“…Third, analyses of insurers, hospital-based surgeries, and survival were unlikely to have been affected (Chan, Gomez, O'Malley, Perkins, & Clark, 2006;Hall, Schulze, Groome, Mackillop, & Holowaty, 2006;Li, King, deGara, White, & Winget, 2012;Mallin et al, 2013;Verrill, 2010), and any modest errors very likely did not differ by socioeconomic factors (Chan et al, 2006). Such modest nondifferential errors on exposures, mediators, or outcomes suggest that any bias of findings would probably have been toward the null (Blakely, McKenzie, & Carter, 2013;Copeland, Checkoway, McMichael, & Holbrook, 1977;Jurek, Greenland, & Maldonado, 2008). That is, the magnitude of this study's observed Canadian advantages on colon cancer care and survival, as well as their mediation by HI, may all be slight underestimates.…”