Missouri State Senate elections, 2018
- General election: Nov. 6
- Voter registration deadline: Oct. 10
- Early voting: N/A
- Absentee voting deadline: Nov. 6
- Online registration: Yes
- Same-day registration: No
- Voter ID: Non-photo ID required
- Poll times: 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.
| 2018 Missouri Senate elections | |
|---|---|
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| General | November 6, 2018 |
| Primary | August 7, 2018 |
| Past election results |
| 2016・2014・2012・2010・2008 2006・2004・2002・2000 |
| 2018 elections | |
|---|---|
| Choose a chamber below: | |
Republicans held their veto-proof majority in the 2018 elections for Missouri State Senate, winning 14 seats to Democrats' 3 seats and establishing a 24-10 majority. Seventeen seats out of the chamber's 34 seats were up for election in 2018. At the time of the election, Republicans held a 23-10 majority.
The Republican Party maintained its trifecta in Missouri by holding its majorities in the state Senate and House. The governor's office, held by Eric Greitens (R), was not up for election.
Because state senators in Missouri serve four-year terms, winning candidates in the 2018 election served through 2022 and played a role in Missouri's redistricting process—the drawing of boundary lines for congressional and state legislative districts. Read more below.
The Missouri State Senate was one of 87 state legislative chambers holding elections in 2018. There are 99 chambers throughout the country.
Missouri state senators serve staggered, four-year terms and half of the Senate is up for election every two years.
Post-election analysis
- See also: State legislative elections, 2018
The Republican Party maintained supermajority status in both chambers of the Missouri General Assembly in the 2018 election. In the state Senate, 17 out of 34 seats were up for election. Republicans increased their supermajority in the Missouri State Senate from 23-10 to 24-10. One seat was vacant before the election. One Democratic incumbent was defeated in the primary and no incumbents were defeated in the general election.
The Missouri House of Representatives held elections for all 163 seats. The Republican majority in the House of Representatives increased from 109-45 to 116-47. Nine seats were vacant before the election. One Democratic incumbent and two Republican incumbents were defeated in the general election.
National background
On November 6, 2018, 87 of the nation's 99 state legislative chambers held regularly scheduled elections for 6,073 of 7,383 total seats, meaning that nearly 82 percent of all state legislative seats were up for election.
- Entering the 2018 election, Democrats held 42.6 percent, Republicans held 56.8 percent, and independents and other parties held 0.6 percent of the seats up for regular election.
- Following the 2018 election, Democrats held 47.3 percent, Republicans held 52.3 percent, and independents and other parties held 0.4 percent of the seats up for regular election.
- A total of 469 incumbents were defeated over the course of the election cycle, with roughly one-third of them defeated in the primary.
Want more information?
- Incumbents defeated in 2018's state legislative elections
- 2018 election analysis: Partisan balance of state legislative chambers
- 2018 election analysis: Number of state legislators by party
- 2018 election analysis: State legislative supermajorities
Candidates
General election
Missouri State Senate General Elections 2018 |
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| Office |  Democratic |
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Other |
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| District 4 |
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| District 6 |
Steven Wilson (Libertarian Party) |
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| District 8 |
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| District 10 |
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| District 12 |
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| District 14 |
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| District 16 |
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| District 18 |
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| District 20 |
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| District 22 |
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Richie Camden (Libertarian Party) |
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| District 24 |
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Jim Higgins (Libertarian Party) |
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| District 26 |
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| District 28 |
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| District 30 |
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| District 32 |
Conon Gillis (Green Party) |
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| District 34 |
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= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate ConnectionPrimary election
Missouri State Senate Primary Elections 2018 |
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Other |
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Did not make the ballot: |
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| District 4 |
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| District 6 |
Libertarian Party  Steven Wilson |
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| District 8 |
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| District 10 |
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| District 12 |
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| District 14 |
The Republican primary was canceled. |
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| District 16 |
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| District 18 |
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| District 20 |
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| District 22 |
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Libertarian Party Richie Camden |
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| District 28 |
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| District 32 |
Green Party Conon Gillis |
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| District 34 |
Did not make the ballot: |
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Margins of victory
A margin of victory (MOV) analysis for the 2018 Missouri State Senate races is presented in this section. MOV represents the percentage of total votes that separated the winner and the second-place finisher. For example, if the winner of a race received 47 percent of the vote and the second-place finisher received 45 percent of the vote, the MOV is 2 percent.
