Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus in the family Retroviridae that infects domestic cats resulting in an immunodeficiency disease featuring a progressive and profound decline in multiple sets of peripheral lymphocytes. Despite compelling evidence of FIV-associated immunopathology, there are conflicting data concerning the clinical effects of FIV infection on host morbidity and mortality. To explore FIV-associated immunopathogenesis and clinical disease, we experimentally inoculated a cohort of 4 specific pathogen free kittens with a biological isolate of FIV clade C and continuously monitored these animals along with 2 uninfected control animals for more than 13 years, from the time of inoculation to the humane euthanasia endpoint. Here we report the results obtained during the late asymptomatic and terminal phases of FIV infection in this group of experimentally FIV-infected cats.

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D’s effect on risk health outcomes is often evaluated using prospective cohort studies. Risk ratios (RRs; e.g., hazard ratios or odds ratios) are determined for incidence for participants with baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations below or above specified values. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations vary over time, thereby diluting the effect of 25(OH)D for long follow-up periods. Inverse relationships between RR and follow-up period have been reported for all-cause mortality rate and cancer incidence rates. Here I evaluate the effect for neurological outcomes. Methods: I analyzed how follow-up period affected results from 10 cohort studies of all-cause dementia, 6 studies of Alzheimer’s disease, and 9 for cognitive impairment with respect to vitamin D deficiency. Results: For all-cause dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and cognitive impairment, respectively, the linear regression fits are RR = 2.9 – 0.14 × years, r = 0.73, p = 0.02; RR = 2.9 – 0.14 × years, r = 0.69, p = 0.13; and RR = 1.8 – 0.066 × years, r = 0.72, p = 0.03. The regression fit to RR for the shortest follow-up period for each outcome is considered the best estimate of vitamin D deficiency’s effect on risk. Those values are approximately twice that found by averaging all RRs without considering the effect of follow-up period. Conclusions: Vitamin D’s effect on risk of neurological conditions should be determined with relatively short follow-up periods after repeated 25(OH)D measurements as warranted during follow-up.

Abstract: This article reports the results of an ecological study of cancer incidence rates by state in the US for the period 2016-2020. The goals of this study were to determine the extent to which solar UVB doses still reduced cancer risk compared to findings reported in 2006 for cancer mortality rates for the periods 1950–1969 and 1970-1794 as well as cancer incidence rates for the period 1998–2002 and to determine which factors were recently associated with cancer risk. The cancer data for non-Hispanic white (European American) men and women were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Indices were obtained for solar UVB at the surface for July 1992, and alcohol consumption, and diabetes and obesity prevalence near the 2016–2020 period. Lung cancer incidence rates were also used in the analyses as a surrogate for smoking, diet, and air pollution. The cancers for which solar UVB is significantly associated with reduced incidence are bladder, brain (males), breast, corpus uteri, esophageal, gastric, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, pancreatic, and renal cancer. Lung cancer was significantly associated with colorectal, laryngeal, and renal cancer. Diabetes was also significantly associated with breast, liver, and lung cancer. Obesity prevalence was significantly associated with breast, colorectal and renal cancer. Alcohol consumption was associated with bladder and esophageal cancer. Thus diet has become a very important driver of cancer incidence rates. The role of solar UVB in reducing risk of cancer has been reduced due to people spending less time outdoors, wearing sunscreen that blocks UVB but not UVA radiation, and population increases in overweight and obesity, which lowers 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and generates systemic inflammation, a risk factor for cancer. The dietary approach that would reduce the risk of diabetes, obesity, lung cancer, and, therefore cancer, would be one based mostly on whole-plants and restrictions on red and processed meats and ultraprocessed foods. Solar UVB exposure for a few minutes before applying sunscreen and taking vitamin D supplements would also help reduce risk of cancer.Keywords: alcohol consumption; cancer incidence;

Recent analyses of cosmic microwave background surveys have revealed hints that there may be a non-trivial running of the running of the spectral index. If future experiments were to confirm these hints, it would prove a powerful discriminator of inflationary models, ruling out simple single field models. We discuss how isocurvature perturbations in multi-field models can be invoked to generate large runnings in a non-standard hierarchy, and find that a minimal model capable of practically realising this would be a two-field model with a non-canonical kinetic structure. We also consider alternative scenarios such as variable speed of light models and canonical quantum gravity effects and their implications for runnings of the spectral index.

This paper presents the design of a digital twin that blends aviation, gaming, simulation, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to create a synthetic environment within which strategies, laws and platforms for electric aviation may be tested out. This digital twin has been called Future Urban Synthetic Environment (FUSE). FUSE includes an in-built Unmanned Traffic Management (UTM) that can be used to run simulations to test the coordination of all urban traffic. It uses real GIS tagged imagery data and implements it at runtime into the game engine and thus link the optimised imagery loading to the visual performance of the simulation engine. FUSE provides a 3D digital twin of specified areas designed to simulate the effects (in terms of noise, visual impact, privacy) of drones and electric air taxis operating under various operational scenarios (such as number of deliveries allowed per day, maximum payload weight, no-fly areas, position of depots, vertiports, etc.). With so much high-fidelity data it is difficult for any game system to effectively render the environment and do justice to the detail whilst enabling enough of the landscape to be rendered to keep in focus the detail when looking out at the horizon.

This study explores the dynamics of transparency and accountability in supplier relationship management (SRM) within the e-commerce sector. It investigates how e-commerce platforms and their suppliers navigate complexities to foster trust, enhance collaboration, and ensure ethical practices in global supply chains. The research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing semi-structured interviews with industry stakeholders to gather insights into current practices, challenges, and strategies in SRM. Findings highlight transparency as pivotal for sharing critical information such as sales forecasts, inventory levels, and pricing strategies, enabling suppliers to align operations with market demands effectively. However, achieving transparency faces hurdles including data privacy concerns and competitive sensitivities, necessitating robust data security measures and clear communication protocols. Accountability mechanisms, such as formal agreements and governance frameworks, emerge as essential for mitigating risks, resolving disputes, and ensuring compliance with ethical and regulatory standards across diverse contexts. Technological innovations like AI, blockchain, and big data analytics are transforming SRM by enhancing supply chain visibility, operational efficiency, and decision-making capabilities. Cultural factors and regulatory compliance also significantly influence SRM practices, shaping communication styles, relationship dynamics, and legal considerations. Emerging trends such as sustainable sourcing practices and collaborative partnerships are reshaping SRM, emphasizing sustainability and responsible business practices. This study contributes to the understanding of effective SRM strategies, offering insights and recommendations for stakeholders navigating the complexities of e-commerce supply chains.

This qualitative study explores the dynamics of Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) and its impact on innovation within the e-commerce sector. Through in-depth interviews and documentary analysis of three case study firms known for their innovative practices, the study examines how collaborative SRM practices influence innovation outcomes, organizational resilience, and competitive advantage in dynamic market environments. Key themes include the pivotal role of trust, transparency, and joint problem-solving in fostering effective SRM relationships, enabling knowledge sharing and co-development of innovative products and services. Innovation outcomes observed encompass product innovation, process improvements, and technological advancements facilitated by close collaboration between e-commerce firms and their suppliers. Challenges such as managing supplier diversity, navigating regulatory complexities, and mitigating geopolitical risks highlight the complexities and strategic imperatives of SRM implementation in global supply chains. The study also emphasizes the transformative role of digital technologies, including real-time data exchange, predictive analytics, and agile supply chain management, in enhancing SRM effectiveness and innovation capabilities. Strategic alignment with organizational goals and market strategies further enhances the impact of SRM, enabling firms to prioritize innovation initiatives, allocate resources effectively, and sustain growth amidst economic uncertainties. The findings contribute to theoretical understanding and practical insights into SRM strategies that promote innovation excellence and competitive positioning within e-commerce. The implications for practice underscore the importance of fostering collaborative supplier relationships, investing in digital transformation, and adopting proactive strategies to manage risks and regulatory compliance.

This study investigates the critical factors of trust, commitment, and adaptation within supplier relationship management (SRM) in the context of e-commerce. Through qualitative research methods, including semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis, the study explores how these factors influence relationship dynamics and organizational outcomes in digital business environments. Trust is examined as foundational to effective SRM, encompassing integrity, reliability, and shared values between buyers and suppliers. Commitment is analyzed in terms of long-term orientation, resource allocation, and relationship-specific investments aimed at mutual growth and sustainability. Adaptation emerges as essential for navigating the dynamic e-commerce landscape, encompassing proactive strategies, flexibility, and innovation to respond to market changes and technological advancements. The findings highlight the interplay and mutual reinforcement among trust, commitment, and adaptation, contributing synergistically to relationship resilience and organizational performance. However, challenges such as information asymmetry, cybersecurity risks, and organizational inertia are identified as barriers to effective SRM. Practical implications include strategies for enhancing trust, fostering commitment, and cultivating adaptive capabilities through continuous learning, collaborative innovation, and technology integration. By integrating these insights, businesses can strengthen supplier relationships, drive sustainable growth, and achieve competitive advantage in the digital economy.

This qualitative study explores the pivotal roles of trust and communication in supplier relationship management (SRM) within the e-commerce sector. Drawing on interviews and thematic analysis, the study examines how trust, comprising dimensions of competence, benevolence, integrity, and reliability, underpins collaborative partnerships and operational resilience between e-commerce platforms and suppliers. Effective communication strategies, including proactive engagement, transparent feedback mechanisms, and real-time updates via digital platforms, are identified as critical enablers for enhancing information exchange and fostering mutual understanding in SRM. Challenges such as cultural differences, technological complexities, and regulatory compliance requirements are also discussed, highlighting the need for strategic management and investment to mitigate risks and maintain trust in supplier engagements. Relational competencies such as empathy, active listening, conflict resolution, and trust-building skills are recognized as essential for navigating interpersonal dynamics and fostering collaborative relationships in e-commerce SRM. Strategically, integrating these findings into comprehensive SRM frameworks is emphasized to cultivate a positive organizational culture characterized by openness, ethical integrity, collaboration, and adaptability. This approach aims to enhance supplier relationships, drive innovation, and achieve sustainable growth in a competitive marketplace.

This qualitative study explores the intricacies of building sustainable supplier relationships in the e-commerce sector, focusing on best practices and strategic approaches. Through in-depth interviews with procurement managers, supply chain experts, and supplier representatives, the research identifies four critical themes: trust, technology integration, ethical practices, and performance measurement. Trust is found to be the foundation of effective supplier relationships, fostering open communication and collaboration, which are essential for addressing challenges and co-creating solutions. The integration of digital technologies such as supply chain management software, blockchain, and the Internet of Things significantly enhances transparency, decision-making, and operational efficiency, providing a competitive edge. Ethical practices, including adherence to fair labor standards and environmental sustainability, are increasingly crucial as consumer and regulatory expectations evolve, necessitating alignment between e-commerce companies and their suppliers. Performance measurement and continuous improvement are vital for maintaining quality and efficiency, with clear metrics and regular evaluations driving constructive feedback and optimization of supply chain processes. The study underscores the interdependence of these elements in fostering resilient and adaptable supplier relationships. The findings offer practical guidance for e-commerce businesses and suppliers, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to supplier management that balances trust, technology, ethics, and performance. This approach not only enhances operational effectiveness but also ensures the long-term sustainability of supplier relationships in the dynamic e-commerce landscape. The research contributes to the theoretical understanding of supplier relationship management, providing a comprehensive framework for future studies and practical applications in the e-commerce industry.

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and multiple sclerosis (MS) share similarities regarding their epidemiology, symptomatology and craniospinal physiology. Indeed, the cardinal feature of CFS, fatigue, is also a major factor in the symptomatology of the majority of MS patients. Recently, we have found that there is a significant reduction in the craniospinal compliance in MS which affects both the stiffness of the walls of the spinal canal and the walls of the cerebral venous system. This change in compliance brings about an alteration in the effectiveness of the pulse wave dampening in the craniospinal system. The result is an impedance mismatch between the cortical veins and their draining sinuses, leading to dilatation of these upstream veins. We deduce this dilatation can only be brought about by an increase in the pressure gradient between the vein lumen and the subarachnoid space (i.e. the transmural pressure gradient). We hypothesise that given the similarities between MS and CFS, a similar mechanism underlies the physiology of CFS. We present two case studies to highlight the expected findings in CFS patients if this hypothesis were proven to be correct.

In this data deposit, I describe a dataset that is the result of content mining 167,318 published articles for statistical test results. As a result of this content mining, 688,112 results from 50,845 articles were extracted. In order to provide a comprehensive set of data, the statistical results are supplemented with metadata from the article they originate from. The dataset is provided in a comma separated file (CSV) in long-format. For each of the 688,112 results, 20 variables are included, of which seven are article metadata and 13 pertain to the individual statistical results (e.g., reported and recalculated p-value). A five-pronged approach was taken to generate the dataset: (i) collect journal lists, (ii) spider journal pages for articles, (iii) download articles, (iv) add article metadata, and (v) mine articles for statistical results.

