window and vehicle capacity constraints on each tour. The objective is to maximize the total profit collected. In this study we propose an iterated local search (ILS) algorithm to deal with the CTOPTW. ILS is a single solution based meta-heuristic that successively invokes a local search procedure to explore the solution space. A perturbation operator is used to modify the current local optimum solution in order to provide a starting solution for the local search procedure. As different problems and instances have different characteristics, the success of the ILS is highly dependent on the local search procedure, the perturbation operator(s) and the perturbation strength. The basic ILS uses a single perturbation operator and the perturbation strength remains the same during the optimization process. To address these issues, we use three different perturbation operators and a varying perturbation strength which changes as the algorithm progresses. The idea is to assign a larger perturbation strength in the early stages of the search in order to focus on exploring the search space. The perturbation strength is gradually decreased so that we focus more on exploitation. The computational results show that the proposed ILS algorithm is able to generate high quality solutions on the CTOPTW benchmark instances taken from the scientific literature, demonstrating its efficiency in terms of both the solution quality and computational time. Moreover, the proposed ILS produces 21 best known results and 5 new best solutions.

We address weighted composition operators ψCφ from α-Bloch spaces to Bers-type spaces of bounded holomorphic functions on Y, where Y is a generalized Hua domain of the first kind, and obtain some necessary and sufficient conditions for the boundedness and compactness of those operators.