The table below presents the following figures for each party:
- Elections won
- Elections won by less than 10 percentage points
- Elections won without opposition
- Average margin of victory[3]
| Missouri State Senate: 2018 Margin of Victory Analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Elections won | Elections won by less than 10% | Unopposed elections | Average margin of victory[3] |
| Democratic |
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| Republican |
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 Other |
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| Total | ||||
The margin of victory in each race is presented below. The list is sorted from the closest MOV to the largest (including unopposed races).
Incumbents retiring
Eight incumbents did not run for re-election in 2018.[4] Those incumbents were:
| Name | Party | Current Office |
|---|---|---|
| Mike Kehoe |  Republican |
Senate District 6 |
| Maria Chappelle-Nadal |  Democratic |
Senate District 14 |
| Dan Brown | Republican |
Senate District 16 |
| Brian Munzlinger | Republican |
Senate District 18 |
| Jay Wasson | Republican |
Senate District 20 |
| Bob Dixon | Republican |
Senate District 30 |
| Ronald Richard | Republican |
Senate District 32 |
| Rob Schaaf | Republican |
Senate District 34 |
Process to become a candidate
See statutes: Missouri Revised Statutes, Section 115.307 - Section 115.305
For state-recognized political party candidates
A political party candidate seeking placement on the primary ballot must file a declaration of candidacy with the appropriate election official by 5:00 p.m. on the last Tuesday in March immediately preceding the primary. The declaration of candidacy cannot be submitted prior to 8:00 a.m. on the last Tuesday in February immediately preceding the primary. The declaration must state the candidate's name, residential address, office being sought, and political party.[5][6]
Before filing a declaration of candidacy, a candidate must pay a filing fee to the treasurer of the state or county committee of the political party whose nomination he or she is seeking in the primary. Filing fees vary according to the office being sought and are as follows:[5][7]
| Filing fees | |
|---|---|
| Office | Filing fee |
| Statewide offices (e.g., governor, secretary of state, etc.), United States Senator | $500 |
| United States Representative, State senator | $300 |
| State representative | $150 |
A candidate must also file an affidavit with the Missouri Department of Revenue affirming that, to the best of his or her knowledge, the candidate is not delinquent in the payment of any state-owed taxes (e.g., income tax, property tax, etc.).[5][8]
A candidate is required to file for office in person. In addition to completing the declaration of candidacy, a candidate must present proof of identity, a receipt for the payment of any filing fees, and a copy of the affidavit filed with the Missouri Department of Revenue. A candidate may file for office by certified mail if he or she is unable to appear in person due to a physical disability or is a member of the armed forces on active duty. Filing paperwork submitted via mail must be certified by a notary public.[5][9]
If a candidate is unable to pay the required filing fees, he or she may have the fee waived by filing a "Declaration of Inability to Pay" and a petition with his or her declaration of candidacy. If the candidate is filing for statewide office, the petition must be signed by a number of registered voters in the state equal to at least one-half of 1 percent of the total number of votes cast in the state for the office being sought at the last election in which a candidate ran for the office. If the candidate is filing for any other office, the petition must be signed by a number of registered voters in the district or political subdivision equal to at least 1 percent of the total number of votes cast for the office being sought at the last election in which a candidate ran for the office.[5][9]
Candidates for federal, statewide, and state legislative offices must file with the Missouri Secretary of State.[10]
For independent candidates
Like political party candidates, an independent candidate seeking placement on the general election ballot must file a declaration of candidacy and an affidavit affirming that he or she is not delinquent in the payment of any state-owed taxes. The candidate is required to file in person (with the same aforementioned exceptions). Independent candidates, however, are not liable for the payment of any filing fees.[11][12]