The global energy transition is motivated largely by the need to combat climate change. Other reasons include limits to available fossil fuels, energy-related environmental impacts of many kinds, and societal goals such as equity and providing sustainable energy for the poor. This transition will significantly change the world both technically, economically and socially. It is taking shape with characteristics which prioritise certain types of policy, interventions and solutions, as well as certain actors and institutional forces. More fundamentally, it embodies underlying assumptions about what constitutes a desirable type of economy and society. Briefly stated, the energy transition is being geared to a conventional economic growth-focused type of development; including the not unchallenged concept of green growth. Not everyone, however, would agree on those priorities or the underlying assumptions. We point out various constraints and limitations which this approach places on the energy transition. Whilst much of the change being initiated is positive, we argue that different views, which lie closer to discourses such as strong sustainability (1), deep ecology (2) and ecological economics (3, 4) might prioritise differently and offer both necessary and desirable outcomes. Given the predominant focus on energy and climate, equally essential goals such as equity and eradication of poverty appear to be at particular risk of being missed. Building on examples and recent experience we argue that achieving global sustainable energy, not least the societal goals, remains unlikely within socio-political frameworks permeated by the imperatives of market-driven growth, the commodification of resources, and intense competitive dynamics. Technology and economics, the themes of this issue, have far-reaching societal implications and outcomes. We argue that it is essential that they be considered within the broad context discussed here.

A variant of the von Neumann-Wigner Interpretation is proposed. Problems arising from the quantum Zeno effect are addressed as we have described previously. We do, however, offer some new, and perhaps unexpected observations. We are accustomed to thinking of wave function collapse as occurring consequent to laboratory measurements. We speculate that, whatever physical correlate of consciousness exists within the brain, it is quantum mechanical in the sense that a brain, left to itself, would eventually decohere into a state no longer compatible with its conscious functioning. Wave function collapse returns it to a state compatible with consciousness. Indeed, this may be its important reason for occurring. A universe without it simply could not play host to conscious brains. The fact that it also prevents us from encountering "absurd" situations in the laboratory is merely a fortunate dividend. Whenever a quantum measurement is made the universe's future history splits into a number of possibilities. This number may be very large or infinite. And we believe consciousness plays a vital role in this happening. A "conscious" universe where quantum measurements are being made allows for an enormous number of equally acceptable world-histories. An "unconscious" one, always evolving in a unitary fashion, allows for only one. If we assume that the decision as to which worldhistory is the real one (i.e. this one) is made at random we see that the universe is overwhelmingly more likely to be "conscious" than not.

A variant of the von Neumann-Wigner Interpretation is proposed. It does not make use of the familiar language of wave functionsand observers. Instead it pictures the state of the physical world as a vector in a Fock space and, therefore not, literally, a functionof any spacetime coordinates. And, rather than segregating consciousness into individual points of view (each carrying with it asense of its proper time), this model proposes only unitary states of consciousness, Q(t), where t represents a fiducial time withrespect to which both the state of the physical world and the state of consciousness evolve. States in our world's Fock space areclassified as either 'admissible' (meaning they correspond to definite states of consciousness) or 'inadmissible' (meaning they donot). The evolution of the state vector of the world is such as to always keep it restricted to 'admissible' states. Consciousness istreated very much like what Chalmers calls an "M-Property." But we try to show that problems with the quantum Zeno effect do not arise from this model.

BackgroundIt is unclear what underpins the large global variations in the prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in gram-negative bacteria. We tested the hypothesis that different intensities in the use of quinolones for food-animals plays a role. MethodsWe used Spearman’s correlation to assess if the country-level prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in human infections with Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was correlated with the use of quinolones for food producing animals. Linear regression was used to assess the relative contributions of country-level quinolone consumption for food-animals and humans on fluoroquinolone resistance in these 4 species. ResultsThe prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in each species was positively associated with quinolone use for food-producing animals (E. coli [ρ=0.55; P<0.001], K. pneumoniae [ρ=0.58; P<0.001]; A. baumanii [ρ=0.54; P=0.004]; P. aeruginosa [ρ=0.48; P=0.008]). Linear regression revealed that both quinolone consumption in humans and food animals were independently associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in E. coli and A. baumanii. ConclusionsReducing quinolone use in food-producing animals may help retard the spread of fluoroquinolone resistance in various gram negative bacterial species.

A model of the early RNA world is proposed. Nearly self-complementary sequences that could adopt double-stranded, smallhairpin-like (shRNA), structures would be selected for due to their greater hydrolytic stability. These would be phosphorylated attheir 5' ends. We suppose that dehydrating conditions arise (perhaps intermittently) in the early environment allowing amino acidsto condense with these RNA molecules. The resulting phosphate-amino acid anhydrides would play the role of early, charged,tRNAs. A crude genetic code could emerge owing to the greater resistance of some amino acid-shRNA pairings to hydrolysisrelative to others. Early on there is no division of labor between mRNAs and tRNAs; the same molecules perform both functions.But the first systems would have encoded little in the way of protein sequence information. Rather they would have served as catalysts for the random polymerization of amino acids. It is speculated that the selective advantage inhering in such systems lay intheir ability to supply raw materials for the formation of coacervates within which the various molecules essential to proto-lifecould be concentrated. This would greatly facilitate the necessary chemistries. The evolution of homochiral protein and RNA populations is discussed. An appealing feature of this model is its ability to explain the transition from phosphorylated amino acids to the 3' ester-linked aminoacyl-tRNAs employed by modern life.

Modern drugs have changed epilepsy, which affects people of all ages. But for young people with epilepsy, the framework of drug development has stalled. In the wake of the thalidomide catastrophe, the misconception emerged that for people <18y antiseizure medications (ASMs) need separate proof of efficacy and safety (E&S), overall called “pediatric drug development.” This has been corrected to some extent. Authorities accept that ASMs are effective in <18y as well, but they still require "extrapolation of efficacy," as if minors were another species. In our view, the real problem is less that relevant parts of pediatric clinical epilepsy research over the past decades were useless, but that this has hampered research on meaningful challenges. We do not need to show that ASMs work also before the 18th birthday. But we need to learn how to best use ASMs to prevent brain damage in young patients and optimize ASMs use considering a broader range of aspects

Background: Many risk-modifying factors affect cancer incidence and mortality rates. Solar UVB reduces cancer risk by producing vitamin D, which has many mechanisms to reduce risk of cancer incidence, progression, and metastasis. Obesity increases cancer risk through several mechanisms, including increased inflammation. Method and Materials. We present an ecological study (a type of observational study) of incidence and/or mortality rates for cancers during 2007–2016 of 17 anatomical sites with respect to solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) doses and obesity prevalence. Data were averaged for 12 geographical regions. Results: Solar UVB doses were significantly inversely correlated with incidence rates for three types of cancer for males. They were inversely correlated with mortality rates for five cancers for males and four for females. Obesity prevalence was directly correlated with mortality rates for three cancers for males and seven for females. Discussion: The ecological approach has certain limitations, such as its sensitivity only to regional variations in relation to specific risk-modifying factors. In this study, these limitations include numerous factors influencing cancer risk and the fact that the data are averaged across entire regional populations, which may not reflect individual risks. Despite this, the study reveals important correlations. Specifically, it found that solar UVB exposure is linked to a lower risk of certain cancers, while obesity is associated with an increased risk of some cancers in France. These findings are consistent with results from a similar study in the United States on cancer rates between 2016 and 2020. The association between obesity and cancer risk aligns with other observational studies. However, it is uncertain to what extent higher solar UVB exposure or elevated serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels might mitigate the impact of obesity on cancer risk. Reducing cancer mortality in France may be achievable through vitamin D supplementation and efforts to lower obesity prevalence.

A literature review was conducted to summarize the frequency of the D-allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 in all countries with available data. Using an ecological study design limited to high income countries, we found that the country-level frequency of the D-allele was associated with increased COVID-19 incidence and mortality.

It is unclear how important it is to reduce fluoroquinolone consumption in the general population to prevent the spread of fluoroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (bystander selection). Methods We assessed bystander selection by using Spearman’s correlation to assess if the country-level prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in N. gonorrhoeae was correlated with the prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in four other gram-negative species - Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results Fluoroquinolone resistance in N. gonorrhoeae was positively associated with homologous resistance in all 4 species - A. baumanii. (ρ=0.61, P=0.0003, E. coli (ρ=0.67, P<0.0001), K. pneumoniae (ρ=0.52, P=0.0004) and P. aeruginosa (ρ=0.40, P=0.0206). Positive associations were also found between the national prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance and fluoroquinolone consumption in the general population in the preceding year for 4 of the 5 species. Conclusions Gonococcal fluoroquinolone resistance can be productively viewed as being part of a syndemic of fluoroquinolone resistance. Strengthening antimicrobial stewardship programs may help retard the spread of fluoroquinolone resistance in N. gonorrhoeae.

This qualitative study explores the role of Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) in optimizing inventory within the context of e-commerce. Through semi-structured interviews with e-commerce managers and supply chain experts, the study investigates the strategies, challenges, and outcomes associated with SRM practices. Key findings highlight the critical importance of strategic partnerships with suppliers, emphasizing trust, transparency, and goal alignment as foundational elements for effective SRM. Participants underscored the transformative impact of technological advancements, including advanced analytics and blockchain technology, in enhancing supply chain visibility, optimizing inventory levels, and improving operational agility. However, the study also identifies challenges in SRM implementation, such as cultural differences, regulatory compliance, and geographical distances, which require proactive management strategies. Innovation emerges as a key driver of competitive advantage in e-commerce, facilitated through collaborative R&D initiatives and co-innovation with suppliers. Strategic alignment with organizational goals is crucial for integrating SRM practices with broader business objectives, including operational efficiency and risk mitigation. Recommendations include adopting integrated SRM strategies that leverage technological innovations while maintaining a focus on relationship-building and sustainability. Enhanced supplier performance monitoring, proactive risk management, and the integration of sustainable practices are proposed to strengthen supplier relationships and enhance supply chain resilience. By addressing these insights, e-commerce firms can optimize inventory management, drive innovation, and achieve sustainable growth in the digital economy.

This study investigates the critical role of Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) in enhancing the e-commerce user experience. In an increasingly competitive digital marketplace, effective SRM practices are essential for optimizing supply chain operations and meeting customer expectations. The research employs a qualitative approach, combining semi-structured interviews with industry stakeholders, extensive literature review, and case studies to explore various dimensions of SRM. Key findings reveal that strategic supplier selection criteria, including quality, cost efficiency, reliability, innovation, and sustainability, are pivotal in ensuring a robust and adaptable supply chain. Effective communication practices, such as transparency, frequent updates, and digital tools, foster strong supplier relationships and enable timely issue resolution. Performance management strategies, centered on KPI monitoring and continuous improvement, support operational excellence and customer satisfaction. Risk management practices, including diversification, contingency planning, and advanced analytics, are crucial for mitigating disruptions and ensuring supply chain resilience, as highlighted by the challenges posed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Technological integration with blockchain, AI, IoT, data analytics, and automation enhances efficiency, transparency, and decision-making capabilities in SRM. Furthermore, the study underscores the evolving integration of sustainability and ethical sourcing into SRM strategies, reflecting broader corporate responsibility goals. Ultimately, this research contributes to understanding how effective SRM strategies drive competitive advantage in e-commerce by enhancing supply chain reliability, responsiveness, and customer-centricity. As e-commerce continues to evolve, adapting and innovating SRM practices will be vital for companies aiming to sustain growth and meet the dynamic demands of global markets.

This study explores the influence of cultural differences on Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) within global e-commerce, examining communication styles, trust-building, negotiation strategies, and strategic alignment across diverse cultural contexts. Through qualitative research including interviews with e-commerce professionals, the study identifies how cultural factors shape SRM practices and outcomes, highlighting the importance of cultural sensitivity and adaptive strategies in fostering effective supplier relationships. Findings underscore the significance of communication preferences, trust norms, and strategic orientations in navigating cultural complexities to enhance operational efficiency and mitigate risks in global markets. Practical implications suggest integrating cultural dimensions into SRM frameworks, prioritizing cultural competence development, and leveraging cultural diversity for innovation and collaboration. Future research directions include exploring digitalization's impact on cross-cultural SRM and longitudinal studies on evolving cultural dynamics in global business. By advancing understanding in this area, e-commerce firms can enhance resilience, maintain competitive advantage, and achieve sustainable growth in the global marketplace.

