Arkansas Issue 3, State Legislative Term Limits Initiative (2018)

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Arkansas Issue 3
Flag of Arkansas.png
Election date
November 6, 2018
Topic
Term limits
Status
Not on the ballot
Type
Constitutional amendment		Origin
Citizens

Arkansas Issue 3, the State Legislative Term Limits Initiative, was not on the ballot in Arkansas as an initiated constitutional amendment on November 6, 2018. It was certified for the ballot but later ruled invalid by the state Supreme Court due to invalid signatures.

Overview

What are term limits?

A term limit is a legal restriction that limits the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office. There are different types of term limits. Sometimes, there is an absolute limit on the number of terms a person can serve, while in other cases, the restrictions are merely on the number of consecutive terms.

What would Issue 3 have changed?

As of 2018, Arkansas legislators could serve up to 16 years throughout their lifetimes in the House or Senate.[1] The passage of Issue 3 in 2014 permitted legislators to serve a total of 16 years in the House or Senate - thereby doubling and more than doubling the amount of time a lawmaker can stay in the Arkansas Senate and House, respectively. Previously, representatives could serve up to three two-year terms, while senators could serve up to two four-year terms.

Issue 3 would have imposed term limits of six years for members of the Arkansas House of Representatives and eight years for members of the Arkansas Senate. Specifically, the measure would have allowed representatives to be elected to no more than three two-year terms and senators to be elected to no more than two four-year terms. Under the measure, no member of the state general assembly could serve more than 10 years in total.

Who was behind the campaigns surrounding the measure?

Ballotpedia identified three committees registered to support the measure: Family Council Action Committee BQC Term Limits, US. Term Limits, and Arkansas Term Limits 2. Together, the three support committees had raised $504,563 and had spent $504,889.

Ballotpedia identified one committee registered to oppose the measure: Arkansans for Common Sense Term Limits, which reported $60,000 in contributions and $3,260 in expenditures. Two donors provided 100 percent of the contributions: the Arkansas Farm Bureau gave $50,000 and Nabholz Construction gave $10,000.[2]

What is the history of term limits in Arkansas?

In 1992, Proposed Amendment 4 was approved, which attempted to establish term limits for U.S. Congress members and succeeded in establishing term limits for state executives, state representatives, and state senators. In 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, overturning the portion of Proposed Amendment 4 that attempted to establish term limits for members of Congress. A 2004 attempt to extend term limits for state senators and state representatives, Proposed Amendment 1, was defeated. In 2014, Issue 3 was approved, which overturned the existing term limits established under Issue 4 in 1992, allowing state senators and state representatives to serve up to 16 years in the Arkansas General Assembly.

Measure design

Issue 3 was designed to impose term limits of six years for members of the Arkansas House of Representatives and eight years for members of the Arkansas Senate. Specifically, the measure would have allowed representatives to be elected to no more than three two-year terms and senators to be elected to no more than two four-year terms.[3]

Under the measure, no member of the state general assembly could have served a total of more than 10 years, including time served due to a special election to fill a vacancy in either house of the general assembly. If a partial term was served due to a special election, only full years would have been counted.[3]

Under the measure, the 10-year term limit would have applied to members of the general assembly serving on and after January 1, 1993, and years served after January 1993 would have counted towards the 10-year limit. The measure would not have, however, cut short or invalidated the term of any assembly member elected before the amendment took effect.[3]

The amendment would have prohibited the general assembly from amending or repealing the term limits and would have only been able to be amended or repealed by the people through the initiative and referendum process. [3]

Text of measure

Ballot title

The ballot title was as follows:[3]

