Ketanji Brown Jackson

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Ketanji Brown Jackson
Image of Ketanji Brown Jackson

Nonpartisan

Supreme Court of the United States
Tenure

2022 - Present

Years in position

2

Predecessor
Prior offices
United States District Court for the District of Columbia
Successor: Florence Pan
Predecessor: Henry Kennedy
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
Successor: Florence Pan
Predecessor: Merrick Garland

Education

High school

Miami Palmetto High School, 1988

Bachelor's

Harvard University, 1992

Law

Harvard Law School, 1996

Personal
Birthplace
District of Columbia

Ketanji Brown Jackson is an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. She was nominated by President Joe Biden (D) on February 28, 2022, and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on April 7, 2022, by a vote of 53-47.[1][2][3] Jackson received her judicial commission on April 8, 2022, and was sworn in as an associate justice of the court on June 30, 2022.[4] Click here for more information on Jackson's U.S. Supreme Court nomination.

The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the judicial branch of the federal government. To learn more about the court, click here.

Prior to her confirmation to the Supreme Court, Jackson was a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Jackson was nominated to the court by President Joe Biden (D) on April 19, 2021, and confirmed by the United States Senate on June 14, 2021, by a vote of 53-44.[5][6][7] She was previously a federal judge on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. She joined the district court in 2013 after a nomination from President Barack Obama (D).[8][4]

Judicial nominations and appointments

Supreme Court of the United States (2022-present)

See also: Federal judges nominated by Joe Biden

On February 28, 2022, President Joe Biden (D) nominated Jackson as a justice on the Supreme Court of the United States.[9] She was confirmed by a 53-47 vote of the U.S. Senate on April 7, 2022.[2][3]

To read more about Jackson's nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court, click here.

To read more about the federal nominations process, click here.

Nomination Tracker
Fedbadgesmall.png
Nominee Information
Name: Ketanji Brown Jackson
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Progress
Confirmed 38 days after nomination.
ApprovedANominated: February 28, 2022
ApprovedAABA Rating: Unanimously Well Qualified
Questionnaire: Questionnaire
ApprovedAHearing: March 21-24, 2022
QFRs: (Hover over QFRs to read more)
ApprovedAReported: April 4, 2022[10] 
ApprovedAConfirmed: April 7, 2022
ApprovedAVote: 53-47

Confirmation vote

The U.S. Senate confirmed Jackson by a vote of 53-47 on April 7, 2022.[2] To see a full breakdown of the vote on the official U.S. Senate website, click here.

Jackson confirmation vote (April 7, 2022)
Party Yea Nay No vote
Electiondot.png Democratic 48 0 0
Ends.png Republican 3 47 0
Grey.png Independent 2 0 0
Total 53 47 0

Senate Judiciary Committee hearings

See also: Ketanji Brown Jackson confirmation hearings

The Senate Judiciary Committee held hearings on Jackson's nomination over a four-day period from March 21 to March 24, 2022. On April 4, 2022, the committee cast an 11-11 tie vote to report Jackson to the full United States Senate for a confirmation vote. As a result, Jackson was not reported favorably to the Senate.[11] On a 53-47 vote that same day, the Senate discharged her nomination from the committee.[12] As of April 4, she was awaiting a confirmation vote from the full U.S. Senate. For more information on Jackson's confirmation hearings, click here.

Below is a brief overview of the hearings:

  • Day four (3/24/2022): Witnesses supporting and opposing Jackson's confirmation spoke during the final day of hearings. Witnesses included the American Bar Association, five witnesses brought by Democrats, and five witnesses brought by Republicans.
  • Day three (3/23/2022): Members of the judiciary committee questioned the judge, with each senator allotted 20 minutes. Topics in the questioning included Jackson's approach to sentencing, Jackson's recusal from Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President & Fellows of Harvard, and the Supreme Court's use of emergency orders. Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Dick Durbin (D-Ill.) also announced the committee would vote on advancing Jackson's nomination on April 4.[13]
  • Day two (3/22/2022): Members of the judiciary committee questioned the judge, with each senator allotted 30 minutes. Recurring themes in the questioning included abortion, Jackson's experience representing Guantanamo Bay detainees, LGBT issues, Jackson's sentencing record as a trial court judge, and Supreme Court expansion.
  • Day one (3/21/2022): Senate Judiciary Chairman Dick Durbin (D-Ill.) and ranking member Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) provided opening statements, followed by members of the committee. After the introductions, Jackson gave her opening statement.