This qualitative research explores Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) practices within the e-commerce fashion industry, aiming to uncover key strategies and their impacts. Through semi-structured interviews with supply chain managers, procurement officers, and supplier representatives, critical themes emerged: communication, trust, risk management, sustainability, and digital technologies. Effective communication, characterized by transparency and regular updates, emerged as pivotal for aligning expectations and resolving issues promptly. Trust-building practices, including fair dealings and formal agreements, were essential in fostering long-term partnerships, reducing transaction costs, and enhancing collaboration. Robust risk management strategies, such as supplier diversification and contingency planning, were identified as crucial for mitigating disruptions and ensuring supply chain resilience. Sustainability was highlighted as a strategic imperative, driven by ethical sourcing and environmental standards, supported by technologies like blockchain for transparency. The transformative role of digital technologies—supply chain management software, blockchain, IoT, and data analytics—was evident in enhancing visibility and decision-making across global supply chains. Viewing suppliers as strategic partners, rather than mere vendors, promoted collaborative innovation and mutual growth. Despite challenges like cultural differences and regulatory complexities, opportunities exist to enhance SRM through integrated best practices. By prioritizing effective communication, trust-building, risk management, sustainability, and digital innovation, companies can strengthen supplier relationships, optimize supply chain performance, and achieve competitive advantage in the e-commerce fashion sector.

This qualitative study explores supplier collaboration in e-commerce product development, examining motivations, challenges, strategies, outcomes, and ethical considerations. Through in-depth interviews with stakeholders from diverse e-commerce sectors, the study identifies key themes shaping collaboration dynamics. Motivations include innovation, operational efficiency, and strategic partnerships, driving companies to integrate supplier expertise early in product development. Challenges such as global supply chain complexities, goal misalignment, and communication barriers underscore the need for robust governance and cultural sensitivity. Strategies for success include technology adoption, supplier development programs, and collaborative decision-making, enhancing supply chain visibility and mutual benefits. Effective collaboration yields improved product quality, cost efficiencies, and enhanced customer satisfaction, supporting competitive advantage. Ethical sourcing practices and sustainability initiatives are crucial for maintaining trust and regulatory compliance. Cultural and organizational factors, including leadership support and change management, significantly influence collaboration outcomes. The study concludes with implications for theory and practice, emphasizing the role of innovative strategies and continuous improvement in supplier relationships. Future research could explore digital transformation, sustainability trends, and technological impacts on supplier collaboration in e-commerce. Practical applications include optimizing supply chain strategies to navigate complexities and capitalize on market opportunities.

This qualitative research explores the impact of Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) on e-commerce brand reputation, focusing on the strategic imperatives, operational challenges, and economic implications within digital supply chains. Trust emerges as a foundational element in effective SRM practices, facilitating consistent product quality, timely delivery, and consumer trust, thereby enhancing brand credibility and loyalty. Strategic alignment of SRM with organizational goals enables e-commerce brands to leverage supplier capabilities for mutual growth and innovation. Operational challenges such as technological constraints and logistical complexities underscore the importance of digital integration and proactive risk management strategies to optimize SRM effectiveness. Digital technologies, including AI and blockchain, play a transformative role in enhancing transparency, efficiency, and resilience in SRM strategies, enabling e-commerce firms to mitigate risks and capitalize on market opportunities. Emotional intelligence (EI) competencies among supply chain professionals facilitate effective communication, conflict resolution, and sustainable supplier relationships that bolster brand reputation resilience. Economically, effective SRM practices yield cost efficiencies, improved financial performance, and resilience against supply chain disruptions, supporting sustainable growth in competitive digital markets. This study contributes valuable insights for practitioners and scholars aiming to enhance SRM strategies, optimize supplier relationships, and strengthen brand reputation management in e-commerce. By prioritizing trust, strategic alignment, digital innovation, EI competencies, and proactive risk management, e-commerce brands can navigate complexities, capitalize on opportunities, and foster positive brand reputations in the evolving landscape of digital commerce.

This qualitative research explores Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) within the context of subscription-based e-commerce models. Through in-depth interviews and thematic analysis, the study investigates key elements such as trust, collaboration, technology integration, sustainability, risk management, cultural alignment, innovation, cost management, globalization, supplier selection, and performance measurement. Findings reveal that trust is foundational in fostering reliable interactions and open communication between e-commerce businesses and suppliers. Collaboration emerges as crucial for innovation and operational efficiency, facilitating co-development and shared risk management. Technology integration, including AI and blockchain, enhances supply chain visibility and decision-making capabilities. Sustainability considerations drive businesses to engage with suppliers adhering to environmental standards, enhancing brand reputation and consumer loyalty. Effective risk management strategies mitigate disruptions and ensure supply chain resilience. Cultural alignment fosters harmonious partnerships and mutual understanding across diverse global markets. Innovation through supplier collaboration drives product development and market responsiveness. Cost management practices optimize operational efficiency and strategic supplier relationships. Globalization necessitates adaptive strategies to manage diverse cultural and regulatory landscapes. Strategic supplier selection and continuous performance measurement drive ongoing improvement and alignment with business objectives. This study contributes empirical insights and practical implications for enhancing SRM in subscription-based e-commerce, informing strategies to navigate challenges and leverage opportunities in a competitive marketplace.

This qualitative study explores the pivotal role of Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) in enhancing resilience within e-commerce supply chains. In an era marked by rapid digital transformation and global interconnectedness, the resilience of supply chains has become a strategic imperative for organizations striving to maintain operational efficiency and meet customer expectations. Through semi-structured interviews with supply chain managers, procurement officers, and strategic sourcing specialists across diverse industries, this research investigates the strategies, challenges, and outcomes associated with SRM practices. Findings reveal that effective communication and collaboration are fundamental to successful SRM, fostering trust, transparency, and responsiveness in supplier relationships. Strategic risk management through proactive identification and mitigation strategies enables organizations to navigate uncertainties such as economic fluctuations and geopolitical tensions. SRM implementation yields significant organizational benefits, including improved supply chain efficiencies, enhanced product quality, and increased customer satisfaction. However, challenges such as technological complexities, cultural differences among global suppliers, and regulatory compliance issues underscore the need for adaptive strategies and digital investments. The integration of digital technologies such as AI and blockchain enhances SRM effectiveness by enabling real-time data exchange, predictive insights, and decision-making capabilities. Ultimately, SRM emerges as a cornerstone of sustainable growth and competitive advantage in e-commerce, empowering organizations to optimize supply chain performance and resilience amidst dynamic market conditions.

This qualitative study explores Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) in the context of digital transformation within e-commerce businesses, focusing on the implications of emerging digital technologies. Through semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis, the study examines how organizations leverage technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and Internet of Things (IoT) to enhance SRM practices. Findings reveal that digitalization enables improved operational efficiencies, real-time data analytics, and expanded supplier networks through platforms such as Amazon Business and Alibaba. Strategic shifts are noted towards collaborative supplier relationships, emphasizing joint innovation, technology co-investment, and shared risk management strategies. However, the implementation of digital SRM strategies presents challenges, including data privacy concerns, integration complexities, cybersecurity threats, and regulatory compliance issues. Organizations must navigate these challenges by developing robust governance frameworks and cybersecurity protocols to protect sensitive information and ensure regulatory adherence. Key performance indicators (KPIs) such as supplier performance, cost savings, innovation impact, risk management effectiveness, and sustainability integration are critical for evaluating the success of digital SRM initiatives. Strategically, businesses are advised to prioritize leadership commitment, cross-functional collaboration, and continuous learning to optimize digital SRM practices effectively. Future research should explore emerging trends in digital SRM, investigate technological impacts on supplier dynamics and organizational performance, and examine ethical considerations in digitalization. By integrating these insights into strategic decision-making, businesses can enhance supplier relationships, mitigate operational risks, and achieve sustainable growth in the global marketplace.

This qualitative research investigates the influence of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) within the e-commerce sector. Through semi-structured interviews and secondary data analysis, the study explores motivations, challenges, impacts, and strategic outcomes of integrating CSR practices into supplier relationships. Motivations for adopting CSR include ethical considerations, regulatory compliance, and meeting stakeholder expectations, reflecting a strategic alignment with corporate values and societal demands. Challenges such as resource constraints, regulatory complexities, and cultural differences highlight operational hurdles and strategic considerations e-commerce firms face in implementing CSR initiatives effectively. The study reveals that CSR enhances trust, collaboration, and risk mitigation within e-commerce supply chains through transparent communication, shared values, and ethical practices. Strategically, CSR contributes to enhanced brand equity, competitive advantage, and long-term value creation by differentiating firms in competitive markets and attracting socially conscious consumers and investors. However, economic trade-offs, stakeholder divergence, and operational complexities require firms to adopt adaptive strategies that balance short-term financial goals with long-term sustainability objectives. The findings suggest avenues for future research exploring longitudinal impacts of CSR on supplier relationships, cross-sectoral comparisons, and technological advancements in CSR-driven SRM practices. Practically, e-commerce firms should prioritize strategic alignment of CSR initiatives with core business objectives, engage stakeholders in CSR strategy development, and embrace continuous improvement to foster ethical conduct, stakeholder trust, and sustainable business practices.

Supplier diversity has emerged as a critical strategy for enhancing e-commerce operations by fostering inclusivity and innovation within supply chains. This qualitative research explores the role of supplier diversity in e-commerce, examining its impact on organizational strategies, competitive advantage, and stakeholder perceptions. Through semi-structured interviews with procurement managers, diversity officers, and supply chain executives from diverse e-commerce platforms, this study identifies key themes related to the benefits, challenges, and strategic implications of supplier diversity initiatives. Findings indicate that supplier diversity significantly enhances innovation and creativity within supply chains by integrating diverse perspectives and expertise. This diversity not only enriches product development and market responsiveness but also strengthens corporate reputation and brand equity, demonstrating organizational commitment to ethical business practices and community engagement. However, the study reveals persistent challenges, including financial barriers, systemic biases, and scalability issues, which hinder the effective implementation and scalability of supplier diversity programs. Effective supplier relationship management emerges as critical for maximizing the benefits of supplier diversity, fostering trust, collaboration, and long-term partnerships with diverse suppliers. Looking forward, the future of supplier diversity lies in digital transformation, globalization of supplier networks, and integration of sustainable sourcing practices to enhance transparency, efficiency, and resilience in supply chain operations. This study contributes to the growing literature on supplier diversity by providing empirical insights and practical implications for organizations aiming to leverage diversity as a strategic asset in e-commerce and global supply chain management.

This qualitative research explores Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) as a pivotal driver of sustainable practices in the e-commerce sector. Through in-depth interviews with industry experts, practitioners, and scholars, the study investigates how SRM strategies integrate sustainability criteria into procurement processes, mitigate environmental and ethical risks, and enhance operational efficiencies. Key findings highlight the strategic importance of collaborative relationships with suppliers, technological innovations such as blockchain and data analytics in promoting transparency and accountability, and the influence of consumer preferences for sustainable products on market dynamics. Despite challenges such as regulatory complexities and global supply chain dynamics, businesses are increasingly adopting sustainable SRM practices to strengthen brand reputation, achieve cost savings, and align with evolving sustainability standards. The study underscores the interconnected nature of sustainability within e-commerce operations and calls for continued research to advance technological solutions, refine regulatory frameworks, and foster industry-wide collaboration. By embracing sustainability as a strategic imperative, businesses can navigate complexities, drive innovation, and contribute to a more resilient and sustainable future for the e-commerce industry.

This study explores the strategic importance of leveraging supplier relationships for competitive advantage in the e-commerce industry. Strong supplier relationships are crucial for enhancing operational efficiencies, cost management, quality assurance, innovation, sustainability, and overall supply chain resilience. Through collaborative partnerships, e-commerce companies can streamline logistics, reduce costs, ensure consistent product quality, and foster innovation through joint development initiatives. Ethical sourcing and sustainable practices play a pivotal role in supplier relationship management (SRM), aligning with consumer expectations and enhancing brand reputation. Advanced technologies such as AI, blockchain, and IoT further transform SRM practices by improving transparency, efficiency, and decision-making capabilities across the supply chain. The study also discusses challenges in managing global supplier relationships, emphasizing the importance of effective communication, cultural sensitivity, and strategic risk management. By addressing these challenges and nurturing trust-based relationships with suppliers, e-commerce firms can navigate market complexities and achieve sustainable growth. This research provides insights for e-commerce companies seeking to optimize their supplier relationships and maintain competitive advantage in a dynamic market environment.