“

A proposed amendment to the Arkansas Constitution concerning term limits for members of the Arkansas General Assembly; to provide that no person may be elected to more than three (3) two-year terms as a member of the House of Representatives, to more than two (2) four-year terms as a member of the Senate, or to any term that, if served, would cause the member to exceed a total of ten (10) years of service in the General Assembly; to repeal Section 2( c) of Amendment 73 that established a years-of-service limit on members of the General Assembly of sixteen (16) years; to provide that the ten-year service limit shall include all two (2) and four ( 4) year terms, along with full years of any partial term served as a result of a special election to fill a vacancy; to apply the limits to terms and service in the General Assembly on and after January 1, 1993; to provide that this amendment shall not cut short or invalidate a term to which a member of the General Assembly was elected prior to the effective date of this amendment; to provide that notwithstanding the General Assembly's constitutional authority to propose amendments to the Constitution, the General Assembly shall not have the authority to propose an amendment to the Constitution regarding term limits for the House of Representatives or Senate, and to continue reserving that power to the people under Article 5, Section 1, as amended by Amendment 7; and to declare that if any provision of this amendment should be held invalid, the remainder shall stand.[4]

”

Constitutional changes

See also: Arkansas Constitution

The measure would have added the following amendment to the state constitution. The following underlined text would have been added, and struck-through text would have been deleted:[3] Note: Use your mouse to scroll over the below text to see the full text.

SECTION 1. Term Limits.

(a) No person may be elected to:

(1) More than three (3) two-year terms as a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives;
(2) More than two (2) four-year terms as a member of the Arkansas Senate; or
(3) Any term which if served would exceed a total of ten (10) years in the General Assembly.

(b) In calculating the ten-year limit:

(1) Two-year House terms and two-year and four-year Senate terms shall be included; and
(2) A partial term served as a result of a special election under Article 5, § 6 shall not count toward the limit unless service in that term is longer than one (1) year in duration. Only full years of a partial term shall be counted.

(c) Members service in the General Assembly on and after January I, 1993 shall be included in calculating allowable terms and service under this Amendment.

SECTION 2. Temporary application. Notwithstanding the limits established in SECTION l(a), this Amendment shall not cut short or invalidate a term for which a member of the House of Representatives or Senate was elected prior to the effective date of the Amendment.

SECTION 3. Section 2(c) of Amendment 73 of the Constitution, as added by Section 3 of Amendment 94, is repealed. (c)(1) A member of the General Assembly shall serve no more than sixteen (16) years, whether consecutive or nonconsecutive. (2) A member who completes his or her sixteenth year of service during a term of office for which he or she has been elected may serve until the completion of that term of office. (3) The years of service in both the Senate and the House of Representatives shall be added together and included to determine the total number of years in office. (4) A partial legislative term served as a result of a special election under Article 5 § 6, or a two year term served as a result of apportionment of the Senate shall not be included in calculating the total number of years served by a member of the general assembly.

SECTION 4. Amendment. Notwithstanding the General Assembly's authority to propose amendments to the constitution under Article 19 § 22 of the Constitution, the General Assembly does not have authority to propose an amendment to the Constitution to amend or repeal term limits for the House of Representatives or Senate. The power to propose an amendment to the Constitution to amend or repeal term limits for the House of Representatives or Senate is reserved to the people under Article 5, Section 1 of the Constitution, as amended by Amendment 7.

SECTION 5. Severability. The provisions of this Amendment are severable, and if any provision should be held invalid, the remainder shall stand.

SECTION 6. Effective date. This Amendment shall be effective on the first day of January immediately following passage by voters. [4]

Readability score

See also: Ballot measure readability scores, 2018
Using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL and Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) formulas, Ballotpedia scored the readability of the ballot title and summary for this measure. Readability scores are designed to indicate the reading difficulty of text. The Flesch-Kincaid formulas account for the number of words, syllables, and sentences in a text; they do not account for the difficulty of the ideas in the text. The initiative proponents wrote the ballot language for this measure.


The FKGL for the ballot title is grade level 8, and the FRE is 57. The word count for the ballot title is 256, and the estimated reading time is 1 minute and 8 seconds.

