Ronald Deets
Ronald Deets (independent) ran for election to the U.S. Senate to represent Missouri. He did not appear on the ballot for the general election on November 8, 2022. He did not appear on the ballot for the Republican primary on August 2, 2022. He did not appear on the ballot for the Democratic primary on August 2, 2022.
Deets completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey in 2021. Click here to read the survey answers.
During his 2022 candidacy for U.S. Senate in Missouri, Deets originally registered to run as a Republican and later ran as a Democratic candidate.[1] In November 2021, he changed his affiliation again to run as an independent.[2]
Biography
Ronald Deets was born in St. Joseph, Missouri. He received a bachelor's degree in 2012 and a graduate's degree in 2014, both from Northwest Missouri State University. Deets' professional experience includes working in medical accounting.[3]
2022 battleground election
Eric Schmitt (R) defeated Trudy Busch Valentine (D), Paul Venable (Constitution Party), and Jonathan Dine (L) in the general election for one of Missouri's U.S. Senate seats on November 8, 2022. Sen. Roy Blunt (R), who first took office in 2011, did not seek re-election.[4]
Busch Valentine, the heiress of the Anheuser-Busch beer company, worked as a nurse.[5] Busch Valentine said she wanted to fight the opioid epidemic, improve access to quality healthcare, and advocate for women's rights.[6] She also criticized the state of politics in Missouri and called it divisive. "Our communities are strong, but our politics are broken. Too often neighbors and families just stop talking to each other, and the politicians in Washington continue to divide us even further," she said.[7] Based on pre-general election reports filed with the Federal Election Commission (FEC), Busch Valentine cumulatively raised $12.0 million and spent $11.7 million.
Schmitt was appointed attorney general of Missouri in January 2019. He was treasurer of Missouri from 2017 to 2019, and a member of the Missouri State Senate from 2008 to 2016. Schmitt ran on his record as attorney general and the lawsuits he filed against the federal government. Schmitt said, "[I have] taken a blow torch to Biden’s unconstitutional and unlawful policies to protect the America First Agenda." He also said that he was a "proven Conservative [who will] take the fight to the Senate and save our values, our culture, and our country."[8] Based on pre-general election reports filed with the FEC, Schmitt cumulatively raised $5.7 million and spent $5.5 million.
At the time of the election, three independent election forecasters rated the general election as Solid Republican or Safe Republican. Donald Trump (R) won the state in the 2020 presidential election by a 15.4% margin. At the time of the 2022 election, the last time a Democratic candidate won a statewide election in Missouri was in 2012, when U.S. Sen. Claire McCaskill and Gov. Jay Nixon (D) both won re-election. Missouri's other U.S. senator, Josh Hawley (R), won the 2018 election by a 5.8% margin.
The outcome of this race affected the partisan balance of the U.S. Senate in 2022. Democrats retained their majority and gained one net seat, with the Senate's post-election partisan balance at 51 Democrats and 49 Republicans.
Thirty-five of 100 seats were up for election, including one special election.[9] At the time of the election, Democrats had an effective majority, with the chamber split 50-50 and Vice President Kamala Harris (D) having the tie-breaking vote.[10] Of the seats up for election in 2022, Democrats held 14 and Republicans held 21.