Nomination

On February 28, 2022, President Joe Biden (D) nominated Jackson to the Supreme Court of the United States.[1] She was nominated to succeed Justice Stephen Breyer, who planned to retire at the start of the court's summer recess, which typically takes place in late June or early July.[9]

During Breyer's January 27 retirement announcement, Biden said he would select a nominee who: "[W]ill be someone of extraordinary qualifications, character, experience and integrity. And that person will be the first Black woman ever nominated to the United States Supreme Court."[14] On February 12, the Associated Press reported that Biden's shortlist included Jackson, J. Michelle Childs, and Leondra Kruger.[15] Jackson was also mentioned by two or more media outlets as a possible nominee to fill Breyer's seat on the court.[16][17][18][19]

Click here to read more about the vacancy and nomination process.

The American Bar Association rated Jackson unanimously well qualified.[20] To read more about ABA ratings, click here.

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (2021-2022)

See also: Federal judges nominated by Joe Biden

On April 19, 2021, President Joe Biden (D) nominated Jackson to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. She was confirmed by a 53-44 vote of the U.S. Senate on June 14, 2021. Jackson received commission on June 17, 2021.[5] To read more about the federal nominations process, click here.

Confirmation vote

The U.S. Senate confirmed Jackson on June 14, 2021, on a vote of 53-44.[21] To see a full breakdown of the vote on the official U.S. Senate website, click here.

Ketanji Brown Jackson confirmation vote (June 14, 2021)
Party Yea Nay No vote
Electiondot.png Democratic 48 0 0
Ends.png Republican 3 44 3
Grey.png Independent 2 0 0
Total 53 44 3

Senate Judiciary Committee hearing

The committee voted to advance Jackson's nomination to the full Senate on May 20, 2021.

Nomination

On March 30, 2021, President Joe Biden (D) announced his intent to nominate Jackson to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The president officially nominated Jackson on April 19.[5][7]

Jackson was nominated to replace Judge Merrick Garland, who retired from the court to become attorney general of the United States on March 10, 2021.[7]

The American Bar Association rated Jackson well qualified.[22] To read more about ABA ratings, click here.

United States District Court for the District of Columbia (2013-2021)

See also: Federal judges nominated by Barack Obama

On September 20, 2012, President Barack Obama (D) nominated Jackson to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.[23] The U.S. Senate confirmed Jackson by voice vote on March 23, 2013.[24] She received commission on March 26.[4] To read more about the federal nominations process, click here.

Confirmation vote

The U.S. Senate confirmed Jackson on March 23, 2013, by voice vote.[24]

Senate Judiciary Committee hearing

The Senate Judiciary Committee held hearings on Jackson's nomination on December 12, 2012.[23] The committee voted to advance her nomination to the full Senate on February 24, 2013.[25]

Nomination

President Barack Obama (D) nominated Jackson to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia on September 20, 2012, to the seat previously held by Henry Kennedy.[8] Jackson's nomination was returned to the president at the sine die adjournment of the 112th United States Congress on January 3, 2013. President Obama resubmitted Jackson's nomination on January 4, 2013.[23][24]

Jackson was rated unanimously qualified for the nomination by the American Bar Association.[26] To read more about ABA ratings, click here.