Independents must submit nominating petitions with their filing paperwork. Signature requirements vary according to the office being sought. For any statewide office, a nominating petition must be signed by at least 10,000 registered voters of the state. If the candidate seeks a district-level office, the petition must be signed by a number of registered voters in the district equal to at least 2 percent of the total number of votes cast at the last election for the office being sought, or 10,000 signatures, whichever is less.[11][12]
The candidate must file all required paperwork (including petitions) by 5:00 p.m. on the 15th Monday immediately preceding the general election for which the petition is submitted. Paperwork cannot be submitted prior to 8:00 a.m. on the day immediately following the general election next preceding the general election for which the petition is submitted.[11][13]
Candidates for federal, statewide, and state legislative offices must file with the Missouri Secretary of State.[10][11]
For write-in candidates
In order to have his or her votes tallied, a write-in candidate must file a declaration of intent with the proper election official by 5:00 p.m. on the second Friday immediately preceding the election. Write-in candidates are not permitted on the primary ballot.[14][15]
Write-in candidates for federal, statewide, and state legislative office must file with the Missouri Secretary of State.[10]
Qualifications
To be eligible to serve in the Missouri State Senate, a candidate must fit the following description:[16]
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Salaries and per diem
- See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
| State legislative salaries, 2024[18] | |
|---|---|
| Salary | Per diem |
| $41,070.14/year | $132.80/day |
When sworn in
Missouri legislators assume office the first day of the legislative session, which is the first Wednesday after the first Monday in January at 12:00pm.[19]
Missouri political history
Party control
2018
In the 2018 elections, Republicans increased their majority in the Missouri State Senate from 23-10 to 24-10.
| Missouri State Senate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | As of November 6, 2018 | After November 7, 2018 | |
| Democratic Party | 10 | 10 | |
| Republican Party | 23 | 24 | |
| Vacancy | 1 | 0 | |
| Total | 34 | 34 | |
2016
In the 2016 elections, Republicans kept control of the Missouri State Senate. The same seats that were up for election in 2014 were on the ballot in 2018. During the 2014 elections, Republicans flipped two seats—District 10 and District 22—and Democrats flipped a seat in District 24.
| Missouri State Senate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | As of November 7, 2016 | After November 8, 2016 | |
| Democratic Party | 7 | 9 | |
| Republican Party | 24 | 25 | |
| Vacancy | 3 | 0 | |
| Total | 34 | 34 | |
Trifectas
A state government trifecta is a term that describes single-party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Democrats in Missouri held a state government trifecta for eight years between 1992 and 2017. During that same period of time, Republicans held a trifecta for five years.
Missouri Party Control: 1992-2024
Eight years of Democratic trifectas • Twelve years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
| Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governor | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
| Senate | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
| House | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Impact of term limits
The Missouri State Senate has been a term-limited state Senate since Missouri voters approved Amendment 13 in 1992. Amendment 13 created Section 8 of Article III of the Missouri Constitution, limiting state senators to two four-year terms. Section 8 was later amended by Amendment 3 in 2002 so that it does not apply to partial terms.
A total of 17 out of 34 seats in the Missouri State Senate were up for election in 2018. In the 2018 elections, nine senators were ineligible to run because of term limits. The following state senators were term-limited in 2018:
Democratic: (1)
Republicans (8):
Of the 87 state legislative chambers that held elections in 2018, 24 of them—12 senate chambers and 12 house chambers—included incumbents who were unable to run for re-election due to term limits.[21] In the 24 chambers affected by term limits in 2018, 1,463 seats were up for election.[22] The Nevada Senate, Arkansas House, and Arkansas Senate are impacted by term limits, but no incumbents were term-limited in 2018. There are 99 chambers throughout the country.