This qualitative study investigates the management of supplier risks in e-commerce through relationship management strategies, focusing on trust-building, communication practices, digital technology integration, risk assessment methodologies, challenges, innovation initiatives, and ethical considerations. The research aims to provide nuanced insights into how e-commerce companies navigate the complexities of global supply chains to mitigate operational, financial, and reputational risks associated with supplier relationships. Through semi-structured interviews with 20 key stakeholders in the e-commerce sector, data were collected and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings underscored the foundational role of trust in establishing resilient supplier relationships, facilitated by transparent communication, consistent performance evaluation, and mutual respect for contractual obligations. Effective communication practices, supported by digital platforms and technologies such as AI, blockchain, IoT, and cloud computing, enhanced operational transparency and decision-making capabilities across supply chains. The study identified diverse approaches to risk assessment, from qualitative evaluations to quantitative models utilizing predictive analytics and scenario planning. However, participants highlighted challenges including geopolitical uncertainties, trade disruptions, regulatory changes, and cultural barriers, necessitating adaptive strategies and diversified sourcing options. Innovation initiatives such as joint product development and technology adoption were crucial in enhancing supply chain agility and competitive advantage. Ethical considerations emerged as a critical aspect, influencing supplier selection criteria, CSR initiatives, environmental sustainability practices, and labor standards compliance. Integrating ethical guidelines into supplier contracts reinforced corporate values and enhanced brand reputation. Overall, this study contributes practical implications for e-commerce practitioners seeking to enhance supply chain resilience, mitigate supplier risks, and sustain competitive advantage in a dynamic global marketplace.

This research investigates the pivotal role of Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) in enhancing e-commerce scalability. SRM practices are essential for optimizing supply chain operations and fostering strategic partnerships with suppliers, crucial in the dynamic and competitive e-commerce landscape. Through a comprehensive analysis of case studies, expert interviews, and secondary data, the study examines how leading e-commerce companies such as Amazon and Alibaba implement effective SRM strategies to achieve scalability. Key findings reveal that strategic supplier selection based on capabilities and alignment with business goals, coupled with continuous evaluation and development programs, ensures consistent supply chain performance and customer satisfaction. Technological advancements, including data analytics, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, play a transformative role in modern SRM by enhancing transparency, efficiency, and decision-making capabilities. These technologies enable real-time monitoring, automated processes, and risk mitigation strategies that bolster supply chain resilience and operational efficiency. Best practices in SRM, such as clear performance metrics, a culture of continuous improvement, and ethical sourcing policies, are critical for driving supplier accountability, innovation, and sustainability. Moreover, sustainability emerges as a growing priority in SRM, with businesses integrating environmental and social considerations into supplier management strategies to meet regulatory requirements and stakeholder expectations. Theoretical frameworks like the Resource-Based View and Transaction Cost Economics provide insights into the strategic implications of SRM, emphasizing its role in fostering competitive advantage and long-term business success. As e-commerce continues to evolve, businesses must adapt and innovate in their SRM approaches to navigate global supply chain complexities effectively. By prioritizing effective SRM practices, leveraging advanced technologies, and embracing sustainability, businesses can enhance their scalability, resilience, and competitiveness in the digital economy.

Effective management of supplier relationships is crucial for e-commerce companies to navigate complex supply chain dynamics and mitigate risks associated with supplier disputes. This qualitative study explores the strategies and challenges involved in resolving supplier disputes through relationship management in the context of e-commerce. Through semi-structured interviews with supply chain managers, procurement officers, and executives from diverse e-commerce firms, the study investigates key themes including communication strategies, trust-building initiatives, negotiation dynamics, technological integration, organizational culture, and global supply chain alignment. Findings reveal that clear and transparent communication plays a foundational role in preventing misunderstandings and fostering collaboration with suppliers. Trust-building initiatives, such as consistency in commitments and transparency in business dealings, are essential for cultivating resilient supplier relationships. Negotiation strategies emphasizing principled negotiation and collaborative problem-solving facilitate the resolution of disputes while preserving long-term partnerships. Technological integration through data analytics, automation, and digital platforms enhances operational efficiency and decision-making capabilities in managing supplier relationships. Organizational culture characterized by collaboration, innovation, and leadership commitment to strategic alignment with global supply chains promotes resilience and responsiveness to market dynamics. Challenges including power dynamics, operational constraints, and cultural differences underscore the importance of proactive risk management and cultural sensitivity in supplier relationship management. This study contributes actionable insights for practitioners to enhance supplier relationship management practices, navigate disputes effectively, and foster sustainable competitive advantage in e-commerce. By integrating these findings into strategic planning, e-commerce firms can strengthen supplier partnerships, optimize supply chain performance, and mitigate risks in a dynamic business environment.

This qualitative research explores the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) within the e-commerce sector. SRM is critical for e-commerce platforms to maintain efficient supply chains, optimize supplier interactions, and ensure competitive advantage in a dynamic marketplace. AI technologies offer advanced capabilities such as predictive analytics, machine learning algorithms, and natural language processing, which revolutionize traditional SRM practices by enhancing decision-making accuracy, mitigating supply chain risks, and fostering personalized supplier relationships. Through semi-structured interviews with 20 e-commerce professionals and industry experts, this study investigates AI's impact on supplier selection, operational efficiencies, and strategic supplier relationships. Findings highlight AI's ability to streamline supplier evaluation processes, improve demand forecasting accuracy, and optimize inventory management strategies. AI also facilitates personalized supplier engagement through sentiment analysis and real-time insights, promoting collaboration and trust. Ethical considerations, including algorithmic bias and data privacy, emerge as significant concerns in AI adoption for SRM. Addressing these challenges is crucial to maintaining stakeholder trust and ensuring responsible AI deployment. Furthermore, technological integration barriers and organizational readiness are identified as critical factors influencing successful AI implementation. Looking forward, the study underscores the potential of AI to drive innovation and competitiveness in e-commerce SRM, emphasizing the importance of ethical AI practices, technological infrastructure investments, and organizational preparedness for sustainable growth.

This qualitative research explores the integration of digital technologies to enhance supplier engagement in e-commerce, examining the transformative impact of AI, blockchain, and IoT on supplier relationship management (SRM). Through semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis with 15 industry experts, the study reveals that digital technologies enable organizations to optimize supply chain operations, improve transparency, and foster collaborative partnerships with suppliers. Strategic initiatives such as co-development projects and joint innovation efforts are pivotal in accelerating product development cycles and enhancing market competitiveness. Emotional intelligence (EI) emerges as critical in cultivating trust, empathy, and effective communication, underscoring the human dimension of supplier relationships amidst technological advancements. Challenges identified include technological complexity, data privacy concerns, and resistance to change, necessitating robust cybersecurity measures and proactive compliance strategies. Economically, organizations benefit from significant cost savings, improved efficiency, and enhanced profitability through digital transformation initiatives in SRM. By leveraging digital platforms and data-driven insights, organizations can optimize procurement processes, streamline operations, and mitigate risks to achieve sustainable growth and resilience.

Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) plays a pivotal role in enhancing delivery performance within the e-commerce sector, yet understanding its nuanced impacts remains crucial for optimizing operational efficiencies and customer satisfaction. This qualitative research explores the intricate dynamics of SRM in e-commerce, focusing on strategic alignment, technological integration, trust, collaboration, and risk management as key determinants of delivery reliability. Through in-depth interviews and thematic analysis, the study reveals that strategic alignment of supplier capabilities with firm objectives is fundamental for maintaining a responsive and synchronized supply chain. Technological integration, including AI-driven analytics and blockchain applications, emerges as critical for real-time monitoring and adaptive decision-making, thereby improving delivery accuracy and efficiency. Trust and collaboration are identified as essential pillars for building resilient supplier relationships, fostering transparent communication and joint problem-solving. Effective risk management practices, such as supplier diversification and contingency planning, mitigate disruptions and ensure consistent delivery performance. Despite these benefits, challenges such as technological adoption barriers, cultural differences, communication complexities, resource constraints, and supplier reliability issues persist, necessitating strategic interventions. Recommendations include investing in advanced SRM technologies, promoting cultural understanding, enhancing communication protocols, allocating adequate resources, and fostering collaborative initiatives with suppliers. These strategies aim to overcome challenges and optimize SRM practices, ultimately enhancing delivery performance and competitiveness in the e-commerce landscape.

This qualitative study explores collaborative supplier relationships within the context of e-commerce, aiming to uncover the dynamics, challenges, strategies, impacts, and future trends shaping these partnerships. Through thematic analysis of interviews with e-commerce platform managers, supplier representatives, and industry experts, the study identifies three primary types of relationships: transactional, relational, and strategic. Critical factors influencing these relationships include trust, effective communication, technological integration, and regulatory compliance. Challenges such as information asymmetry, cultural differences, logistical complexities, and competitive pressures are examined, alongside strategies for enhancing collaboration, including clear communication protocols, performance evaluations, and technological advancements. The findings highlight the significant impact of collaborative supplier relationships on business performance, including cost efficiencies, supply chain resilience, innovation capacity, customer satisfaction, and market competitiveness. Looking forward, trends in digital transformation, sustainability initiatives, global supply chain networks, resilience-building strategies, and industry collaboration are discussed as shaping the future landscape of e-commerce partnerships. Embracing these trends presents opportunities for organizations to innovate, adapt, and sustain growth in the competitive digital marketplace.

Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) tools play a crucial role in enhancing efficiency and competitiveness within e-commerce supply chains. This qualitative research explores the effectiveness of SRM tools in optimizing procurement processes, mitigating risks, and fostering collaborative partnerships with suppliers. The study employs semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders in diverse e-commerce sectors to gather insights into the implementation and outcomes of SRM tools. Findings reveal that technological advancements, including AI, blockchain, and data analytics, facilitate real-time communication, decision-making, and supply chain visibility, thereby enabling organizations to achieve cost savings and operational efficiencies. Enhanced supplier relationships through SRM tools contribute to collaborative innovation, faster product development cycles, and improved customer satisfaction. However, challenges such as technological complexity, regulatory compliance, and supplier resistance necessitate strategic management and investment in cybersecurity and compliance frameworks. The research underscores the importance of executive sponsorship, stakeholder engagement, and continuous improvement in driving successful SRM implementations.

This qualitative research explores Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) strategies within the context of e-commerce customization, aiming to understand how businesses effectively manage relationships with suppliers to meet personalized consumer demands. Through semi-structured interviews with industry professionals, key themes such as trust, communication, technological integration, strategic alignment, sustainability, and collaboration emerged as critical factors influencing SRM effectiveness. Trust was found to be foundational, fostering cooperation and commitment between e-commerce businesses and suppliers through transparent interactions. Effective communication and the integration of advanced technologies like AI and blockchain enhanced operational efficiency and innovation capabilities, enabling businesses to deliver tailored customer experiences. Strategic alignment between businesses and suppliers proved essential for shared success and mutual benefit, while sustainability practices increasingly shaped consumer preferences and brand reputation. Collaboration facilitated joint innovation and accelerated product customization, underscoring the importance of partnerships in achieving strategic goals. However, challenges including supply chain complexity, managing consumer expectations, and regulatory compliance highlighted the need for continuous improvement and adaptive strategies. Overall, this research contributes valuable insights for e-commerce businesses seeking to optimize SRM strategies, enhance supply chain efficiency, and navigate the complexities of customization in a competitive digital marketplace. By leveraging trust, communication, technology, strategic alignment, sustainability, and collaboration, businesses can effectively meet evolving consumer demands and achieve sustainable growth.

This qualitative research investigates the impact of Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) on e-commerce innovation adoption. Through semi-structured interviews and document analysis, the study explores how SRM practices influence organizational capabilities to innovate in the context of digital commerce. Key themes emerged, emphasizing the critical role of trust, communication, collaboration, strategic alignment, technology integration, organizational culture, leadership, and external factors in shaping e-commerce innovation. Trust was found to be foundational, fostering transparent communication and collaborative relationships that facilitate innovation. Effective communication channels and collaborative initiatives enabled organizations and suppliers to leverage combined expertise, driving the development of innovative e-commerce solutions. Strategic alignment ensured that both parties worked towards shared goals, supported by technology integration that enhanced operational efficiency and decision-making. Organizational culture and leadership were identified as crucial in creating environments conducive to continuous innovation. External factors such as market dynamics, regulatory requirements, and technological advancements influenced innovation strategies, highlighting the need for adaptive and responsive SRM practices. The findings underscore the interconnectedness of these factors within the SRM framework, offering insights into how organizations can enhance their innovation capabilities and competitiveness in the digital economy. By strategically managing SRM practices and integrating sustainable initiatives, organizations can navigate challenges, seize opportunities, and achieve sustained success in e-commerce innovation.