Possible nomination to U.S. Supreme Court (2016)

See also: Process to fill the vacated seat of Justice Antonin Scalia

Before President Barack Obama's (D) nomination of Merrick Garland to the U.S. Supreme Court, Jackson was mentioned as a possible nominee to replace former Justice Antonin Scalia, who died on February 13, 2016.[27]

Interview

On March 9, 2016, National Public Radio reported Jackson was interviewed by President Barack Obama as a candidate to succeed deceased Justice Antonin Scalia on the United States Supreme Court.[28]

On March 16, 2016, President Barack Obama nominated Judge Merrick Garland of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to succeed Justice Antonin Scalia on the Supreme Court of the United States.[29][30]

Biography

Early life and education

Jackson was born in 1970 in Washington, D.C.[31] She then moved with her family to Florida, where she graduated from Miami Palmetto High School in 1988.[32] She received a bachelor's degree in government, magna cum laude, and a J.D., cum laude, from Harvard University in 1992 and 1996, respectively.[4][33][31] She served as the supervising editor of the Harvard Law Review from 1995 to 1996.[31]

Professional career

Awards and associations

Awards

  • 2021: Constance Baker Motley Award, Empowering Women of Color, Columbia Law School
  • 2020: Distinguished Visiting Jurist, Third Annual Judge James B. Parsons Legacy Award, Black Law Students Association, University of Chicago Law School
  • 2019:
    • Stars of the Bar Award, Women's Bar Association of the District of Columbia
    • David T. Lewis Distinguished Jurist-in-Residence, The University of Utah, S.J. Quinney College of Law
  • 2014-2015: Edward H. Levi Distinguished Visiting Jurist, The University of Chicago Law School[31]

Associations

  • American Bar Association Criminal Justice Section, Sentencing Task Force
  • American Law Institute, Council
  • Edward Bennett Williams Inn of Court
  • Harvard Alumni Association
  • Harvard Black Alumni Society
  • Harvard Club of Washington, D.C. (2002-2016)
  • Judicial Conference Committee on Defender Services
  • Montrose Christian School Advisory School Board member (2010-2011)
  • Supreme Court Fellows Commission
  • Supreme Court Institute, Georgetown University, Moot Court Jurist (2003 -2009)
  • Women's Bar Association of the District of Columbia, Amicus Committee co-chair (2006)[31]

Approach to the law

Martin-Quinn score

Jackson's Martin-Quinn score following the 2023-2024 term was -1.98, making her the third-most liberal justice on the court at that time. Martin-Quinn scores were developed by political scientists Andrew Martin and Kevin Quinn from the University of Michigan, and measure the justices of the Supreme Court along an ideological continuum. The further from zero on the scale, the more conservative (>0) or liberal (<0) the justice. The chart below details every justice's Martin-Quinn score for the 2023-2024 term. These are preliminary scores provided by Kevin Quinn that may differ slightly from the final version of the scores that Martin and Quinn will make publicly available at a later date.

About the courts

U.S. Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the country and leads the judicial branch of the federal government. It is often referred to by the acronym SCOTUS.[34]

The Supreme Court consists of nine justices: the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices. The justices are nominated by the president and confirmed with the "advice and consent" of the United States Senate per Article II of the United States Constitution. As federal judges, the justices serve during "good behavior," which means that justices have tenure for life unless they are removed by impeachment and subsequent conviction.[35]

On January 27, 2022, Justice Stephen Breyer officially announced he would retire at the start of the court's summer recess.[36][37] Breyer assumed senior status on June 30, 2022.[38] Ketanji Brown Jackson was confirmed to fill the vacancy by the Senate in a 53-47 vote on April 7, 2022.[39] Click here to read more.

The Supreme Court is the only court established by the United States Constitution (in Article III); all other federal courts are created by Congress.

The Supreme Court meets in Washington, D.C., in the United States Supreme Court building. The Supreme Court's yearly term begins on the first Monday in October and lasts until the first Monday in October the following year. The court generally releases the majority of its decisions in mid-June.[35]

To read opinions published by this court, click here.