Elections
2022
See also: United States Senate election in Missouri, 2022
General election
General election for U.S. Senate Missouri
The following candidates ran in the general election for U.S. Senate Missouri on November 8, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ |  | Eric Schmitt (R) | 55.4 | 1,146,966 |
 | Trudy Busch Valentine (D) | 42.2 | 872,694 | |
 | Jonathan Dine (L) | 1.7 | 34,821 | |
 | Paul Venable (Constitution Party) | 0.7 | 14,608 | |
| Nathan Mooney (Independent) (Write-in) | 0.0 | 14 | |
| Steve Price (Independent) (Write-in) | 0.0 | 9 | |
 | Rik Combs (Independent) (Write-in) | 0.0 | 6 | |
 | Gina Bufe (Independent) (Write-in) | 0.0 | 5 | |
 | Theodis Brown Sr. (Independent) (Write-in) | 0.0 | 4 | |
| David Kirk (Independent) (Write-in) | 0.0 | 3 | |
| Martin Lindstedt (Independent) (Write-in) | 0.0 | 0 | |
| Total votes: 2,069,130 | |||
 = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Nicholas Strauss (Independent)
- Ronald Deets (Independent)
- John Wood (Independent)
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. Senate Missouri
The following candidates ran in the Democratic primary for U.S. Senate Missouri on August 2, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Trudy Busch Valentine | 43.2 | 158,957 |
 | Lucas Kunce | 38.3 | 141,203 | |
 | Spencer Toder | 4.7 | 17,465 | |
 | Carla Wright | 3.9 | 14,438 | |
 | Gena Ross | 2.4 | 8,749 | |
 | Jewel Kelly, Jr. | 1.8 | 6,464 | |
 | Lewis Rolen | 1.4 | 5,247 | |
 | Pat Kelly | 1.4 | 5,002 | |
 | Ronald William Harris | 1.1 | 4,074 | |
 | Joshua Shipp | 0.9 | 3,334 | |
 | Clarence Taylor | 0.9 | 3,322 | |
| Total votes: 368,255 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Timothy Shepard (D)
- Scott Sifton (D)
- Ronald Deets (D)
- MD Rabbi Alam (D)
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. Senate Missouri
The following candidates ran in the Republican primary for U.S. Senate Missouri on August 2, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Eric Schmitt | 45.6 | 299,282 |
 | Vicky Hartzler | 22.1 | 144,903 | |
 | Eric Greitens | 18.9 | 124,155 | |
 | Billy Long | 5.0 | 32,603 | |
 | Mark McCloskey | 3.0 | 19,540 | |
 | Dave Schatz | 1.1 | 7,509 | |
| Patrick Lewis | 0.9 | 6,085 | |
 | Curtis D. Vaughn | 0.5 | 3,451 | |
| Eric McElroy | 0.4 | 2,805 | |
| Robert Allen | 0.3 | 2,111 | |
 | C.W. Gardner | 0.3 | 2,044 | |
| Dave Sims | 0.3 | 1,949 | |
 | Bernie Mowinski | 0.2 | 1,602 | |
| Deshon Porter | 0.2 | 1,574 | |
 | Darrell Leon McClanahan III | 0.2 | 1,139 | |
| Rickey Joiner | 0.2 | 1,084 | |
| Robert Olson | 0.2 | 1,081 | |
| Dennis Lee Chilton | 0.1 | 755 | |
 | Russel Pealer Breyfogle Jr | 0.1 | 685 | |
| Kevin Schepers | 0.1 | 681 | |
| Hartford Tunnell | 0.1 | 637 | |
| Total votes: 655,675 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- John Brinkmann (R)
- Dan McQueen (R)
- Ronald Deets (R)
- Rik Combs (R)
Constitution primary election
Constitution primary for U.S. Senate Missouri
Paul Venable advanced from the Constitution primary for U.S. Senate Missouri on August 2, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Paul Venable | 100.0 | 792 |
| Total votes: 792 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Libertarian primary election
Libertarian primary for U.S. Senate Missouri
Jonathan Dine advanced from the Libertarian primary for U.S. Senate Missouri on August 2, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
| ✔ | | Jonathan Dine | 100.0 | 2,973 |
| Total votes: 2,973 | |||
| = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey. | ||||
| If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. | ||||
Polls
- See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
Polls are conducted with a variety of methodologies and have margins of error or credibility intervals.[11] The Pew Research Center wrote, "A margin of error of plus or minus 3 percentage points at the 95% confidence level means that if we fielded the same survey 100 times, we would expect the result to be within 3 percentage points of the true population value 95 of those times."[12] For tips on reading polls from FiveThirtyEight, click here. For tips from Pew, click here.