In 2018, for the 167 statewide measures on the ballot, the average ballot title or question was written at a level appropriate for those with between 19 and 20 years of U.S. formal education (graduate school-level of education), according to the FKGL formula. Read Ballotpedia's entire 2018 ballot language readability report here.

Support

Arkansas Term Limits led the campaign in support of the measure.[5][6]

Supporters

Arguments

On its website, Arkansas Term Limits made the following arguments:[8]

“ Arkansas now has the weakest term limits in the nation, written by politicians, for politicians. Politicians can stay in the Legislature for up to 22 years. Arkansas voters like term limits, Arkansas politicians do not. The citizens of Arkansas have already done this once, in 1992. We intend to repeat the feat. We simply cannot allow the politicians dishonesty to stand. Won't you join our team?[4] ”

Opposition

Opponents

Arguments

  • Senate President Pro Tempore Jonathan Dismang (R-Searcy), said limiting state lawmakers to serving 10 years in the Legislature "is very restrictive and there is value in having members here that [have] some continuity and understanding of the process, in particular when agency heads and others don't have that same time limitation in place. We should have term limits, but from what I understand, that would be more restrictive than we should. If we are going to be straightforward, term limits exist ... every single time someone comes up [for election], and I think that's an important thing to remember."[7]
  • Sen. Will Bond (D-Little Rock) said, "You always hear people say, ‘We want to run government like a business'. All right, well, find a great business who changes out their accountants or their fiscal people every time they get essentially one year of experience under their belt.”[9]

Campaign finance

See also: Campaign finance requirements for Arkansas ballot measures

Note: The campaign finance information on this page covers activity through September 30, 2018. It was not updated after the measure was invalidated from appearing on the ballot.

Total campaign contributions:
Support: $504,563.30
Opposition: $60,000.00

Ballotpedia identified three committees registered to support the measure: Family Council Action Committee BQC Term Limits, US. Term Limits, and Arkansas Term Limits 2. Together, the three support committees had raised $504,563 and had spent $504,889.

Ballotpedia identified one committee registered to oppose the measure: Arkansans for Common Sense Term Limits, which reported $60,000 in contributions and $3,260 in expenditures. Two donors provided 100 percent of the contributions: the Arkansas Farm Bureau gave $50,000 and Nabholz Construction gave $10,000.[10]

Support

Committees in support of Arkansas Issue 3
Supporting committeesCash contributionsIn-kind servicesCash expenditures
Family Council Action Committee BQC Term Limits$770.00$0.00$691.91
U.S. Term Limits$74,258.30$0.00$74,258.30
Arkansas Term Limits 2$8,200.00$421,335.00[11]$8,604.00
Total$83,228.30$421,335.00$83,554.21
Totals in support
Total raised:$504,563.30
Total spent:$504,889.21

Donors

The top donors to the support campaign were as follows:[12]

Donor Cash In-kind Total
US Term Limits General Fund $495,483.30[13] $0.00 $495,483.30
Tom Steele $3,450.00 $110.00 $3,560.00
Randall Young $2,750.00 $0.00 $2,750.00
Family Council Action Committee Organization $750.00 $0.00 $750.00
Liberty Initiative Fund $500.00 $0.00 $500.00

Opposition

Committees in opposition to Arkansas Issue 3
Opposing committeesCash contributionsIn-kind servicesCash expenditures
Arkansans for Common Sense Term Limits$60,000.00$0.00$3,620.00
Total$60,000.00$0.00$3,620.00
Totals in opposition
Total raised:$60,000.00
Total spent:$3,620.00

Donors

Two donors gave 100 percent of the contributions to the opposition committee.[14]

Donor Cash In-kind Total
Arkansas Farm Bureau $50,000.00 $0.00 $50,000.00
Nabholz Construction $10,000.00 $0.00 $10,000.00

Reporting dates

Arkansas requires monthly campaign finance reports due 15 days after the end of the month. The reports cover campaign finance activity for the previous month. So, for example, a report due on February 15 covers January 1 through January 31. Reports are also due seven days prior to an election and 30 days after an election.[15]

Methodology

To read Ballotpedia's methodology for covering ballot measure campaign finance information, click here.