U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

District of Columbia Circuit
Court of Appeals
US-CourtOfAppeals-DCCircuit-Seal.png
Judgeships
Posts: 11
Judges: 11
Vacancies: 0
Judges
Chief: Sri Srinivasan
Active judges:
Julianna Michelle Childs, Bradley Garcia, Karen Henderson, Greg Katsas, Patricia Ann Millett, Florence Pan, Cornelia T. L. Pillard, Neomi Rao, Srikanth Srinivasan, Justin Walker, Robert Leon Wilkins

Senior judges:
James Buckley, Harry Edwards, Douglas Ginsburg, Arthur Randolph, Judith Rogers, David Sentelle, David Tatel


The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit is a federal appellate court with appellate jurisdiction. It hears appeals from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia and its rulings may be appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States.

This court should not be confused with the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, which is equivalent to a state supreme court in the District of Columbia, or with the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals, whose jurisdiction is limited by subject matter. Appeals are heard in the E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse in Washington, D.C.

Eight judges of the District of Columbia Circuit went on to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States: Fred M. Vinson, Wiley Rutledge, Warren Burger, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, John Roberts, and Brett Kavanaugh.

The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has appellate jurisdiction over cases heard by the D.C. Circuit. These cases can include civil and criminal matters that fall under federal law. Appeals of rulings by the D.C. Circuit are petitioned to the Supreme Court of the United States.

To read opinions published by this court, click here.

U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia

District of Columbia
District of Columbia Circuit
Seal of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.png
Judgeships
Posts: 15
Judges: 13
Vacancies: 2
Judges
Chief: James E. Boasberg
Active judges:
Loren AliKhan, James E. Boasberg, Tanya S. Chutkan, Jia Cobb, Rudolph Contreras, Christopher Reid Cooper, Dabney Friedrich, Timothy J. Kelly, Trevor McFadden, Amit Priyavadan Mehta, Randolph D. Moss, Carl Nichols, Ana C. Reyes

Senior judges:
John Deacon Bates, Rosemary Collyer, Paul Friedman, Joyce Hens Green, Thomas Hogan, Beryl A. Howell, Ellen Huvelle, Amy B. Jackson, Henry Kennedy, Colleen Kollar-Kotelly, Royce Lamberth, Richard Leon, Richard Roberts, Barbara Rothstein, Emmet G. Sullivan, Reggie Walton


The United States District Court for the District of Columbia is one of 94 United States district courts. Cases dealing with the laws of the District of Columbia are heard by this court only under the same circumstances that would cause a case under state law to come before a federal court. Appeals from this court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

The court sits in the E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse located on Constitution Avenue NW. The District has no local district attorney or equivalent, and so prosecutorial matters fall under the jurisdiction of the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia. The District Court for the District of Columbia has original jurisdiction over cases filed in the District of Columbia. These cases can include civil and criminal matters that fall under federal law. The D.C. District Court hears federal cases within the District of Columbia. Its appellate court is the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

To read opinions published by this court, click here.

Supreme Court statistics

Opinions by year

Below is a table of the number of opinions, concurrences, and dissents that Jackson has issued since joining the Supreme Court according to a dataset provided by Dr. Adam Feldman, author of Empirical SCOTUS. Data for the 2022-2023 term does not include concurrences and dissents in part. Information for the 2023-2024 term is from the Empirical SCOTUS 2023 Stat Review.

Opinions written by year, Jackson
2022-2023 2023-2024
Opinions 6 5
Concurrences 5 11
Dissents 5 7
Totals 16 23

Justice agreement

An agreement rate indicates how often two justices were on the same side of the court's decision. A disagreement rate indicates how often two justices were on opposite sides of the court's decision.

In the 2023-2024 term, Jackson had the highest agreement rates with Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan. She had the lowest agreement rate with Clarence Thomas.[40] In the 2022-2023 term, Jackson had the highest agreement rate with Sonia Sotomayor. She had the lowest agreement rate with Clarence Thomas.[41] This does not include agreements in part.