This qualitative study explores how businesses are adapting their Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) strategies to address the challenges and capitalize on the opportunities presented by evolving e-commerce trends. Through in-depth interviews with key industry stakeholders, the research investigates the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) into SRM practices. Findings reveal that these technologies enhance efficiency, transparency, and responsiveness within supply chains, enabling businesses to navigate complexities such as supply chain dynamics, fluctuating consumer demand, and regulatory compliance. The study identifies effective strategies employed by businesses, including enhancing communication channels with suppliers, diversifying supplier bases, and investing in technological advancements. These strategies enable businesses to mitigate risks, improve collaboration, and drive innovation, thereby maintaining competitive advantage in the digital marketplace. Collaborative practices such as joint product development, shared risk management, and co-investment in technology emerge as critical drivers of successful SRM. Ultimately, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of SRM in the context of e-commerce, offering insights into how businesses can optimize their supply chain operations amidst technological disruptions and market fluctuations. The findings underscore the importance of proactive adaptation and strategic alignment with suppliers to foster resilient and agile supply chains. As e-commerce continues to evolve, businesses must leverage these insights to refine their SRM strategies and sustain growth in an increasingly competitive environment.

This qualitative study explores the transformative role of Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) in the context of e-commerce, focusing on the integration of digital technologies and evolving supplier interactions. As digital advancements such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, data analytics, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT) reshape traditional SRM practices, e-commerce companies are experiencing significant improvements in efficiency, transparency, and collaboration. This research employs semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and case studies to examine the impact of these technologies on SRM, identify key collaborative practices, and assess risk management strategies. Findings indicate that digital integration enhances decision-making, streamlines operations, and fosters deeper, trust-based supplier relationships. AI facilitates predictive analytics and automates processes, while blockchain provides transparency and reduces fraud. Data analytics supports informed sourcing decisions and risk mitigation, and cloud platforms improve real-time collaboration. IoT enhances supply chain visibility, allowing for better inventory management. Despite these benefits, challenges such as high implementation costs, integration difficulties, data privacy concerns, and security risks remain significant barriers. Collaboration practices, including joint development, shared resources, and coordinated marketing, contribute to innovation and mutual growth, emphasizing the need for effective communication and trust. Risk management strategies, such as scenario planning and supplier diversification, are crucial for maintaining supply chain resilience. Strategic alignment between e-commerce companies and suppliers, including goal congruence and capability matching, is essential for seamless coordination and competitive advantage. The study underscores the importance of a holistic approach to SRM, integrating technology, collaboration, risk management, and strategic alignment to navigate the complexities of supplier relationships in the digital age. These insights provide a framework for e-commerce companies to optimize their SRM practices and achieve sustainable growth in a dynamic marketplace.

In the British setting, the deployment of the phrase ‘doing god’ has become increasingly common to refer to an emerging trend whereby religion has acquired an increasingly prominent role in political spaces and discourses. This was particularly prominent while David Cameron was Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party. While historically, religion has not had a prominent place in either the former Prime Minister David Cameron. Here, the findings from critical analyzing a series of Cameron’s public pronouncements about religion—and Christianity in particular—is set out to try and better understand his own adherence to Christianity (the personal) how this intersected with his politics and role as Prime Minister (the political), and more importantly how this shaped his views about Britain being a Christian country (the national). Contextualised within the embryonic scholarly literature relating to the phenomenon of ‘doing god’ in the contemporary British setting, this article concludes by considering alternative and analogous frames through which greater elucidation of the true motivations of his pronouncements might be understood.

Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a unique lens to study neuroanatomic support of human neurocognition and intelligence. A core mystery is the MRI explanation of individual differences in neurocognition and intelligence. The past four decades have seen great advancement in studying this century-long mystery, but the sample size and population-level studies limit the explanation at the individual level. The recent rise of big data and artificial intelligence offers novel opportunities. Yet, data sources, harmonization, study design, and interpretation need to be carefully considered. This review aims to summarize past work, discuss rising opportunities and challenges, and facilitate further investigations on machine intelligence inferring human intelligence.

The creation of the National Muslims Women’s Advisory Group (NMWAG) in 2008 by Britain’s New Labour Government was part of a strategy which sought to engage different levels of Muslim communities beneath an overarching focus on reducing ‘Islamic extremism’. To do so however, Government acknowledged that it would need to support Muslim women to overcome some of the constraints it believed were placed on Muslim women in contemporary Britain. Deeming theology and religious interpretation to be one of those constraints, Government saw the need to empower Muslim women to ‘influence and challenge’ religious and theological discourses as a priority. This article therefore offers a case study on a project that was commissioned by Government that sought to empower Muslim women to ‘influence and challenge’ theological interpretations in collaboration with the NMWAG. Having gained unprecedented access to the NMWAG, its activities and engagement with Government, this article presents previously unpublished findings from that project to focus on two key themes: Muslim women, their identity and position; and theology, leadership and the participation of women. Having explored these in detail, this article concludes by critically reflecting on the way in which Government engaged and interacted with Muslim women, the role and relative success of the NMWAG and, most importantly, the extent to which the NMWAG was able to ‘influence and challenge’ interpretations of Islamic theology.

Tropical forest and savanna biomes are pivotal in the functioning of the Earth system. Tropical forests are one of the largest terrestrial biosphere carbon pools, whereas savannas exchange carbon between the biosphere and atmosphere via frequent and extensive landscape fires. Both are biodiverse and under increasing threat due to land clearing and anthropogenic climate change. Reliable mapping of tropical forest and savanna is essential to provide understanding of how anthropogenic impacts are affecting the extent of these biomes. Using Google Maps satellite imagery, we manually classified 24,239 random points as forest, savanna, or anthropogenic landscapes within the tropics. Because fire and climate are correlated, we developed separate geospatial models to rank the importance of climate, topography, and human influence on vegetation present. This modelling confirmed that those areas with more fires had lower probabilities of tropical forest, that forest was most likely in areas with high mean annual rainfall with little seasonal variation in precipitation, and that anthropogenic factors disrupt this environmental predictability. We found there were environments where tropical forest and savanna were equally probable are geographically restricted. These relationships suggest that future drier climates projected under anthropogenic climate change, combined with clearing and burning that have reduced tropical forest extent to a subset of its theoretical distribution, will lead to irreversible loss of tropical forests. Our modelling provides global mapping that can be used track further changes to distribution of rainforests.

Mass crises are disruptive to people's mental health. The study aimed to explore mental distress during COVID-19 quarantine in a sample of university workers in Brazil. The survey included sets of questions about demographics, health, and support, an open question about major concerns, and the Clinical Outcome Routine Evaluation (CORE-OM), a measure of mental distress. 407 professionals participated in the study: mean age of 40 years (SD = 11.2), mostly female (67.8%), married (64.8%) and fulfilling social distancing to avoid COVID-19 infection (99%). Using the Consensual Qualitative Research for simple qualitative data (CQR-M) the main areas of concern were grouped into six domains, as follows: Work, Health, Isolation, Personal life and routine, Social environment, and Future. Many responses were multiple. They form categories indicating specific concerns within these domains. Quantitative data were analyzed by identifying the simple effects of potential predictors of mental distress. The results indicated medium effects of help with household chores, psychiatric treatment, age and physical exercise. Having someone available to listen was the only variable with a large effect in reducing mental suffering. The hybrid approach showed that the psychological experience during the pandemic is quite multifaceted and complex pointing new clues for public mental health.

The new barrier mode in Apache Spark allows embedding distributed deep learning training as a Spark stage to simplify the distributed training workflow. In Spark, a task in a stage doesn’t depend on any other tasks in the same stage, and hence it can be scheduled independently. However, several algorithms require more sophisticated inter-task communications, similar to the MPI paradigm. By combining distributed message passing (using asynchronous network IO), OpenJDK’s new auto-vectorization and Spark’s barrier execution mode, we can add non-map/reduce based algorithms, such as Cannon’s distributed matrix multiplication to Spark. We document an efficient distributed matrix multiplication using Cannon’s algorithm, which improves significantly on the performance of the existing MLlib implementation. Used within a barrier task, the algorithm described herein results in an up to 24% performance increase on a 10,000x10,000 square matrix with a significantly lower memory footprint. Applications of efficient matrix multiplication include, among others, accelerating the training and implementation of deep convolutional neural network based workloads, and thus such efficient algorithms can play a ground-breaking role in faster, more efficient execution of even the most complicated machine learning tasks

Relativistic atomic and molecular structure calculations start from very different premises to quantum electrodynamics (QED). QED predicts radiative corrections that can nly be approximated crudely in today's atomic structure programs. This paper describes rigorous simple algorithms for including accurate vacuum polarization and self-energy corrections in the GRASP programs.

In many countries, governments have implemented non-pharmaceutical techniques to limit COVID-19 transmission. Restricting human mobility is one of the most common interventions, including lockdown, travel restrictions, working from home, etc. However, due to the strong transmission ability of the virus variants, further rounds of interventions, including a strict lockdown, are not considered as effective as expected. The paper aims to understand how the lockdown policy and pandemics changed human mobility in the real scenario. Here we focus on understanding the mobility changes caused by compliance with restrictions and risk perceptions, using the mobility index from the Google report during three strict lockdown periods in Leeds, the largest city in the county of West Yorkshire, England from March 2020 to March 2021. The research proposed the time-varying z-scores and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to simulate how local people dynamically process and perceive health risk based on multi-dimensional daily COVID-19 reports first. Further modelling highlights exponentially increasing policy non-compliance through the duration of lockdown, probably attributable to factors such as mental anxiety and economic pressures. Finally, the proposed nonlinear regression model examines the mobility changes caused by the population's dynamic risk perceptions and lockdown duration. The case study at Leeds fits data well and shows that the third lockdown policy took effect much slower than the first. At the same time, the negative impact of the epidemic on population mobility decayed 40% in the third lockdown period in contrast with the first lockdown. The risk perception estimation methods could reflect that the local population became increasingly accustomed to the COVID-19 situation, and local people rationally evaluated the risks of COVID in the third lockdown period. The results prove that simulated risk perceptions and policy decay could explain urban mobility behaviour during the mobility well during lockdown periods, which could be a reference for future decision-making processes.

Fire risk can be defined as the probability that a fire will spread. Reliable monitoring of fire risk is essential for effective landscape management. Compilation of fire risk records enable identification of seasonal and inter-annual patterns and provide a baseline to evaluate the trajectories in response to climate change. Typically, fire risk is estimated from meteorological data. In regions with sparse meteorological station coverage environmental proxies provide important additional data stream for estimating past and current fire risk. Here we use a 60-year record of daily flows from two rivers (Franklin and Davey) in the remote Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area (TWWHA) to characterize seasonal patterns in fire risk in temperate Eucalyptus and rainforests. We show that river flows are strongly related to landscape soil moisture estimates derived from down-scaled re-analysis of meteorological data available since 1990. To identify river flow thresholds where forests are likely to burn, we relate river flows to known forest fires that have occurred in the previously defined ecohydrological domains that surround the Franklin and Davey catchments. Our analysis shows that the fire season in the TWWHA is centered on February (70% of all years below the median threshold), with shoulders on December-January and March. Since 1954 forest fire can occur in at least one month for all but four summers in the ecohydrological domain that includes the Franklin catchment, and since 1964 fire fires could occur in at least one month in every summer in the ecohydrological domain that includes the Davey catchment. Our analysis shows that mangers can use river flows as a simple index that provide a landscape-scale forest fire risk in the TWWHA.

In the current study we test the hypothesis that the consumption of macrolides in food-animals is positively associated with the prevalence of macrolide resistance in M. pneumoniae at a country-level. The prevalence of M. pneumoniae macrolide resistance was positively associated with the consumption of macrolides for both food animals (Rho = 0.66; P=0.007) and humans (Rho = 0.54; P=0.040). Linear regression analysis revealed that macrolide consumption in food animals but not humans was borderline significantly associated with macrolide resistance (coef. 5547 [95% CI -596-11691] and coef. 0.006 [95% CI -0.008-0.020], respectively).

This article investigates the unexpected re-emergence of race in both the rhetoric and activities of the British radical-right. In doing so it seeks to better understand the reasons why race has re-emerged, how race has been contemporarily deployed by the radical-right, and the extent to which the re-emergence of race will force the radical right’s recent ideological focus on religion – more specifically, the religion of Islam and Muslims as adherents – begin to retreat. It does this first by setting out the methods and approaches used throughout. From here, necessary and appropriate context is provided about the British radical-right generally and the decades old ideological turn more specifically. Next, the circumstances and reasons for the re-emergence of race are critically engaged: focusing on the immediate aftermath of 2020’s Black Lives Matter protests as also the wider socio-political landscape of contemporary Britain. Taking into account both established and newly formed groups and movements from within the British radical right, the role and function played by race is considered next. As part of this, an in-depth analysis of the role and function of race in the rhetoric and activities of Patriotic Alternative is included. In conclusion, this article reflects on a number of arguments about why the re-emergence of race among the British radical-right is - albeit to varying degrees - a cause for concern.

There is great current interest in systems represented by non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, including a wide variety of real systems that may be dissipative and whose behaviour can be represented by a "phase" parameter that characterises the way "exceptional points" (singularities of various sorts) determine the system. These systems are briefly reviewed with an emphasis on their geometrical thermodynamics properties.