A total of 271 state legislators—96 state senators and 175 state representatives—were ineligible to run in the 2018 elections because of term limits. This represented 4 percent of the 6,066 total seats up for election in November 2018.[23][24] Republicans had twice as many state legislators term-limited in 2018 than Democrats. A total of 86 Democrats were term-limited, while 177 Republicans were term-limited.
Wave election analysis
- See also: Wave elections (1918-2016)
The term wave election is frequently used to describe an election cycle in which one party makes significant electoral gains. How many seats would Republicans have had to lose for the 2018 midterm election to be considered a wave election?
Ballotpedia examined the results of the 50 election cycles that occurred between 1918 and 2016—spanning from President Woodrow Wilson's (D) second midterm in 1918 to Donald Trump's (R) first presidential election in 2016. We define wave elections as the 20 percent of elections in that period resulting in the greatest seat swings against the president's party.
Applying this definition to state legislative elections, we found that Republicans needed to lose 494 seats for 2018 to qualify as a wave election.
The chart below shows the number of seats the president's party lost in the 10 state legislative waves from 1918 to 2016. Click here to read the full report.
| State legislative wave elections | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | President | Party | Election type | State legislative seats change | Elections analyzed[25] | |
| 1932 | Hoover | R | Presidential | -1,022 | 7,365 | |
| 1922 | Harding | R | First midterm | -907 | 6,907 | |
| 1966 | Johnson | D | First midterm[26] | -782 | 7,561 | |
| 1938 | Roosevelt | D | Second midterm | -769 | 7,179 | |
| 1958 | Eisenhower | R | Second midterm | -702 | 7,627 | |
| 2010 | Obama | D | First midterm | -702 | 7,306 | |
| 1974 | Ford | R | Second midterm[27] | -695 | 7,481 | |
| 1920 | Wilson | D | Presidential | -654 | 6,835 | |
| 1930 | Hoover | R | Presidential | -640 | 7,361 | |
| 1954 | Eisenhower | R | First midterm | -494 | 7,513 | |
Competitiveness
Every year, Ballotpedia uses official candidate lists from each state to examine the competitiveness of every state legislative race in the country. Nationally, there has been a steady decline in electoral competitiveness since 2010. Most notable is that the number of districts with general election competition has dropped by more than 10 percent.
Results from 2016
Below is Ballotpedia's 2016 competitiveness analysis. Click here to read the full study »
Historical context
Uncontested elections: In 2014, 32.8 percent of Americans lived in states with an uncontested state senate election. Similarly, 40.4 percent of Americans lived in states with uncontested house elections. Primary elections were uncontested even more frequently, with 61 percent of people living in states with no contested primaries. Uncontested elections often occur in locations that are so politically one-sided that the result of an election would be a foregone conclusion regardless of whether it was contested or not.
Open seats: In most cases, an incumbent will run for re-election, which decreases the number of open seats available. In 2014, 83 percent of the 6,057 seats up for election saw the incumbent running for re-election. The states that impose term limits on their legislatures typically see a higher percentage of open seats in a given year because a portion of incumbents in each election are forced to leave office. Overall, the number of open seats decreased from 2012 to 2014, dropping from 21.2 percent in 2012 to 17.0 percent in 2014.
Incumbent win rates: Ballotpedia's competitiveness analysis of elections between 1972 and 2014 documented the high propensity for incumbents to win re-election in state legislative elections. In fact, since 1972, the win rate for incumbents had not dropped below 90 percent—with the exception of 1974, when 88 percent of incumbents were re-elected to their seats. Perhaps most importantly, the win rate for incumbents generally increased over time. In 2014, 96.5 percent of incumbents were able to retain their seats. Common convention holds that incumbents are able to leverage their office to maintain their seat. However, the high incumbent win rate may actually be a result of incumbents being more likely to hold seats in districts that are considered safe for their party.