Polls

See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls and 2018 ballot measure polls

A September 2018 poll conducted by Talk Business & Politics and Hendrix College asked 1,701 likely Arkansas voters the following question:[17]

“ A constitutional amendment, called Issue 3, will be on the ballot this November to limit the terms that members of the Arkansas legislature can serve. If passed, this amendment would impose a lifetime limit of 10 years of service for members of the Arkansas General Assembly, along with specific limits of service in each house. If the election were today, would you vote for or against this amendment?[4] ”

The results of the poll are below:[17]

Arkansas Issue 3
Poll Support OpposeDon't knowMargin of errorSample size
Talk Business & Politics- Hendrix College
9/5/18 - 9/7/18		 67.0%18.0%15.0%+/-2.41,701
Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to [email protected].


Background

Term limits

See also: Term limits on the ballot

A term limit is a legal restriction that limits the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office. There are different types of term limits. Sometimes, there is an absolute limit on the number of terms a person can serve, while in other cases, the restrictions are merely on the number of consecutive terms.

History of term limits in Arkansas

Timeline, Arkansas state legislature term limits measures

  • 1992: Proposed Amendment 4 approved
    • Established term limits for state executives, state representatives, and state senators; attempted to establish term limits for U.S. Congress members
  • 2004: Proposed Amendment 1 defeated
    • Attempted to extend term limits for state senators and state representatives
  • 2014: Issue 3 approved
    • Extended term limits for state senators and state representatives to a maximum of 16 years

Proposed Amendment 4, 1992

In 1992, Arkansas voters approved Proposed Amendment 4, establishing term limits for state officeholders through an initiated constitutional amendment that passed with 60 percent of the vote. Under the amendment, state executives and state senators were limited to two four-year terms, while state representatives were limited to three two-year terms. The amendment was also designed to impose limits on members of the U.S. House and Senate from Arkansas. However, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton in 1995 that states could not impose stricter qualifications on members of Congress than those established by the U.S. Constitution.

Proposed Amendment 1, 2004

The Arkansas General Assembly referred a measure known as Proposed Amendment 1 to the ballot in 2004 that would have extended the term limits for state senators to three four-year terms and for state representatives to six two-year terms. The measure was defeated by 70 percent of voters, leaving the limits established under Amendment 4 in place.

Issue 3, 2014

In 2014, the Arkansas General Assembly referred Issue 3 to the ballot, a constitutional amendment designed to extend term limits for members of the state House and the state Senate and to limit lobbying efforts by former legislators as well as campaign donations and gifts from lobbyists. The measure also established an appointive seven-member commission to determine the salaries of state officials. The measure was approved with 52 percent of the vote.

Issue 3 overturned the existing term limits established under Issue 4 in 1992, allowing state senators and state representatives to serve up to 16 years in the Arkansas General Assembly.

Term limits in state legislatures across the U.S.

As of 2018, fifteen state legislatures had term limits for legislators.

Hover over the map below to compare term limits by state.

All votes on state term limits in Arkansas

The chart below shows all state ballot measures related to term limits that have gone before Arkansas voters.


Year Measure Type Primary purpose Outcome "Yes" vote percentage
1944 Proposed Amendment 38 Initiative 4-year limit for governor/lieutenant governor
Defeatedd
 42.18%
1950 Proposed Amendment 44 Initiative 4-year limit for state and county officers
Defeatedd
 35.42%
1984 Proposed Amendment 64 Initiative 4-year limit for state executive offices
Approveda
 64.25%
1992 Proposed Amendment 4 Initiative 2-term limit for state executives/senators; 3-term limit for state representatives
Approveda
 59.91%
1996 Proposed Amendment 9 Initiative Term limits for U.S. Congress members; notation for candidates who decline to support term limits
Approveda
Overturnedot		 61.21%
2004 Proposed Amendment 1 Referral Extend limits to six terms (House) and three terms (Senate)
Defeatedd
 29.86%
2014 Issue 3 Referral Extend limits to 16 years (House and Senate)
Approveda
 52.43%