There is great current interest in systems represented by non-Hermitian Hamiltonians, including a wide variety of real systems that may be dissipative and whose behaviour can be represented by a "phase" parameter that characterises the way "exceptional points" (singularities of various sorts) determine the system. These systems are briefly reviewed with an emphasis on their geometrical thermodynamics properties.

Recent lines of evidence suggest the intriguing hypothesis that consuming common culinary herbs of the mint family might help prevent or treat Covid. Individual citizens could easily explore the hypothesis using ordinary kitchen materials. I offer a philosophical framework to account for the puzzling lack of public health messaging about this interesting idea.

Extremely low concentrations of ciprofloxacin may select for antimicrobial resistance. A recent global survey found that ciprofloxacin concentrations exceded safe levels at 64 sites. We assessed if national median ciprofloxacin concentrations in rivers were associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. Methods Spearman’s regression was used to assess the country-level association between the national prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in E. coli and the median ciprofloxacin concentration in the countries rivers. Results The prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in E. coli was positively correlated with the concentration of ciprofloxacin in rivers (ρ=0.36; P=0.011; N=48). Conclusions Steps to reducing the concentrations of fluoroquinolones in rivers may help prevent the emergence of resistance in E. coli and other bacterial species.

Background: It is unclear why certain countries have been more severely affected by COVID-19 than other countries. Methods: In this ecological study we compared COVID-19 mortality and incidence/100,000 as well as 4 putative explanatory factors by WHO world region. Linear regression was then used to assess the country-level predictors of COVID-19 mortality/100,000 and incidence/100,000 in 204 countries with available data. Results: COVID-19 incidence and mortality/capita were greater in Europe than other regions. This was despite a higher testing rate in Europe than other regions. Europe had an older population than all other regions and a higher prevalence of obesity than Africa, South East Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean. Country level multiple linear regression revealed positive associations between mortality/capita and testing rate, percent of the population 65 years or older, and Europe compared to Western Pacific and South East Asia (all P<0.005). Results for the analyses with cases/100,000 as outcome variable were similar. Conclusion: Our results suggest that older populations as well as other undefined regional and national factors, possibly related to efficacy of control efforts, are responsible for differences in national severity COVID-19 epidemics.

The probability of zoonoses, such as the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), emerging is strongly related to remediable factors such as habitat encroachment and trade in wild animals. Tackling these underlying determinants is important to prevent future pandemics from the approximately 700,000 viruses with the potential to cause zoonoses. Reversing habitat destruction is also vital to halt the accelerating rate of extinction of a wide array of life forms - with all the adverse consequences these extinctions will have for human health. These insights depend on viewing health and disease from within an ecological theoretical framework. We therefore argue that preventing future zoonotic outbreaks as well as dealing with a range of contemporary health issues would be facilitated by grounding our health sciences in more a more explicitly ecological conceptual framework.

It is unclear why European countries have been more severely affected by COVID-19 than East Asian countries. In this ecological study we compared the COVID-19 epidemics (cumulative incidence and mortality rates), host genetic susceptibility and national responses (testing intensity) in all European versus all Western Pacific/East Asian countries reporting cases in the first month of the epidemic. The host-genetic-susceptibility assessment was limited to the frequency of the D-allele of the angiotensin converting enzyme-1 (ACE-1) which has been found to be positively associated with COVID-19 incidence within European countries. Despite earlier epidemics, countries from the Western Pacific reported lower cumulative numbers of COVID-19 cases/100 000 inhabitants than European countries (P=0.0002). The Western Pacific countries also reported fewer cumulative COVID-19 deaths/100 000 (P=0.0024). Whilst there was little difference in the cumulative number of tests conducted/100 000, the percent of COVID-19 tests reported positive was higher in Europe than the Western Pacific (P=0.0076). The frequency of the ACE-1 D-allele was lower in the Western Pacific than European countries (P=0.0007). Our results suggest that a combination of different testing strategies and host genetic susceptibility contribute to difference in severity of the COVID-19 epidemics in the Western Pacific/East Asia and Europe.

We hypothesize that the reason severe COVID-19 is closely linked to a limited number of conditions such as obesity, hypertension, older age and diabetes is that these conditions are characterized by a pro-inflammatory state in general and an angiotensin converting enzyme-1-bias in particular. We review recent evidence that this pro-inflammatory state can be reversed via regular exercise and a healthy diet. Studies are suggested that could test this hypothesis.

In the absence of a vaccine, current antibiotic-dependent efforts to reduce the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in high prevalence populations have been shown to result in extremely high levels of antibiotic consumption. No randomized controlled trials have been conducted to validate this strategy and an important concern of this approach is that it may induce antimicrobial resistance. To contribute to this debate, we assessed if mass treatment in the related species, Neisseria meningitidis, was associated with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. To this end, we conducted a historical review of the effect of mass meningococcal treatment programmes on the prevalence of N. meningitidis and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. We found evidence that mass treatment programmes were associated with the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.

On January 8, 2005, a surface melt event began on the interior portion of Ross Ice Shelf. While many surface melt events on Ross Ice Shelf are caused by the advection of warm air onto the shelf from the Ross Sea, surface winds during this event were directed offshore and the spatial pattern of surface melt was inconsistent with the Southern Ocean serving as a heat source. Rather, due to the interior location of the surface melt coupled with prevailing wind direction and surface temperature data it is thought that adiabatic warming of Föhn winds is the driving cause of this melt event. Passive Microwave (SSM/I) imagery was used to determine surface melt occurrence and the event’s extent. Spatial patterns of surface melt were then compared to NCEP/NCAR reanalysis output for several synoptic weather variables including surface temperatures, sea level pressure and surface vector winds. Synoptic-scale weather conditions were consistent with those that would produce downsloping wind (föhn) conditions in the interior of the Ross Ice Shelf where the anomalous surface melt was located.

Given that population COVID-19 vaccination does not appreciably reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission, instead, the potential to reduce hospitalization has been used to justify coercive vaccine passports. We aim to use a recently published research study as an example in order to demonstrate how data can be misinterpreted and result in deriving misleading ethical and policy implications. Bagshaw et al wrote that unvaccinated patients with COVID-19 in Alberta, Canada “had substantially greater rates of ICU admissions, ICU bed days, and ICU related costs than vaccinated patients did. This increased resource use would have been potentially avoidable had these unvaccinated patients been vaccinated.” The authors in Bagshaw et al then concluded that their findings “have important implications for discourse on the relative balance of increasingly stringent public health protection (restrictions), including mandatory vaccination policies, and the sustainability and function of health system infrastructure and capacity during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.” Here we show the following. First, the effect of vaccination on intensive care admissions were grossly over-estimated due to several limitations of this and almost all other vaccine studies. Second, an effect of vaccination on access to acute care and on all-cause excess deaths was grossly over-stated due to several more likely causes being omitted from discussion and from the common narrative. Third, policy implications were overstated and at best unclear due to missing consideration of more relevant aspects required to inform policy. Overall, the data cannot support what Bagshaw et al called “increasingly stringent public health protection (restrictions), including mandatory vaccination policies”.

The COVID-19 crisis has brought unprecedented strain on healthcare systems around the world. It has perhaps taught us some key lessons that are worth considering and addressing to help build more sustainable health systems as well as improve our ability to combat future epidemics.

A neglected dimension of the fire regime concept is fire patchiness. Habitat mosaics that emerge from the grain of burned and unburned patches (pyrodiversity) are critical for the persistence of a diverse range of plant and animal species. This issue is of particular importance in frequently burned tropical Eucalyptus savannas, where coarse fire mosaics have been hypothesized to have caused the recent drastic population declines of small mammals. Satellites routinely used for fire mapping in these systems are unable to accurately map fine-grained fire mosaics, frustrating our ability to determine whether declines in biodiversity are associated with local pyrodiversity. To advance this problem, we have developed a novel method (we call ‘double-differenced dNBR’) that combines the infrequent (c. bi-monthly) detailed spatial resolution Landsat with daily coarse scale coverage of MODIS and VIIRS to map pyrodiversity in the savannas of Kakadu National Park. We used seasonal Landsat mosaics and differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) to define burned areas, with a modification to dNBR that subtracts long-term average dNBR to increase contrast. Our results show this approach is effective in mapping fine-scale fire mosaics in the homogenous lowland savannas, although inappropriate for nearby heterogenous landscapes. Comparison of this methods to other fire metrics (e.g., area burned, seasonality) based on Landsat and MODIS imagery suggest this method is likely accurate and better at quantifying fine-scale patchiness of fire, albeit it demands detailed field validation.

Here we report the preparation and characterization of a novel biomimetic toothpaste containing morphogenetically active amorphous polyphosphate (polyP) microparticles enriched with retinyl acetate (“a-polyP/RA-MP”). The spherical microparticles (average size, 550±120 nm), prepared by co-precipitating sodium-polyP with calcium chloride and supplemented with retinyl acetate, were incorporated into a basis toothpaste at a final concentration of 1% or 10%. The paste containing “a-polyP/RA-MP” significantly increased the growth of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), compared to a commercial toothpaste which acts rather inhibitory and the paste without polyP and retinyl acetate. qRT-PCR experiments revealed that the retinoid causes an induction of the expression of the MSC marker genes for osteoblast differentiation encoding collagen type I and alkaline phosphatase. On the other hand, the polyP ingredient, supplied as Zn-polyP microparticles (“Zn-a-polyP-MP”) strongly inhibited the growth of the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans. We demonstrate that the amorphous polyP-containing toothpaste, enriched with retinyl acetate, efficiently repairs both cracks/fissures and carious lesions in the tooth enamel, and reseals dentinal tubules, already after a 5 d treatment (brushing) of teeth twice daily for 5 min as examined by SEM and quantitative EDX analysis. The stability of the occlusion of dentin cracks even turned out to resist against short high power sonication treatment. Our results demonstrate that the novel toothpaste prepared here, containing amorphous polyP and retinyl acetate, is particularly suitable for prevention/repair of (cariogenic) damages of tooth enamel/dentin and for treatment of dental hypersensitivity.

Soon after the Conservative-led Coalition government came to power in 2010, Baroness Sayeeda Warsi announced that Islamophobia had passed the ‘dinner-table test’ in contemporary Britain. Resultantly, the need to address Islamophobia was identified as a priority for the Coalition. This article critically analyses how the Coalition sought to achieve this and the extent to which it was successful. Focusing on the period 2010-5, this article initially frames what is meant by Islamophobia before briefly setting out how it had been responded to by previous British governments. As regards the Coalition, a threefold approach is adopted that considers the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Islamophobia, the Cross-Government Working Group on Anti-Muslim Hate and the political discourses used by the Coalition about Muslims and Islam more generally. Concluding that the Coalition failed to meet the high expectations set by Warsi’s speech, this article considers why this might have been so.

Studies into the cognitive effects of alcohol have been mixed. They also present methodological challenges, often relying on self-report of alcohol consumption leading to hangover. The current study used BAC (obtained via breathalyser) and self-reported drinking behavior during a night out and related these to hangover severity and cognitive function measured over the internet in the same subjects the following morning. Volunteers were breathalysed and interviewed as they left a central entertainment district of an Australian state capital. They were provided with a unique identifier and, the following morning, logged on to a website. This included an online version of the Alcohol Hangover Severity Scale (AHSS), and number and type of drinks consumed the previous night and the eTMT-B - a validated, online analogue of the Trail Making Test B of executive function and working memory. Hangover severity was significantly correlated with one measure only, namely the previous night’s BAC (r = .228, p = .019). Completion time on the eTMT-B was significantly correlated with hangover severity ( r = .245, p = .012), previous night’s BAC (r = .197, p = .041) and time spent dinking (r = .376, p < .001). These findings confirm that alcohol hangover negatively affects cognitive functioning and that poorer working memory and executive performance correlates with hangover severity. The results also support the utility of using online measures in hangover research.

We have considered a SEIR-SEI Vector-host mathematical model which captures malaria transmission dynamics, described and built on 7-dimensional nonlinear ordinary differential equations. We compute the basic reproduction number of the model; examine the positivity and boundedness of the model compartments in a region using well established methods viz: Cauchy’s differential theorem, Birkhoff & Rota’s theorem which verifies and reveals the well-posedness, and carrying capacity of the model respectively, the existence of the Disease-Free (DFE) and Endemic (EDE) equilibrium points were determined and examined. Using the Gaussian elimination method and the Routh-hurwitz criterion, we convey stability analyses at DFE and EDE points which indicates that the DFE (malaria-free) and the EDE (epidemic outbreak) point occurs when the basic reproduction number is less than unity (one) and greater than unity (one) respectively. We obtain a solution to the model using the Variational iteration method (VIM) (an unprecedented method) to each population compartments and verify the efficacy, reliability and validity of the proposed method by comparing the respective solutions via tables and combined plots with the computer in-built Runge-kutta-Felhberg of fourth-fifths order (RKF-45). We illustrate the combined plot profiles of each compartment in the model, showing the dynamic behavior of these compartments; then we speculate that VIM is efficient and capable to conduct analysis on Malaria models and other epidemiological models.