Marginal primaries: Often, competitiveness is measured by examining the rate of elections that have been won by amounts that are considered marginal (5 percent or less). During the 2014 election, 90.1 percent of primary and general election races were won by margins higher than 5 percent. Interestingly, it is usually the case that only one of the two races—primary or general—will be competitive at a time. This means that if a district's general election is competitive, typically one or more of the district's primaries were won by more than 5 percent. The reverse is also true: If a district sees a competitive primary, it is unlikely that the general election for that district will be won by less than 5 percent. Primaries often see very low voter turnout in comparison to general elections. In 2014, there were only 27 million voters for state legislative primaries, but approximately 107 million voters for the state legislative general elections.
Redistricting in Missouri
- See also: Redistricting in Missouri
Because state senators in Missouri serve four-year terms, winning candidates in the 2018 election served through 2022 and played a role in Missouri's redistricting process—the drawing of boundary lines for congressional and state legislative districts. Prior to 2020-2022, redistricting last took place in Missouri from 2010-2012.
State process
In Missouri, congressional district boundaries are drawn by the state legislature. These lines are subject to veto by the governor.[28]
In 2018, the voters passed a citizens’ initiative called Amendment 1 that reshaped the redistricting process; in 2020, the voters narrowly passed a legislatively referred initiative called Amendment 3 that reshaped the process again.
Two distinct politician commissions are ultimately responsible for state legislative redistricting, one for the Missouri State Senate and another for the Missouri House of Representatives. Membership on these commissions is determined as follows:[28]
| “ |
Missouri’s congressional districts are drawn by the state legislature, as a regular statute, subject to gubernatorial veto. The state legislative lines are drawn by two separate politician commissions — one for state Senate districts, one for state House districts. For each commission, each major party’s congressional district committee nominates 2 members per congressional district, and the state committee nominates 5 members; the Governor chooses 1 per district per party and two per party from the statewide lists, for a total commission of 20.[17] |
” |
Pivot Counties
- See also: Pivot Counties by state
There are no Pivot Counties in Missouri. Pivot Counties are counties that voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012 and for Donald Trump (R) in 2016. Altogether, the nation had 206 Pivot Counties, with most being concentrated in upper midwestern and northeastern states.
In the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump (R) won Missouri with 56.8 percent of the vote. Hillary Clinton (D) received 38.1 percent. In presidential elections between 1820 and 2016, Missouri voted Democratic 60 percent of the time and Republican 36 percent of the time. In the five presidential elections between 2000 and 2016, Missouri voted Republican all five times.[29]
Presidential results by legislative district
The following table details results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections by state Senate districts in Missouri. Click [show] to expand the table. The "Obama," "Romney," "Clinton," and "Trump" columns describe the percent of the vote each presidential candidate received in the district. The "2012 Margin" and "2016 Margin" columns describe the margin of victory between the two presidential candidates in those years. The "Party Control" column notes which party held that seat heading into the 2018 general election. Data on the results of the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections broken down by state legislative districts was compiled by Daily Kos.[30][31]
