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2. Joseph Nathan Kane, Presidential Fact Book, Random House, New York, 1998.

3. Thomas L. Connelly and Michael D. Senecal (editor), Almanac of American Presidents, Facts on File, New York, 1991.

4. Jo Anne McCormick Quatannens (compiler), Senators of the United States: A Historical Biography, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1995.

5. Fandex: Family Field Guides, Workman Publishing, New York.

6. Biographical Directory of the United States Senate

7. Margaret Brown Klapthor, The First Ladies, White House Historical Association, Washington, DC, 1995.

8. David C. Whitney & Robin Vaughn Whitney, The American Presidents, Reader�s Digest, Pleasantville, New York, 1985.