Early history of term limits

See also: Term limits on the ballot#Use of term limits

Term limits have a long history: ancient Greece and ancient Rome, two early civilizations which had elected political offices, both imposed limits on some positions. In ancient Athenian democracy, no citizen could serve on the boule more than twice or be head of the boule more than once. In the Roman Republic, a law was passed imposing a limit of a single term on the office of Censor.

Many modern presidential republics employ term limits for their highest offices. The United States, one of the first countries of the modern era to have elected political offices, has a limit of two terms on its presidency, and on a number of other political offices as well, such as state governors and some state legislators. Formal limits date back to 1776, when limits were placed on serving as Governor of Delaware. Term limits are also common in Latin America, where most countries are also presidential republics. In some countries, such as Mexico, it is strictly forbidden for a person to serve as president on more than one occasion, even if one of the appointments was only temporary.

Countries which operate a parliamentary system of government are less likely to employ term limits on their leaders. This is because such leaders rarely have a set "term" at all — rather, they serve as long as they have the confidence of the legislature, a period which could potentially last indefinitely. Nevertheless, such countries may impose term limits on the holders of other offices. In republics, for example, a ceremonial presidency may have a term limit, especially if it has reserve powers.

Election policy on the ballot in 2018


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Voters considered ballot measures addressing election policy in 15 states in 2018.

Redistricting:

See also: Redistricting measures on the ballot
  • Missouri Amendment 1, Lobbying, Campaign Finance, and Redistricting Initiative (2018) Approveda - The PAC Clean Missouri collected signatures to get the initiated amendment on the ballot. The measure made changes to the state's lobbying laws, campaign finance limits for state legislative candidates, and legislative redistricting process. The position of nonpartisan state demographer was created. Amendment 1 made the demographer responsible for drawing legislative redistricting maps and presenting them to the House and Senate apportionment commissions.

Voting requirements and ballot access:

  • Florida Amendment 4, Voting Rights Restoration for Felons Initiative (2018) Approveda - The committee Floridians for a Fair Democracy collected more than the required 766,200 signatures to get Amendment 4 placed on the ballot. The measure was designed to automatically restore the right to vote for people with prior felony convictions, except those convicted of murder or a felony sexual offense, upon completion of their sentences, including prison, parole, and probation. It was approved.
  • North Carolina Voter ID Amendment (2018) Approveda - This amendment was referred to the ballot by the state legislature along party lines with Republicans voting in favor of it and Democrats voting against it. It created a constitutional requirement that voters present a photo ID to vote in person. It was approved.

Arkansas Issue 3, a legislative term limits initiative, was certified for the ballot but was blocked by an Arkansas Supreme Court ruling. The measure would have imposed term limits of six years for members of the Arkansas House of Representatives and eight years for members of the Arkansas Senate. The ruling came too late to remove the measure from the ballot, but the supreme court ordered election officials to not count or certify votes for Issue 3.

Campaign finance, political spending, and ethics:

  • Colorado Amendment 75, Campaign Contribution Limits Initiative (2018) Defeatedd - Proponents collected more than the required 136,328 valid signatures and met the state's distribution requirement to qualify this initiative for the ballot. The measure would have established that if any candidate for state office directs (by loan or contribution) more than one million dollars in support of his or her own campaign, then every candidate for the same office in the same primary or general election may accept five times the aggregate amount of campaign contributions normally allowed. It was defeated.


Path to the ballot

See also: Laws governing the initiative process in Arkansas

Thomas Steele filed this initiative. On October 28, 2016, the attorney general approved the initiative for signature gathering and certified the ballot title.