Food security (FS) during infancy is associated with lifelong outcomes. New Zealand is a developed economy that reports poor childhood nutrition-related health statistics, particularly among minority children, yet has no measure of FS applicable to infancy. The objective was to develop a FS index for New Zealand infants and examine its association with demographic covariates and health outcomes. Within a large (n=6853) nationally representative cohort, variables describing infant food consumption, breastfeeding, and maternal food-related coping methods were collected from mothers during late infancy. A FS index was derived using confirmatory factor analysis. Associations were assessed by logistic regressions and described using odds ratios (OR) and ≥95% confidence intervals (CI). 15% of the cohort was highly FS, 43% tenuously food insecure (FIS), and 16% highly food insecure (FIS). Infants from minority ethnic groups had lower odds of being food secure, as did those born to the youngest mothers, mothers who smoked, or lived in low-income households. FIS infants had higher odds of morbidity. Interventions to improve infant FS should focus on improving dietary quality, and give particular consideration to minority infants. We identified that FIS shows wide ethnic and socioeconomic inequity, and is associated with poorer health. The most important driving factors of FIS included poor quality weaning diets, and poverty and its proxies. Any interventions to improve infant FS should focus on increasing fruit and vegetable consumption to recommended intake levels, and give particular consideration to minority infants.

This article responds to an identified and significant gap in the existing scholarly canon to consider the extent to which cinematic representations construct heroin users—the ‘junkie’—as a criminalised ‘Other’ which confer legitimacy on the notion that such are criminogenic and deviant. Positioned within the disciplinary bounds of cultural criminology, this article focuses on five films - Sid and Nancy (1986); The Basketball Diaries (1995); Trainspotting (1996); Requiem for a Dream (2000); and, T2 Trainspotting (2017). Drawing together Hall’s (1997) theories of representation and Hjelm’s (2014) theories of social constructionism, the findings from a narrative analysis of each of the films—individually and comparatively—explores the following themes, junkies: as criminogenic; as dangerous underclass; as embodying decay and depravity; and in relation to female junkies, as junkie whores. In doing so, this article elucidates new thinking and ideas about cinematic representations of junkies and how this shapes and influences social norms and mores.

The effects of buckwheat intake on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have not been systematically investigated. The aim of the present study was to comprehensively summarise studies in humans and animals evaluating the impact of buckwheat consumption on CVD risk markers and to conduct a meta-analysis of relevant data. Thirteen randomised, controlled human studies, two cross-sectional human studies and twenty-one animal studies were identified. Using random effects models, the weighted mean difference of post-intervention concentrations of blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly decreased following buckwheat intervention compared with controls [differences in blood glucose: -0.85 mmol/L (95% CI: -1.31, -0.39), total cholesterol: 0.50 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.80, -0.20) and triglycerides: 0.25 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.49, -0.02)]. Responses of a similar magnitude were seen in two cross-sectional studies. For animal studies, nineteen of twenty-one studies showed a significant reduction in total cholesterol of between 12 and 54%, and fourteen of twenty studies showed a significant reduction in triglycerides of between 2 and 74%. All exhibited high unexplained heterogeneity. There was inconsistency in HDL cholesterol outcomes in both human and animal studies. It remains unclear whether increased buckwheat intake significantly benefits other markers of CVD risk, such as weight, blood pressure, insulin, and LDL-cholesterol, and underlying mechanisms responsible for any effects are unclear.

Electrical microgrids are deemed to be the future of modern power systems. Microgrids are sophisticated, decentralized, and self-sufficient small-scale power systems consisting of various resources ranging from wind turbines, solar photovoltaics, electric vehicles, smart energy storage, and complex communication infrastructure. However, renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaics and wind-based generators are highly intermittent, and if not appropriately planned, they can compromise the stability of the grid. Formal methods can define and analyze the functionality and behavior of any system and show if the system design is correct before the actual system is implemented. Although formal methods have been around for many years, it is surprising that little to none are utilized in the design of safety-critical electrical power systems. Currently, in modeling microgrids, few to no attempts of formalization are being used to improve the design reliability and reduce system operating costs and time. This work demonstrates how complex systems such as microgrids can be modeled elegantly using a formal specification method. In this work, the Z state-based formal specification language (Z-Method) is used to model and verify microgrid designs. In this work, 3-interconnected microgrid systems with a high penetration level of solar and wind-based renewable energy sources with plugin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) as battery energy storage systems (BESS) are modeled using the Z-method. To the best of authors, the knowledge presented formal method is one of the first reported attempts in modeling microgrid communities using Software Engineering formalism.

The present paper presents findings from the follow-up of 185 of these nurses who had been involved in the front-line care of COVID-19 patients in urban centres in Northern England, during and after the “second wave” of COVID patients in November, 2020. Measures of adjustment, stress (including PTSD), and Maslowian self-actualization were added to earlier measures of personality, adjustment, work-life stress, and career intention. Cluster analysis identified three types in the 2020-2023 cohort: I ‘Actualizing Professionals’; (N=62); II ‘Strong Professionals’ (N=56); III ‘Highly Stressed Nurses’ (N=45). These latter very stressed nurses included all nurses (N=16) identified as having PTSD symptoms.

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) shows potential for the rapid development of an information-theoretic secure global communications network; however, the complexities of CV-QKD implementation remain a restrictive factor. Machine learning (ML) has recently shown promise in alleviating these complexities. ML has been applied to almost every stage of CV-QKD protocols, including ML-assisted phase error estimation, excess noise estimation, state discrimination, parameter estimation and optimization, key sifting, information reconciliation, and key rate estimation. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of the current literature on ML-assisted CV-QKD. In addition, the survey compares the ML algorithms assisting CV-QKD with the traditional algorithms they aim to augment, as well as providing recommendations for future directions for ML-assisted CV-QKD research.

There is considerable interest in the use of doxycycline post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to reduce the incidence of bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs). An important concern is that this could select for tetracycline resistance in these STIs and other species. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar, (1948–2023) for randomized controlled trials comparing tetracycline PEP with non-tetracycline controls. The primary outcome was antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to tetracyclines in all bacterial species with available data. Our search yielded 140 studies, of which three met the inclusion criteria. Tetracycline PEP had no effect on the prevalence of tetracycline resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in any of the three trials or the pooled estimates. PEP did, however, have a marked effect on the tetracycline MIC distribution in the one study where this was assessed. Prophylactic efficacy was 100% at low MICs and 0% at high MICs. In the one study where this was assessed, PEP resulted in a significant increase in tetracycline resistance in commensal Neisseria species compared to the control group but no significant effect on the prevalence of tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. The available evidence suggests that PEP with tetracyclines could be associated with selecting tetracycline resistance in N. gonorrhoeae and commensal Neisseria species.

Microbiome research has gained considerable interest due to the emerging evidence of its impact on human and animal health. Similar to higher organisms, the gut-associated microbiota of mosquitoes affect host fitness and other phenotypes. It is now well established that microbes can alter pathogen transmission in mosquitoes, either positively or negatively, and avenues are being explored to exploit microbes for vector control. However, less attention has been paid to how microbiota affect phenotypes that impact vectorial capacity. Several mosquito and pathogen components, such as vector density, biting rate, survival, vector competence and pathogen extrinsic incubation period all influence pathogen transmission. Interestingly, the mosquito gut-associated microbes can impact each of these components, and therefore ultimately modulate vectorial capacity. Promisingly, this expands the options available to exploit microbes for vector control by also targeting parameters that affect vectorial capacity. However, there are still many knowledge gaps in the biology of the mosquito – microbe symbiosis that need to be addressed in order to understand these interactions more thoroughly and exploit them efficiently. Here, we review current evidence of the impacts of the microbiome on aspects of vectorial capacity highlighting opportunities for novel vector control strategies and areas where further studies are required.

This study aimed to determine whether camelina oil is safe for use in canine diets, using canola oil and flax oil as controls as they are similar and generally regarded as safe (GRAS) for canine diets. Thirty privately-owned adult dogs of various breeds (17 females; 13 males), with an average age of 7.2 ± 3.1 years (mean ± SD) and body weight (BW) of 27.4 ± 14.0 were used. After a 4-week wash-in period using sunflower oil and kibble, dogs were blocked by breed, age, and size, and randomly allocated to one of three treatment oils (camelina (CAM), flax (FLX), or canola (OLA)) at a level of 8.2 g oil/100g total dietary intake. Body condition score (BCS), BW, food intake (FI), and hematological and select biochemical parameters were measured at various timepoints over a 16-week feeding period. All data were analyzed with ANOVA using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS. No biologically significant differences were seen between treatment groups for BW, BCS, FI, hematological and biochemical results. Statistically significant differences noted among some serum biochemical results were considered small and due to normal biological variation. These results support a conclusion that camelina oil is safe for use in canine nutrition.

In this paper, we introduce a non-invasive approach for monitoring bridge infrastructure with ground-based interferometric radar. This approach is called the mirror mode, since it utilises the flat surface of the bridge underside as a mirror to reflect the signal to a corner reflector on the ground placed opposite of the radar sensor. For proving the feasibility of this approach, a measurement campaign has been carried out at an exemplary bridge in Karlsruhe (Germany) including a radar sensor in mirror mode, a second radar sensor in the default mode and a laser profile scanner. We investigate the potential of this approach to monitor the bridge displacement in vertical direction and compare the results with the two other sensors. The derived results reveal the potential for monitoring bridge infrastructure. Finally, we propose further research aspects of this approach to analyse its capabilities and limitation in the context of non-invasive infrastructure monitoring.

Milk fat production is important in the New Zealand (NZ) dairy industry. Elsewhere, an amino acid substitution (K232A) in the enzyme diacylglycerol acyl-CoA acyltransferase (DGAT1) has been reported to explain variation in some milk traits, including variation in milk fatty acid (FA) profile. In this study, associations between K232A, and milk traits including milk FA composition, were studied in wholly pasture-fed NZ Holstein-Friesian × Jersey (HF×J) cross-bred dairy cows. With a high frequency of K variant (61.9%), the KK cows produced more milk fat than the AA cows (5.41 ± 0.04 % vs 4.42 ± 0.05 %). The milk volume, fat concentration and protein concentration of AK cows were between the genotypes, AA and KK. More C16:0, CLA and C18:3 cis-9, 12, 15 FA were found in the milk of Kiwi-cross cows feed in outdoor pasture grazing system., and the influence of DGAT1 K232A, on these FAs from mid- and late lactation stages were significant. The AA cows produced (P < 0.001) more CLA and C18:3 cis-9, 12, 15, but less C16:0 (1.137 ± 0.047, 0.855 ± 0.015 and 35.170 ± 0.355) than the KK cows (0.934 ± 0.025, 0.778 ± 0.009 and 38.010 ± 0.250).

The integration of solar energy systems with agricultural practices, known as agrivoltaic systems, presents a promising solution for advancing sustainable food and energy production. This approach involves installing photovoltaic panels on agricultural lands, which allows for simultaneous crop cultivation and energy generation. Agrivoltaic systems offer a dual benefit: they enhance land use efficiency by utilizing the same area for both solar power generation and crop production, and they contribute to sustainable energy transitions. This abstract explores the benefits and challenges associated with agrivoltaic systems. Key advantages include increased land productivity, reduction in water usage due to shading effects, and potential economic gains from dual income streams. Furthermore, these systems can mitigate land use conflicts by combining food production with renewable energy generation. However, there are challenges to address, including the potential for decreased crop yields under solar panels, the need for appropriate system design to balance energy generation and agricultural needs, and the economic feasibility of initial investment and maintenance. The integration of agrivoltaic systems represents a critical step toward achieving sustainable development goals by promoting environmental stewardship and resource efficiency. Future research and advancements in technology are essential to optimize system performance and maximize benefits for both agriculture and energy sectors.

We consider the restrictions on photovoltaic (PV) capacity that are caused by limitations on where panels can be sited, and find quantitative evidence for the need for high efficiencies. We define 15% of the UK’s energy consumption as a “significant” contribution and, with London as an exemplar, we perform an idealised calculation that makes the most optimistic possible assumptions about the capabilities of future PV technologies, and use published surveys of energy usage, dwelling type and insolation. We find that covering every UK domestic roof with the highest power-conversion efficiency (PCE) solar panels currently commercially available, could produce up to 9% of the UK's energy. A 15% contribution would require PV technologies with &gt;37% PCE, more than the theoretical Shockley-Queisser limit. Replacing the idealising assumptions with more realistic estimates increases this by 2-3 times. Alternatively, a solar farm using the currently available PCEs would require a politically challenging ~1200km2 of new land, roughly the area of Greater London, for this 15% contribution. We conclude that PCEs must be driven higher even than the Shockley-Queisser limit for PV to play a significant part in carbon mitigation.