Ketanji Brown Jackson agreement rates by term, 2020 - Present
Justice 2022-2023 2023-2024
John Roberts 78% 69%
Clarence Thomas 64% 53%
Samuel Alito 87% 59%
Sonia Sotomayor 64% 92%
Elena Kagan 89% 92%
Neil Gorsuch 69% 63%
Brett Kavanaugh 80% 71%
Amy Coney Barrett 91% 68%

Frequency in majority

In the 2023-2024 term, Jackson was in the majority in 73 percent of decisions. She was in the majority more often than two other justices.[40] In the 2022-2023 term, Jackson was in the majority in 84 percent of decisions. She was in the majority more often than four other justices.[41]

Since the 2022-2023 term, Jackson has been in the majority more than 80 percent of the time once. Across these terms, she has been in the majority on average 79 percent of the time.[40][41]


Noteworthy Supreme Court cases

The noteworthy cases listed in this section include any case where the justice authored a 5-4 majority opinion or an 8-1 dissent. Other cases may be included in this section if they set or overturn an established legal precedent, are a major point of discussion in an election campaign, receive substantial media attention related to the justice's ruling, or based on our editorial judgment that the case is noteworthy. For more on how we decide which cases are noteworthy, click here.


Since she joined the court through the 2023-2024 term, Jackson has authored one majority opinion in 5-4 decisions, and has authored two dissents in 8-1 decisions.

The table below details these cases by year.

Ketanji Brown Jackson noteworthy cases
Year 5-4 majority opinion 8-1 dissenting opinion
Total 1 2
2023-2024 1 1 (in part)
2022-2023 0 1


U.S. Supreme Court noteworthy opinions


The federal nomination process

Federal judges are nominated by the president of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. There are multiple steps to the process:

  • The president nominates an individual for a judicial seat.
  • The nominee fills out a questionnaire and is reviewed by the Senate Judiciary Committee.
  • The Senate Judiciary Committee holds a hearing with the nominee, questioning them about things like their judicial philosophy, past rulings or opinions, etc.
  • As part of this process, the committee sends a blue slip to senators from the home state in which the judicial nomination was received, allowing them to express their approval or disapproval of the nominee.
  • After the hearing, the Senate Judiciary Committee will vote to approve or return the nominee.
  • If approved, the nominee is voted on by the full Senate.
  • If the Committee votes to return the nominee to the president, the president has the opportunity to re-nominate the individual.
  • The Senate holds a vote on the candidate.
  • If the Senate confirms the nomination, the nominee receives a commission to serve a lifelong position as a federal judge.
  • If the Senate does not confirm the nomination, that nominee does not become a judge.


Noteworthy cases

Legal challenges to President Trump's civil service executive orders (2018-2019)

See also: Civil Service Reform Act, E.O. 13836, E.O. 13837, and E.O. 13839

The following timeline identifies key events in a 2018-2019 lawsuit, American Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO, et. al. v. Trump, brought by a group of federal employee unions against President Donald Trump's (R) three civil service executive orders issued in May 2018: Executive Order 13837, Executive Order 13836, and Executive Order 13839.

October 2019: Injunction expires, agencies allowed to implement executive orders

The injunction blocking provisions of President Trump's three civil service executive orders expired on October 2, 2019. The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on October 3 issued a mandate to implement its July 16 decision vacating the district court ruling and allowing federal agencies to fully implement the orders.[42][43]

September 2019: D.C. Circuit declines rehearing request

The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit issued an order on September 25, 2019, declining to rehear American Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO, et. al. v. Trump before the full court. The order did not provide a reason for the decision.[44]