Below we provide results for polls that are included in polling aggregation from FiveThirtyEight and RealClearPolitics, when available. Click here to read about FiveThirtyEight's criteria for including polls in its aggregation. We only report polls for which we can find a margin of error or credibility interval.
| United States Senate election in Missouri, 2022: General election polls | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poll | Date |  Busch Valentine
|
 Schmitt
|
Undecided/Other | Margin of error | Sample size[13] | Sponsor[14] |
| Trafalgar Group | October 30-November 1, 2022 | 42% | 53% | 4%[15] | ± 2.9 | 1,079 LV | N/A |
| Emerson College | October 26-28, 2022 | 39% | 51% | 6% | ± 3.0 | 1,000 LV | The Hill |
| Remington Research Group | October 24-25, 2022 | 42% | 51% | 7%[16] | ± 3.0 | 1,011 LV | Missouri Scout |
| Emerson College | September 23-27, 2022 | 38% | 49% | 13%[17] | ± 2.8 | 1,160 LV | N/A |
| Survey USA | September 14-18, 2022 | 36% | 47% | 18%[18] | ± 4.4 | 670 LV | Gray Television Missouri |
| Click [show] to see older poll results | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poll | Date | Busch Valentine
|
Schmitt
|
Undecided/Other | Margin of error | Sample size[13] | Sponsor[14] |
| Remington Research Group | August 24-25, 2022 | 40% | 51% | 9%[19] | ± 3.0 | 1,011 LV | Missouri Scout |
| Saint Louis University / YouGov | August 8-16, 2022 | 38% | 49% | 13%[20] | ± 3.8 | 900 LV | N/A |
Campaign finance
This section contains campaign finance figures from the Federal Election Commission covering all candidate fundraising and spending in this election.[21] It does not include information on fundraising before the current campaign cycle or on spending by satellite groups. The numbers in this section are updated as candidates file new campaign finance reports. Candidates for Congress are required to file financial reports on a quarterly basis, as well as two weeks before any primary, runoff, or general election in which they will be on the ballot and upon the termination of any campaign committees.[22] Click here to view the reporting schedule for candidates for U.S. Congress in 2022.
| U.S. Congress campaign reporting schedule, 2022 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Report | Close of books | Filing deadline |
| Year-end 2021 | 12/31/2021 | 1/31/2022 |
| April quarterly | 3/31/2022 | 4/15/2022 |
| July quarterly | 6/30/2022 | 7/15/2022 |
| October quarterly | 9/30/2022 | 10/15/2022 |
| Pre-general | 10/19/2022 | 10/27/2022 |
| Post-general | 11/28/2022 | 12/08/2022 |
| Year-end 2022 | 12/31/2022 | 1/31/2023 |
| Name | Party | Receipts* | Disbursements** | Cash on hand | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trudy Busch Valentine | Democratic Party | $18,322,282 | $18,028,200 | $294,082 | As of December 31, 2022 |
| Ronald William Harris | Democratic Party | $7,975 | $7,929 | $46 | As of December 31, 2022 |
| Jewel Kelly, Jr. | Democratic Party | $13,872 | $13,872 | $0 | As of December 31, 2022 |
| Pat Kelly | Democratic Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Lucas Kunce | Democratic Party | $5,735,055 | $5,727,773 | $7,282 | As of December 31, 2022 |
| Lewis Rolen | Democratic Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Gena Ross | Democratic Party | $6,148 | $6,148 | $0 | As of September 30, 2022 |
| Joshua Shipp | Democratic Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Clarence Taylor | Democratic Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Spencer Toder | Democratic Party | $1,295,878 | $1,287,477 | $0 | As of December 31, 2022 |
| Carla Wright | Democratic Party | $10,239 | $10,239 | $0 | As of December 2, 2022 |
| Robert Allen | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| C.W. Gardner | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Eric Greitens | Republican Party | $2,310,820 | $2,298,041 | $12,779 | As of December 31, 2022 |
| Vicky Hartzler | Republican Party | $3,813,033 | $4,456,982 | $1,483 | As of December 31, 2022 |
| Rickey Joiner | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Dennis Lee Chilton | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Patrick Lewis | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Billy Long | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Darrell Leon McClanahan III | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Mark McCloskey | Republican Party | $1,105,914 | $1,105,914 | $0 | As of December 31, 2022 |
| Eric McElroy | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Bernie Mowinski | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Robert Olson | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Russel Pealer Breyfogle Jr | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Deshon Porter | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Dave Schatz | Republican Party | $2,311,160 | $2,311,160 | $0 | As of December 31, 2022 |
