Article I tribunal

U.S. Federal Courts
General jurisdiction courts
Supreme Court of the United States U.S. Courts of Appeal Federal district courts U.S. territorial courts
Subject-matter jurisdiction
Bankruptcy courts Court of Federal Claims Armed Forces Veterans Claims Tax Court International Trade Intelligence Surveillance
Federal judges
Federal judiciary
Federal vacancies

An Article I tribunal is a federal court organized under Article One of the United States Constitution. Article I courts are created by the legislature and have differing levels of independence from the executive and legislative branches. They can be Article I Courts (also called legislative courts) set up by Congress to review agency decisions, ancillary courts with judges appointed by Article III appeals court judges, or administrative agencies.

The jurisdiction of Article I tribunals has been challenged before the Supreme Court, which ruled that Article I tribunals may exist, but their power must be circumscribed and, when a potential deprivation of life, liberty, property, or property interest is involved, their decisions are subject to ultimate review in an Article III court.

Differences with Article III judges

Article I federal judges are not subject to the same protections as Article III judges. Article I judges do not have life tenure and their salaries may be reduced by Congress.

Article I courts

United States Tax Court

The United States Tax Court has jurisdiction over disputes that involve the federal income tax. The court is authorized to have 19 federally appointed judges. A judge's term is 15 years in length, not a lifetime appointment. The court was created on December 30, 1969, by the Tax Reform Act of 1969.

United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces

The United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces has jurisdiction over all United States military appeals worldwide. The court is authorized to have 5 federally appointed judges. A judge's term is 15 years in length. The court was created on May 31, 1951. The court was originally called the United States Court of Military Appeals and was changed to its current name in 1994.

Court of Military Commission Review

The United States Court of Military Commission Review reviews military commission cases submitted to the court. The court is composed of panels of at least three appellate military judges. The court was created in 2009 after Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2009, which allowed the rights of the accused in military commissions to be expanded.

United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims

The United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims hears appeals of the Board of Veteran Appeals. The court is authorized to have 7 judges. Judges are appointed to 15-year terms, after which they may be called back to serve on senior status. The court was created on November 18, 1988, in response to lack of judicial review of claims made by veterans after the Vietnam War. The court was originally named the United States Court of Veterans Appeals and was changed to its current name in 1999.

United States Court of Federal Claims

The United States Court of Federal Claims has congruent jurisdiction with the district courts over contractual monetary claims against the federal government under $10,000 and sole jurisdiction on cases over $10,000. The court is authorized to have 16 judges. Judges of the court serve 15-year appointments. The court was created in 1855 as the United States Court of Claims. The court was reorganized in 1982 and became the United States Court of Federal Claims.

United States Bankruptcy Courts

The United States Bankruptcy Courts have jurisdiction over bankruptcy cases in each of the 94 federal districts. Judges of the court serve appointed 14-year terms. As of September 2012 there were 352 authorized judgeships The Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 officially separated the bankruptcy cases from the district courts and created the Bankruptcy Courts.

See also

• Article I, United States Constitution
• United States federal courts

External links

• Federal Courts Outside the Judicial Branch from the Federal Judicial Center

Refrences

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