August 2019: Unions file for rehearing en banc before full D.C. Circuit

Federal employee unions challenging Trump's three civil service executive orders filed a petition on August 30, 2019, requesting a rehearing of American Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO, et. al. v. Trump before the full United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. A three-judge panel of the D.C. Circuit held in July that the court did not have jurisdiction to rule on the case because the Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute requires labor practice complaints to be brought before the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA).[45]

August 2019: SEIU files new lawsuit claiming civil service executive orders exceed president's constitutional authority

A chapter of the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) representing U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs employees in Buffalo, New York, filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Western District of New York on August 13, 2019, arguing that President Trump's three civil service executive orders exceeded the president's constitutional authority and violated the Civil Service Reform Act. The union claimed that the district court had jurisdiction over the case in part because the FLRA had lacked a general counsel for almost two years—preventing the agency from hearing unfair labor practice complaints.[46]

Because the United States Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit has appellate jurisdiction over the United States District Court for the Western District of New York, the D.C. Circuit's July 2019 decision upholding the civil service executive orders was not controlling on the case.[46]

July 2019: D.C. Circuit panel reverses district court ruling, holds district court lacked jurisdiction to issue injunction

A three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on July 16, 2019, reversed and vacated the district court ruling. Judges Thomas Griffith, Srikanth Srinivasan, and Arthur Randolph held that the district court did not have jurisdiction to rule on the merits of the executive orders and that the plaintiffs should have brought the case before the FLRA as required by the Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute.[47][48]

Trump administration officials on July 23, 2019, asked the D.C. Circuit to immediately lift the injunction blocking enforcement of the three civil service executive orders rather than wait for the 45-day grace period for rehearing requests to expire. The court denied the administration's request on August 14, 2019.[49][50]

April 2019: D.C. Circuit hears oral arguments in appeal, DOJ claims district court lacked jurisdiction in case

The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit heard oral arguments in the appeal on April 4, 2019. An attorney for the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) argued that the federal courts lacked jurisdiction in the case and that the plaintiffs should have filed an unfair labor practices complaint with the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA) instead. An attorney representing the union groups countered that the FLRA lacked the authority to weigh in on governmentwide rules that are not subject to collective bargaining negotiations.[51][52]

November 2018: OPM instructs agencies to comply with effective executive order provisions

The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) released a memo in November 2018 instructing federal agencies to comply with the provisions of the civil service executive orders that remained in effect, including guidelines related to employee discipline and the use of official union time.[53]

September 2018: DOJ appeals district court ruling

The DOJ appealed the district court's ruling on September 25, 2018. The notice of appeal was filed with the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Oral argument in the case was scheduled for April 4, 2019.[54][55]

August 2018: District court ruling strikes provisions of executive orders, cites conflict with federal statute

Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia struck down several provisions of President Trump's civil service executive orders in a ruling issued on August 25, 2018. The stricken provisions included components of the executive orders that Brown Jackson claimed conflicted with federal statute, such as limitations on the amount of taxpayer-funded time that full-time federal employees can dedicate to union activities, a reduction in the amount of time that poor-performing employees can demonstrate improvement, and certain restrictions on workplace issues that federal agencies can negotiate with unions.[56][57]

A DOJ representative responded to the ruling on August 25, stating that the DOJ was "reviewing the decision and considering our next steps." Then-OPM Director Jeff Pon issued a memo to all federal agencies on August 29 stating that the OPM would comply with Jackson's order and encouraging compliance by other agencies. The OPM also rescinded agency guidance related to the blocked provisions of the executive orders.[56][58]

May 2018: Unions file suit against civil service executive orders, claim orders are unconstitutional and violate federal statute

The American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE) filed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of Executive Order 13837 on May 30, 2018. The lawsuit claimed that the order violates freedom of association protections under the First Amendment and alters sections of the Federal Service Labor-Management Relations Statute—Title VII of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978—without congressional action.[59][60][61]

Brown Jackson consolidated AFGE's lawsuit with two other lawsuits challenging Trump's civil service executive orders (E.O. 13837, E.O. 13836, and E.O. 13839) filed by the National Treasury Employees Union and a coalition of 13 smaller public sector unions. A hearing in the case took place on July 25, 2018.[62]