| Kevin Schepers | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Eric Schmitt | Republican Party | $6,536,881 | $6,436,644 | $103,127 | As of December 31, 2022 |
| Dave Sims | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $250 | As of January 31, 2022 |
| Hartford Tunnell | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Curtis D. Vaughn | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Paul Venable | Constitution Party | $1,590 | $7,791 | $-6,201 | As of October 19, 2022 |
| Jonathan Dine | Libertarian Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Theodis Brown Sr. | Independent | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Gina Bufe | Independent | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Rik Combs | Independent | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| David Kirk | Independent | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Martin Lindstedt | Independent | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Nathan Mooney | Independent | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
| Steve Price | Independent | $19,564 | $12,824 | $6,740 | As of September 30, 2022 |
|
Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2022. This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
* According to the FEC, "Receipts are anything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee." |
|||||
Satellite spending
- See also: Satellite spending
Satellite spending describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[23][24]
If available, satellite spending reports by the Federal Election Commission (FEC) and OpenSecrets.org are linked below. FEC links include totals from monthly, quarterly, and semi-annual reports. OpenSecrets.org compiles data from those reports as well as 24- and 48-hour reports from the FEC.[25]
Details about satellite spending of significant amounts and/or reported by media are included below those links. The amounts listed may not represent the total satellite spending in the election. To notify us of additional satellite spending, email us.
Endorsements
Click the links below to see endorsement lists published on candidate campaign websites, if available. If you are aware of a website that should be included, please email us.
This section lists noteworthy endorsements issued in this election, including those made by high-profile individuals and organizations, cross-party endorsements, and endorsements made by newspaper editorial boards. Please note that this list is not exhaustive. If you are aware of endorsements that should be included, please email us.
| Noteworthy endorsements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Endorser | Trudy Busch Valentine | Eric Schmitt
|
| Government officials | ||
| U.S. Sen. Roy Blunt (R) source | ✔ | |
| U.S. Sen. Josh Hawley (R) source | ✔ | |
| Individuals | ||
| Frmr. U.S. Sen. John Ashcroft source | ✔ | |
| Frmr. U.S. Sen. Kit Bond source | ✔ | |
| Frmr. U.S. Sen. Jean Carnahan source | ✔ | |
| Frmr. U.S. Sen. Jim Talent source | ✔ | |
| Frmr. President Donald Trump source | ✔ | |
| Newspapers and editorials | ||
| Kansas City Star source | ✔ | |
| St. Louis American source | ✔ | |
| Organizations | ||
| Missouri State Council of Fire Fighters source | ✔ | |
| National Education Association source | ✔ | |
Campaign themes
2022
Ballotpedia survey responses
See also: Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection
Ronald Deets completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey in 2021. The survey questions appear in bold and are followed by Deets' responses. Candidates are asked three required questions for this survey, but they may answer additional optional questions as well.
| Collapse all
I am a Lincoln Liberal Republican looking to restore the Republican Party and the nation to Lincoln Principles. I believe in UBI, Universal Healthcare, Universal Voting Rights, green energy, green housing for all, and strengthening both the USPS and IRS.
- Guaranteed Minimum Wage
- Green Housing For All
- Universal Voting Rights
UBI
Mental Health
Universal Healthcare
Disinformation Management
Universal voting rights
Green Energy/Housing
CRT and the implications of it - including reparations
Preparing America and the world for the 21st century and beyond
No man should have two cows until every man has a cow.
Transparency, accountability, life experience, empathy, and data based.
I have survived poverty, childhood abuse and trauma, homelessness, and domestic violence all while earning an education with multiple undiagnosed mental disabilities.
I was diagnosed at 34 with Autism Spectrum Disorder, PTSD, and CPTSD.
I understand struggle. I understand hardship.