| In 2012, Barack Obama (D) won 10 out of 34 state Senate districts in Missouri with an average margin of victory of 35.4 points. In 2016, Hillary Clinton (D) won nine out of 34 state Senate districts in Missouri with an average margin of victory of 39.7 points. Clinton won one district controlled by a Republican heading into the 2018 elections. |
| In 2012, Mitt Romney (R) won 24 out of 34 state Senate districts in Missouri with an average margin of victory of 28.5 points. In 2016, Donald Trump (R) won 25 out of 34 state Senate districts in Missouri with an average margin of victory of 38.8 points. Trump won one district controlled by a Democrat heading into the 2018 elections. |
| 2016 presidential results by state Senate District | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| District | Obama | Romney | 2012 Margin | Clinton | Trump | 2016 Margin | Party Control |
| 1 | 50.52% | 47.85% | D+2.7 | 48.70% | 45.70% | D+3 | D |
| 2 | 36.73% | 61.74% | R+25 | 31.61% | 63.53% | R+31.9 | R |
| 3 | 41.35% | 56.24% | R+14.9 | 25.27% | 70.58% | R+45.3 | R |
| 4 | 72.80% | 25.72% | D+47.1 | 71.46% | 23.51% | D+48 | D |
| 5 | 87.84% | 10.98% | D+76.9 | 85.04% | 10.83% | D+74.2 | D |
| 6 | 29.23% | 68.96% | R+39.7 | 22.77% | 73.30% | R+50.5 | R |
| 7 | 65.73% | 32.74% | D+33 | 67.42% | 27.27% | D+40.1 | D |
| 8 | 39.36% | 58.94% | R+19.6 | 36.85% | 57.44% | R+20.6 | R |
| 9 | 83.40% | 15.66% | D+67.7 | 79.51% | 16.69% | D+62.8 | D |
| 10 | 34.32% | 63.38% | R+29.1 | 23.94% | 71.23% | R+47.3 | R |
| 11 | 49.92% | 47.92% | D+2 | 43.96% | 50.06% | R+6.1 | D |
| 12 | 33.05% | 64.63% | R+31.6 | 23.60% | 71.60% | R+48 | R |
| 13 | 77.56% | 21.42% | D+56.1 | 74.95% | 21.43% | D+53.5 | D |
| 14 | 82.25% | 16.80% | D+65.5 | 80.02% | 16.50% | D+63.5 | D |
| 15 | 39.22% | 59.39% | R+20.2 | 41.74% | 53.16% | R+11.4 | R |
| 16 | 30.02% | 67.78% | R+37.8 | 21.44% | 74.28% | R+52.8 | R |
| 17 | 46.93% | 51.08% | R+4.1 | 44.58% | 49.00% | R+4.4 | R |
| 18 | 35.01% | 62.71% | R+27.7 | 23.46% | 72.33% | R+48.9 | R |
| 19 | 48.68% | 48.65% | D+0 | 47.11% | 45.76% | D+1.3 | R |
| 20 | 27.46% | 70.83% | R+43.4 | 22.99% | 72.31% | R+49.3 | R |
| 21 | 36.31% | 61.18% | R+24.9 | 25.97% | 68.41% | R+42.4 | R |
| 22 | 42.42% | 55.51% | R+13.1 | 30.52% | 64.18% | R+33.7 | R |
| 23 | 40.65% | 57.57% | R+16.9 | 36.91% | 57.50% | R+20.6 | R |
| 24 | 50.54% | 48.00% | D+2.5 | 52.98% | 41.96% | D+11 | D |
| 25 | 31.42% | 66.84% | R+35.4 | 20.82% | 76.64% | R+55.8 | R |
| 26 | 33.36% | 65.03% | R+31.7 | 30.32% | 65.20% | R+34.9 | R |
| 27 | 28.18% | 70.01% | R+41.8 | 20.38% | 76.13% | R+55.7 | R |
| 28 | 30.16% | 67.56% | R+37.4 | 19.60% | 76.19% | R+56.6 | R |
| 29 | 25.33% | 72.62% | R+47.3 | 17.86% | 78.66% | R+60.8 | R |
| 30 | 42.24% | 55.24% | R+13 | 39.14% | 53.70% | R+14.6 | R |
| 31 | 33.32% | 64.55% | R+31.2 | 25.61% | 69.27% | R+43.7 | R |
| 32 | 27.19% | 70.66% | R+43.5 | 20.59% | 74.75% | R+54.2 | R |
| 33 | 27.27% | 70.32% | R+43 | 16.59% | 80.03% | R+63.4 | R |
| 34 | 43.11% | 54.90% | R+11.8 | 37.96% | 55.94% | R+18 | R |
| Total | 44.38% | 53.76% | R+9.4 | 38.23% | 56.92% | R+18.7 | - |
| Source: Daily Kos | |||||||
See also
- Missouri State Senate
- Missouri State Legislature
- State legislative elections, 2018
- Missouri state legislative Democratic primaries, 2018
- Missouri state legislative Republican primaries, 2018
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ NCSL, "Supermajority vote requirements to pass the budget," accessed July 21, 2017
- ↑ Any vacancies in the chamber are counted towards the party that held the seat at the time of the vacancy.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Excludes unopposed elections
