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Evaluation of Human- and Animal-Specific Viral Markers and Application of CrAssphage, Pepper Mild Mottle Virus, and Tobacco Mosaic Virus as Potential Fecal Pollution Markers to River Water in Japan.

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Affiliations

  • 1. Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan.
      Authors
    • Malla B 1
    • Haramoto E 1
    (2 authors)
  • 2. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan.
      Authors
    • Makise K 2
    (1 author)
  • 3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan.
      Authors
    • Nakaya K 3
    • Mochizuki T 3
    (2 authors)
  • 4. Special Master's Course Program on International River Basin Environmental Science, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan.
      Authors
    • Yamada T 4
    (1 author)

ORCIDs linked to this article

Food and Environmental Virology, 02 Aug 2019, 11(4):446-452
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-019-09398-w PMID: 31376023 

Abstract 

Five human-specific markers were detected in 59-74% of 27 human fecal-source samples collected in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. Similarly, potential human-specific markers, crAssphage, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and tobacco mosaic virus were detected in 96-100% of samples, with crAssphage showing the maximum concentration of 12.03 log copies/L. However, these markers were detected in 100% (3/3) of pig fecal-source samples, suggesting their applicability as general fecal pollution markers. Microbial source tracking analysis demonstrated that the rivers are contaminated by human and pig fecal sources. CrAssphage showed higher marker concentrations in river water samples than PMMoV, suggesting the preference of crAssphage to PMMoV as a marker of fecal pollution.

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Funding 

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Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency (1)

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (1)

River Foundation (1)