In Arkansas, proponents of initiated constitutional amendments must collect signatures equal to at least 10 percent of the total number of votes cast for the office of governor in the last gubernatorial election in order to put a measure on the ballot. For 2018, the requirement for initiated constitutional amendments was 84,859 signatures. Additionally, proponents must meet the state's distribution requirement by collecting signatures equal to 5 percent of gubernatorial votes in at least 15 of the state's counties.

In Arkansas, petitioners have an unlimited window in which to collect signatures. However, signatures must be filed four months before the election in which the measure is to appear on the ballot. Four months before the November 2018 election was July 6, 2018.

Proponents of the measure reported submitting around 135,000 signatures to the secretary of state's office on July 6, 2018.[18]

On August 3, 2018, the Arkansas Secretary of State's office announced that the measure had qualified for the ballot after submitting 93,998 valid signatures. A total of 84,859 were needed to qualify.[19]

Cost of signature collection:
Sponsors of the measure hired National Ballot Access and Arno Petition Consultants to collect signatures for the petition to qualify this measure for the ballot. A total of $475,553.00 was spent to collect the 84,859 valid signatures required to put this measure before voters, resulting in a total cost per required signature (CPRS) of $5.60.

Lawsuit

Head of Arkansans for Common-Sense Term Limits and Arkansas State Chamber of Commerce President Randy Zook v. Arkansas Secretary of State Mark Martin

  
Lawsuit overview
Issue: Whether the signatures are valid, whether signature gatherers properly acquired signatures
Court: Filed in Arkansas Supreme Court
Ruling: Ruled in favor of plaintiffs, invalidating the measure and ordering election official to not count votes on Issue 3
Plaintiff(s): Head of Arkansans for Common-Sense Term Limits and Arkansas State Chamber of Commerce President Randy ZookDefendant(s): Arkansas Secretary of State Mark Martin
Plaintiff argument:
Signature gatherers did not have proper background checks and paperwork, signature gatherers did not have proper signature sheets showing the text of Issue 3, signatures are invalid, and the measure should be removed from the ballot		Defendant argument:
The signatures are valid and the measure should remain on the ballot

  Source: Court Filings

On September 24, 2018, Special Master Mark Hewett said the proposal did not, in fact, collect enough valid signatures to appear on the November ballot. Hewett found that Secretary of State Mark Martin's office had improperly included 14,000 invalid signatures collected by proponents.[20][21] On October 19, 2018, the Supreme Court ruled that thousands of signatures gathered to qualify the measure for the ballot were not valid and should not have been counted. The Supreme Court ordered elections officials not to count any votes cast for the measure.[22]

How to cast a vote

See also: Voting in Arkansas

Poll times

In Arkansas, all polls are open from 7:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. on Election Day. An individual who is in line at the time polls close must be allowed to vote.[23]

Registration requirements

Check your voter registration status here.

To vote in Arkansas, one must be a citizen of the United States and a resident of Arkansas. A voter must be 18 years of age or older on or before Election Day.[24]

Registration must be completed no later than 30 days before the election in which a voter wishes to participate. Citizens must complete and submit a voter registration application to their county clerk or other authorized voter registration agency. Applications may be obtained at the following locations:[24]

  • County clerk's office
  • The Arkansas Secretary of State Elections Division:
  • Local revenue or DMV office
  • Public library
  • Public assistance agency
  • Disability agency
  • Military recruitment office
  • Voter registration drive
  • Online

Automatic registration

Arkansas does not practice automatic voter registration.

Online registration

See also: Online voter registration

Arkansas does not permit online voter registration.

Same-day registration

Arkansas does not allow same-day voter registration.

Residency requirements

Arkansas law requires 30 days of residency in the state before a person may vote.

Verification of citizenship

See also: Laws permitting noncitizens to vote in the United States

Arkansas does not require proof of citizenship for voter registration.

Verifying your registration

The site Voter View, run by the Arkansas Secretary of State's office, allows residents to check their voter registration status online.