- ↑ Ballotpedia defines an incumbent as retiring if the incumbent did not file for office or filed for office but withdrew, was disqualified, or otherwise left a race in a manner other than losing the primary, primary runoff, or convention. If an incumbent runs as a write-in candidate, Ballotpedia does not consider them to be retiring. If an incumbent runs in the same chamber for a different seat, Ballotpedia does not consider them to be retiring.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Missouri Revised Statutes, "Filing Information for Candidates," accessed March 11, 2014
- ↑ Missouri Revised Statutes, "Section 115.349," accessed March 11, 2014
- ↑ Missouri Revised Statutes, "Section 115.357," accessed March 11, 2014
- ↑ Missouri Revised Statutes, "Section 115.342," accessed March 10, 2014
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Missouri Revised Statutes, "Section 115.355," accessed March 11, 2014
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Missouri Revised Statutes, "Section 115.353," accessed March 11, 2014
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Missouri Secretary of State, "Independent Candidate Information," accessed March 11, 2014
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Missouri Revised Statutes, "Section 115.321," accessed March 11, 2014
- ↑ Missouri Revised Statutes, "Section 115.329," accessed March 11, 2014
- ↑ Missouri Secretary of State, "Write-In Candidates," accessed March 11, 2014
- ↑ Missouri Revised Statutes, "Section 115.453," accessed March 11, 2014
- ↑ 2010 Elected Officials Qualifications
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2024 Legislator Compensation," August 21, 2024
- ↑ Missouri Revisor of Statutes, "Article III Section 20. Regular sessions of assembly — quorum — compulsory attendance — public sessions — limitation on power to adjourn.," accessed November 1, 2021
- ↑ Kraus resigned his seat before the end of his term. His seat was still counted in the total number of term-limited state senators in 2018.
- ↑ The Nevada Senate, Arkansas House, and Arkansas Senate were up for election in 2018 and have term limits, but no incumbents were term-limited in 2018.
- ↑ The Nevada Senate, Arkansas House, and Arkansas Senate are impacted by term limits, but no incumbents were term-limited in 2018. In the three chambers, a total of 129 seats were up for election in 2018. No legislators were unable to run in 2018 in those three chamber because of term limits.
- ↑ Ballotpedia confirmed through phone calls that at least seven California legislators were term-limited in 2018. The number of California legislators term-limited and the overall number of term-limited state legislators had a chance to change if Ballotpedia could confirm that more members were term-limited in 2018.
- ↑ Some of the 271 term-limited state legislators in 2018 may resign before their term ends. These legislators were still counted in the total number of term-limited legislators in 2018.
- ↑ The number of state legislative seats available for analysis varied, with as many as 7,795 and as few as 6,835.
- ↑ Lyndon Johnson's (D) first term began in November 1963 after the death of President John F. Kennedy (D), who was first elected in 1960. Before Johnson had his first midterm in 1966, he was re-elected president in 1964.
- ↑ Gerald Ford's (R) first term began in August 1974 following the resignation of President Richard Nixon (R), who was first elected in 1968 and was re-elected in 1972. Because Ford only served for two full months before facing the electorate, this election is classified as Nixon's second midterm.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 All About Redistricting, "Missouri," accessed April 16, 2024
- ↑ 270towin.com, "Missouri," accessed June 29, 2017
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' statewide election results by congressional and legislative districts," July 9, 2013
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2016 presidential results for congressional and legislative districts," February 6, 2017