We exploit the properties of complex time to obtain an analytical relationship based on considerations of causality between the two conserved quantities of a system’s Hamiltonian and its Entropy Production. In natural units, when complexified, the one is simply the Wick-rotated complex-conjugate of the other. A Hilbert transform relation is constructed in the formalism of Quantitative Geometrical Thermodynamics which enables system irreversibility to be handled analytically within a framework that unifies both the microscopic and macroscopic scales, and which also unifies the treatment of both reversibility and irreversibility as complementary parts of a single physical description. In particular the thermodynamics of two unitary entities are considered: the alpha particle which is absolutely stable (that is, trivially reversible with zero entropy production), and a black hole whose absolute disequilibrium (unconditional irreversibility) is characterized by a non-zero entropy production for which we show an alternate derivation confirming our previous one (Universe 7, 2021, 325). The thermodynamics of a canonical decaying harmonic oscillator are also considered. In this treatment the complexification of time also enables a meaningful physical interpretation of both “imaginary time” and “imaginary energy”.

As Christopher Alexander discovered, all space or matter – either organic or inorganic – has some degree of order in it according to its structure and arrangement. The order refers to a kind of structural character, called living structure, which is defined as a mathematical structure that consists of numerous substructures with an inherent hierarchy. Across the hierarchy, there are far more small substructures than large ones, while on each level of the hierarchy the substructures are more or less similar in size. In this paper we develop a new approach to representing geographic space as a hierarchy of recursively defined subspaces for computing the degree of order. A geographic space is first represented as a hierarchy of recursively defined subspaces, and all the subspaces are then topologically represented as a network for computing the degree of order of the geographic space, as well as that of its subspaces. Unlike conventional geographic representations, which are mechanical in nature, this new geographic representation is organic, conceived, and developed under the third view of space; that is, space is neither lifeless nor neutral, but a living structure capable of being more living or less living. Thus, the order can also be referred to as life, beauty, coherence, or harmony. We applied the new representation to three urban environments, 253 patterns, and 35 black-white strips to verify it and to demonstrate advantages of the new approach and the new kind of order. We further discuss the implications of the approach and the order on geographic information science and sustainable urban planning.

Double-spiral galaxies are common in the Universe. It is known that the logarithmic double spiral is a Maximum Entropy geometry and represents spiral galaxies well. It is also known that the virial mass of such a galaxy can be approximately determined from the entropy of its central supermassive black hole. But over time the black hole must accrete mass, and therefore the overall galactic entropy must increase. From the associated entropic Euler-Lagrange equation (forming the basis of the Principle of Least Exertion, and also enabling the application of Nöther’s theorem) we show that the galactic entropy production is a conserved quantity, and we derive an appropriate expression for the relativistic entropic Hamiltonian of an idealised spiral galaxy. We generalise Onsager’s celebrated expression for entropy production and demonstrate that galactic entropy production has two parts, one many orders of magnitude larger than the other, and where the smaller is comparable to the Hawking radiation of the central supermassive black hole. We conclude that galaxies cannot be isolated, since even idealised spiral galaxies have non-zero entropy production.

This paper examines the spatial and temporal distribution of all COVID-19 cases from January to June 2020 against the underlying distribution of population in the United States. It is found that, as time passes, COVID-19 cases become a power law with cut-off, resembling the underlying spatial distribution of populations. The power law implies that many states and counties have a low number of cases, while only a few highly populated states and counties have a high number of cases. To further differentiate patterns between the underlying populations and COVID-19 cases, we derived their inherent hierarchy characterized by the ht-index. We found that the ht-index of COVID-19 cases persistently approaches that of the populations; that is, 5 and 7 at the state and county levels, respectively. Mapping the ht-index of COVID-19 cases against that of populations provides new insights into the development of the pandemic in the United States.

Learning models of the cerebellum propose that the cerebellum implements an algorithm which makes iterative adjustments to synaptic transmission strength that collectively determine the response to input in learned patterns following training. We propose instead that pattern recognition and control of firing by output cells are separately handled functions which process independently variable data. This can account for the evidence without a machine learning algorithm. The model is a hybrid of physiological arguments and computational methods used to test and quantify the ideas. We argue inter alia that learning operates at the level of functional groups of Purkinje cells defined by their shared climbing fibre input; Golgi cells have several functions and regulation of parallel fibre activity by Golgi cells is not in the expected way; recoding of input to the cerebellum received in the granular layer converts the number of input variables (variables expressed in mossy fibre input to the system) into a much reduced number of functional variables expressed by internal signals traffic; circuits simultaneously execute separate but integrated functions of pattern memory and output coding; they are able to operate separately because the expression of data used in each varies independently of the other; output rates are not learned but controlled by recent relevant input signals in a window opened by pattern memory; the moment-to-moment probability that a Purkinje cell spikes is synchronised across a microzone; a principal function of functional organisation of Purkinje cells into microzones is to increase resolution of rate coded information received by the output cells of the circuit, and to do so in a very short integration window, so that circuit architecture can be explained partly as a device with this function.

Mountain fire can become more complex than fires at lower elevation due to the complex interaction of fire, topography, and weather. The Gell River Fire in Tasmania, Australia occurred in rugged terrain where there are abundant fire sensitive vegetation communities, as well as the presence of infrastructure including high-voltage transmission lines. The fire began at the end of December 2018 and lasted a few months, with a final burnt area of approximately 350km² despite significant fire suppression effort. The fire was investigated by employing wind vector maps, numerical weather model vertical sounding charts (NWMVS) and Prototype 2, which is an integrated fire simulator and can detect lateral fire channeling (LFC). Our analysis of the fire found its spread was likely to be introduced into a valley by forced channeling (FC), which is modified synoptic wind, and showed rapid spread in the valley. The simulated fire also showed wider spread than the observed data in the valley, with the simulated fire impacting highly sensitive vegetation communities on the fringes of the valley. This alludes to some potential conclusions: (1) The loss of fire sensitive vegetation would have increased if fire suppression activity had not been conducted. (2) Spotting fires could be produced by LFC because these spotting fire would allow spreading fire in a shorter period. (3) Heterogeneity of vegetation, such as combination of buttongrass and forest, could help carry fire rapidly in the valley with LFC. Fire can propagate faster in buttongrass than in forests while the forests allow the spotting fire.

Influencer marketing has become a pivotal component of digital marketing strategies, offering brands a unique way to connect with audiences through trusted voices. However, measuring the return on investment (ROI) from influencer marketing campaigns can be challenging due to the intangible nature of brand influence and engagement. This abstract explores various techniques and strategies to measure and optimize ROI in influencer marketing. Measurement Techniques: The paper delves into both quantitative and qualitative methods for assessing influencer marketing ROI. Quantitative techniques include tracking metrics such as impressions, clicks, conversions, and sales, using tools like Google Analytics and social media insights. Additionally, advanced attribution models, such as multi-touch attribution and econometric modeling, are discussed for more accurately linking influencer activities to business outcomes. Qualitative approaches involve sentiment analysis and brand awareness studies, which help gauge the impact of campaigns on brand perception and customer loyalty. Optimization Strategies: To maximize the effectiveness of influencer marketing, the paper outlines several optimization strategies. These include selecting the right influencers based on audience alignment and engagement rates, setting clear and measurable campaign goals, and employing A/B testing to refine content and strategies. The importance of long-term partnerships and content diversification is also emphasized, as they can enhance authenticity and sustain audience interest. The abstract concludes that a comprehensive approach combining rigorous measurement techniques and strategic optimization can significantly enhance the ROI of influencer marketing campaigns. By continuously analyzing data and refining strategies, brands can better leverage influencer partnerships to achieve their marketing objectives.

The convergence of digital twin technology with additive manufacturing (AM) represents a transformative advancement in the fields of design, simulation, and production. Digital twins—virtual replicas of physical assets—enable real-time monitoring, simulation, and optimization of manufacturing processes by mirroring their physical counterparts. When integrated with additive manufacturing, which allows for the creation of complex geometries and rapid prototyping, digital twins enhance the ability to design, test, and refine products with unprecedented precision and efficiency. This integration facilitates iterative design improvements, predictive maintenance, and real-time process adjustments, leading to more accurate simulations and optimized production workflows. By leveraging data from digital twins, manufacturers can anticipate issues, reduce material waste, and shorten development cycles. This abstract explores how the fusion of digital twin technology with AM not only refines traditional manufacturing paradigms but also paves the way for more innovative and adaptive manufacturing practices.

The Principle of Indifference (“PI”: the simplest non-informative prior in Bayesian probability) has been shown to lead to paradoxes since Bertrand (1889). Von Mises (1928) introduced the “Wine/Water Paradox” as a resonant example of a “Bertrand paradox”, and which has been presented as demonstrating that the PI must be rejected. We now resolve these paradoxes by a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) treatment of the PI that also includes information provided by Benford’s “Law of Anomalous Numbers” (1938). We show that the PI should be understood to represent a family of informationally-identical MaxEnt solutions; each solution being identified with its own explicitly justified boundary condition. In particular, our solution of the Wine/Water Paradox exploits Benford’s Law to construct a non-uniform distribution representing the universal constraint of scale invariance, which is a physical consequence of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized digital marketing, offering unprecedented levels of personalization. AI-driven personalization leverages machine learning algorithms and data analytics to tailor content, advertisements, and recommendations to individual consumers based on their behavior, preferences, and demographics. This paper explores the effectiveness of AI-driven personalization in enhancing customer engagement, increasing conversion rates, and improving overall marketing efficiency. It also examines the ethical considerations associated with these technologies, including data privacy, consent, and the potential for manipulation or bias. While AI-driven personalization can lead to more relevant and engaging consumer experiences, it raises critical ethical questions that must be addressed to ensure responsible and fair use. The study concludes with recommendations for marketers and policymakers to balance the benefits of AI personalization with the need for ethical standards and consumer protection.

Perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells represent a significant advancement in photovoltaic technology, aiming to overcome the efficiency limitations of traditional silicon-based solar cells. This paper explores recent developments in the fabrication and optimization of these tandem cells, focusing on improving both efficiency and long-term stability. The combination of perovskite materials with silicon allows for broader spectrum absorption, which enhances the overall power conversion efficiency. Key strategies include optimizing the perovskite layer's composition, improving the interface between layers to reduce recombination losses, and incorporating advanced encapsulation techniques to mitigate degradation from environmental factors such as moisture and UV exposure. The review also highlights the challenges faced in scaling up production while maintaining high performance and stability. Emerging trends in material engineering and device architecture are discussed, providing insights into future directions for making perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells a viable commercial technology. This study underscores the potential of these hybrid systems to significantly boost the efficiency of photovoltaic systems, offering a promising pathway towards more sustainable and costeffective solar energy solutions.

In 1990 the Malaysian Government launched Vision 2020 with the goal of Malaysia becoming a ‘fully developed country’ by the year 2020. In this drive for development the country has been examining many of its key natural assets, exploring how to both preserve them whilst ensuring that they make the maximum possible contribution to national development goals. Endau Rompin is one of these assets, being the second largest National Park in Peninsula Malaysia. The rich tropical rainforest flora and fauna of the Park and its hinterland, however, are threatened by various anthropogenic forces, most notably deforestation and poaching; both of which have taken the Park’s flagship species - the Tiger Panthera tigris jacksoni – towards the brink of local extinction. Malaysia’s statutory East Coast Economic Region Development Council commissioned a study to consider ways of increasing tourism revenues from the Park while at the same time reversing these threats. The key conclusion drawn is that a more holistic, landscape-scale approach should be adopted, with Endau Rompin forming part of a wider strategic economic zone based around sustainable tourism and land management. The proposed expanded zone extends eastwards beyond the confines of the Park, across the coastal plain to the South China Sea, and onwards to the neighbouring Mersing Islands. This expanded zone is referred to as Malaysia’s new ‘Rainforest to Reef Region’.

The transition to renewable energy sources is critical for sustainable development, particularly in rural regions with limited access to electricity. Solar-powered microgrids offer a promising solution for rural electrification by providing reliable, clean energy that can enhance economic opportunities and improve quality of life. This paper presents a techno-economic analysis of solar-powered microgrids for rural areas, evaluating their feasibility, costs, and benefits. The analysis encompasses technological aspects, such as solar panel efficiency, battery storage, and grid management, alongside economic factors including initial investment, maintenance costs, and potential returns. Additionally, the study assesses the social impact of solar-powered microgrids, exploring their effects on local communities, including improvements in education, health, and economic activities. The findings indicate that solar microgrids can be a viable and impactful solution for rural electrification, with significant long-term benefits for both economic development and social well-being.