Voter ID requirements

Arkansas requires voters to present photo identification while voting. The identification must include the voter’s name and photograph. It must be issued by "the United States, the State of Arkansas, or an accredited postsecondary educational institution in the State of Arkansas." If the identification has an expiration date on it, it cannot be expired for "more than four (4) years before the date of the election in which the voter seeks to vote."[25]

The following list of accepted ID was current as of April 2023. Click here for the Arkansas Secretary of State's page on accepted ID to ensure you have the most current information.

  • Driver’s license
  • Photo identification card
  • Concealed handgun carry license
  • United States passport
  • Employee badge or identification document issued by an accredited postsecondary education institution in the State of Arkansas
  • United States military identification document
  • Public assistance identification card if it has a photograph
  • Voter verification card as provided under Ark. Code § 7-5-324

"A person who is a resident of a long-term care or residential care facility licensed by the state of Arkansas is not required to verify his or her registration by presenting a document or identification card as described above when voting in person, but must provide documentation from the administrator of the facility attesting that the person is a resident of the facility," according to the Arkansas Secretary of State’s office.[25]

Voters can obtain a free voter verification card at their county clerk’s office. "[V]oters will be required to complete an affidavit stating they do not possess such identification, and must provide documentation containing their full legal name and date of birth, as well as documentation containing their name and residential address."[25]

See also

External links

Support

Opposition

Submit links to [email protected].

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Arkansas State Legislature, "Constitution of the State of Arkansas of 1874," accessed January 14, 2015
  2. ↑ Arkansas Ethics Commission, "List of local/ballot/legislative question committees," accessed August 22, 2018
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Attorney General's Office, "Opinion No. 2016-105," October 28, 2016
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "quotedisclaimer" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Arkansas Term Limits, "Home," accessed August 4, 2018
  6. ↑ Talk Business, "Term limits amendment could lead to 80% turnover in state legislature," accessed July 31, 2018
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named term
  8. ↑ Arkansas Term Limits, "About Us," accessed July 31, 2018
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Talk Business, "Term limits amendment could lead to 80% turnover in state legislature," accessed July 31, 2018
  10. ↑ Arkansas Ethics Commission, "List of local/ballot/legislative question committees," accessed August 22, 2018
  11. ↑ 99.97 percent of these in-kind contributions were given to Arkansas Term Limits 2 from U.S. Term Limits
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named supportfin
  13. ↑ This amount was given to the U.S. Term Limits Committee from the US Term Limits General Fund. The U.S. Term Limits Committee then gave $421,225 of this money to the Arkansas Term Limits 2 committee
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named finance
  15. ↑ Arkansas Ethics Commission, "Rules on Ballot and Legislative Question Committees," December 31, 2017
  16. ↑ These reports are based on the rules established by the Arkansas Ethics Commission, not on a calendar released by the commission. The exact deadlines below are subject to adjustment by the commission.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Talk Business & Politics, "Poll: Overwhelming support for voter ID, term limits; tort reform 2-to-1 against," accessed September 16, 2018
  18. ↑ Arkansas Business, "Supporters of Arkansas Ballot Measures Turn in Thousands of Signatures," accessed July 10, 2018
  19. ↑ Star Tribune, "Effort to tighten Arkansas term limits OK'd for ballot," accessed August 3, 2018
  20. ↑ Idaho Statesman, "Review of Arkansas ballot proposals finds signature issues," accessed September 25, 2018
  21. ↑ Arkansas Online, "Special master rejects Arkansas term-limits ballot issue," accessed September 25, 2018
  22. ↑ The Republic, "Arkansas Supreme Court disqualifies term limits proposal," accessed October 19, 2018
  23. ↑ Arkansas Code, "Title 7, Chapter 5, Subchapter 43," accessed April 3, 2023
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Arkansas Secretary of State, "Voter Registration Information," accessed April 5, 2023
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Arkansas Secretary of State, "A Pocket Guide to Voting in the Natural State," accessed April 3, 2023
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