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 White House, "Nominations Sent to the Senate," February 28, 2022
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Congress.gov, "PN1783 — Ketanji Brown Jackson — Supreme Court of the United States," accessed April 7, 2022
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 The Washington Post, "Senate confirms Jackson as first Black woman on Supreme Court," April 7, 2022
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Federal Judicial Center, "Biography of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson," accessed May 10, 2017
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Congress.gov, "PN391 — Ketanji Brown Jackson — The Judiciary," accessed June 15, 2021
  6. ↑ Senate Committee on the Judiciary, "Nominations," accessed April 28, 2021
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 The White House, "President Biden Announces Intent to Nominate 11 Judicial Candidates," March 30, 2021
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 The White House, "Presidential Nominations Sent to the Senate," September 20, 2012 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "nom920" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 White House, "President Biden Nominates Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to Serve as Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court," February 25, 2022
  10. ↑ Jackson received an 11-11 tie committee vote and was not reported favorably to the full Senate. The Senate then voted to discharge her nomination from the committee. Click here for more details.
  11. ↑ CBS News, "Senate panel splits vote on sending Ketanji Brown Jackson's nomination to floor," April 4, 2022
  12. ↑ Office of U.S. Senator Dick Durbin, "Durbin Statement On The Successful Discharge Vote For Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson, Nominated To Be An Associate Justice Of Supreme Court," April 4, 2022
  13. ↑ The Hill, "Senate panel to hold Supreme Court vote April 4," March 23, 2022
  14. ↑ YouTube, "President Biden Delivers Remarks on the Retirement of Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer," January 27, 2022
  15. ↑ The Guardian, "Biden’s supreme court short list narrows to three names," February 12, 2022
  16. ↑ CNN, "Biden said he'd put a Black woman on the Supreme Court. Here's who he may pick to replace Breyer," January 26, 2022
  17. ↑ Vox, "Who is on Biden’s shortlist to replace retiring Justice Breyer?" January 26, 2022
  18. ↑ Fox News, "Who could replace Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer?" January 26, 2022
  19. ↑ The Associated Press via the Hartford Courant, "President Biden has long been preparing for a Supreme Court pick," January 26, 2022
  20. ↑ American Bar Association, "Nomination of Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to the United States Supreme Court," March 18, 2022
  21. ↑ U.S. Senate, "Roll Call Vote 117th Congress - 1st Session: Vote Summary: Question: On the Nomination (Confirmation: Ketanji Brown Jackson, of the District of Columbia, to be U.S. Circuit Judge for the District of Columbia Circuit)," accessed June 15, 2021
  22. ↑ American Bar Association, "Ratings of Article III and Article IV judicial nominees, 117th Congress," updated June 17, 2021
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named c1960
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Congress.gov, "PN18 — Ketanji Brown Jackson — The Judiciary," accessed February 26, 2022
  25. ↑ Senate Judiciary Committee, "Results of Executive Business Meeting," February 14, 2013
  26. ↑ American Bar Association, "Ratings of Article III judicial nominees, 112th Congress," accessed May 10, 2017
  27. ↑ San Antonio-Express News, "Senior U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Antonin Scalia found dead at West Texas ranch," accessed February 13, 2016
  28. ↑ National Public Radio, "President Obama meets with Supreme Court candidates," March 9, 2016
  29. ↑ ABC News, "President Obama to Nominate Merrick Garland for Supreme Court," March 16, 2016
  30. ↑ The White House, "Nomination sent to the Senate," March 16, 2016
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 Senate Judiciary Committee, "Questionnaire," accessed February 7, 2022
  32. ↑ Miami Herald, "Supreme Court prospect Brown Jackson was ‘star in the making’ at Miami’s Palmetto High," January 27, 2022
  33. ↑ "President Obama Nominates Two to the United States District Courts" 9/20/2012
  34. ↑ The New York Times, "On Language' Potus and Flotus," October 12, 1997
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 SupremeCourt.gov, "A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court," accessed April 20, 2015
  36. ↑ United States Supreme Court, "Letter to President," January 27, 2022
  37. ↑ YouTube, "President Biden Delivers Remarks on the Retirement of Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer," January 27, 2022
  38. ↑ Federal Judicial Center, "Breyer, Stephen Gerald," accessed April 13, 2023
  39. ↑ Congress.gov, "PN1783 — Ketanji Brown Jackson — Supreme Court of the United States," accessed April 7, 2022
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Empirical SCOTUS, "2023 Stat Review," July 1, 2024
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Empirical SCOTUS, "Another One Bites the Dust: End of 2022/2023 Supreme Court Term Statistics," November 16, 2023
  42. ↑ FedSmith, "Executive Orders Allowed to Take Effect After Injunction is Lifted," October 2, 2019
  43. ↑ United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, "Mandate," October 3, 2019
  44. ↑ Government Executive, "Appeals Court Declines to Rehear Case Against Trump's Workforce Executive Orders," September 25, 2019
  45. ↑ Government Executive, "Unions Request Rehearing of Trump's Federal Workforce Orders Case," August 30, 2019
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Government Executive, "Another Union Sues to Block Trump Workforce Orders," August 16, 2019
  47. ↑ The Washington Post, "In win for Trump administration, appeals court stymies union challenge to civil service restrictions," July 16, 2019
  48. ↑ United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, "American Federation of Government Employees, AFL-CIO, et al. v. Trump," July 16, 2019
  49. ↑ Government Executive, "Trump Administration Asks Court to Allow Agencies to Implement Workforce Orders Immediately," July 24, 2019
  50. ↑ Government Executive, "Court: Injunction Blocking Workforce Executive Orders Will Remain in Place," August 14, 2019
  51. ↑ Government Executive, "Judges Fixate on Jurisdictional Question in Appeal of Decision Invalidating Trump Workforce Orders," April 4, 2019
  52. ↑ Reuters, "D.C. Circuit hears Trump administration's bid to revive civil service executive orders," April 4, 2019
  53. ↑ FEDweek, "Enforce Parts of Orders Not Blocked, OPM Tells Agencies," November 13, 2018
  54. ↑ Government Executive, "Trump Administration Appeals Court Ruling On Workforce EOs," September 25, 2018
  55. ↑ United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, "Order No. 18-5289," February 19, 2019
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 The Wall Street Journal, "Judge Curbs Trump Orders That Made It Easier to Fire Federal Workers," August 25, 2018
  57. ↑ Government Executive, "Judge Strikes Down Trump Executive Orders Limiting Federal Employee Union Bargaining," August 25, 2018
  58. ↑ Office of Personnel Management, "Updated Guidance Relating to Enjoinment of Certain Provisions of Executive Orders 13836, 13837, and 13839," August 29, 2018
  59. ↑ Government Executive, "Largest Federal Employee Union Sues to Block Official Time Executive Order," May 31, 2018
  60. ↑ UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, "AMERICAN FEDERATION OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES, AFL-CIO vs. DONALD TRUMP," May 30, 2018
  61. ↑ Common Dreams, "'This Is a Democracy, Not a Dictatorship': Federal Workers Union Sues Donald Trump," May 31, 2018
  62. ↑ Government Executive, "Federal Judge Consolidates Lawsuits on Workforce Executive Orders, Schedules Hearing," June 19, 2018

Political offices
Preceded by
Stephen Breyer 		Supreme Court of the United States
2022-Present		 Succeeded by
-
Preceded by
Merrick Garland 		United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
2021-2022		 Succeeded by
Florence Pan
Preceded by
Henry Kennedy 		United States District Court for the District of Columbia
2013-2021		 Succeeded by
Florence Pan
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