I want to do all I can to prevent others from going through pain that I have lived through.
And the most efficient means of doing that is sponsoring original legislation in the Senate and whipping the votes to get it passed.
To make the lives of your constituents as good as they can be.
We need to be ever improving the minimum quality of life of Americans - and beyond.
I want to be remembered as someone who stepped up despite their limitations for their Country when their Country needed them.
I have survived poverty, childhood abuse and trauma, homelessness, and domestic violence all while earning an education with multiple undiagnosed mental disabilities.
I was diagnosed at 34 with Autism Spectrum Disorder, PTSD, and CPTSD.
I understand struggle. I understand hardship.
I want to do all I can to prevent others from going through pain that I have lived through.
And the most efficient means of doing that is sponsoring original legislation in the Senate and whipping the votes to get it passed.
In this order:
Climate change
Disinformation management
Putin
The U.S. Senate is the chamber of Great Debate designed to be the last safeguard of legislation before going on to the President.
It's been too long since the Senate actually debated.
The filibuster must be revised, talking must be mandatory, and the responsibility should be on the minority to hold the filibuster, rather than the majority to break it.
I think it's actually detrimental at this point to have previous experience in government or politics.
The 21st century has problems unique to the 21st century and much of the government is still holding a 20th century mindset.
We need new ideas and perspectives.
Make. Them. Talk.
And make them *hold*.
Use Al Franken's idea of making it so that they have to 40-45 votes to *maintain* the filibuster rather than 60 to end it.
Experience with the duties of the position, ideology, and public opinion.
Intelligence
Energy and Natural Resources
Appropriations
Armed Services
Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
Budget
Veterans' Affairs
Finance
I'm not sure if there has been a Senator in the past or present that has dealt with the unique situations 2021 has to offer - from pandemic relief and pre-pandemic preparation for the next one, to disinformation management, to sitting seditionists in the House and Senate.
We need someone new who sees the big picture.
Past rulings, written briefs, public opinion, and endorsements (or lack thereof).
If I elected, I am on the People's time. I'm going to be working with my colleagues no matter the letter behind their name to make the Senate a functioning body once more.
Depends on the compromise.
When both Parties are acting in good faith? Yes.
When one Party is actively obstructing for the sake of obstruction? No.
Note: Ballotpedia reserves the right to edit Candidate Connection survey responses. Any edits made by Ballotpedia will be clearly marked with [brackets] for the public. If the candidate disagrees with an edit, he or she may request the full removal of the survey response from Ballotpedia.org. Ballotpedia does not edit or correct typographical errors unless the candidate's campaign requests it.
See also
2022 Elections
External links
|
Candidate U.S. Senate Missouri |
Personal |
Footnotes
- ↑ Email communication with Ronald Deets on September 20, 2021
- ↑ Email communication with Ronald Deets on November 30, 2021
- ↑ Information submitted to Ballotpedia through the Candidate Connection survey on July 1, 2021
- ↑ Politico, "GOP Sen. Roy Blunt will not run for reelection," March 8, 2021
- ↑ Trudy Busch Valentine's 2022 campaign website, "About," accessed August 16, 2022
- ↑ Missouri Independent, "Beer heiress Trudy Busch Valentine captures Missouri Democratic nomination for U.S. Senate," August 2, 2022
- ↑ Trudy Busch Valentine's 2022 campaign website, "Trudy Busch Valentine Announces Campaign for U.S. Senate," March 28, 2022
- ↑ Eric Schmitt's 2022 campaign website, "Issues," accessed August 16, 2022
- ↑ The special Senate election in California was for the same seat up for regular election. There were, then, 36 total Senate elections for 35 total seats.
- ↑ Two independents who caucus with Democrats are included with Democrats in the 50-50 split count.
- ↑ For more information on the difference between margins of error and credibility intervals, see explanations from the American Association for Public Opinion Research and Ipsos.
- ↑ Pew Research Center, "5 key things to know about the margin of error in election polls," September 8, 2016
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 RV=Registered Voters
LV=Likely Voters - ↑ 14.0 14.1 The sponsor is the person or group that funded all or part of the poll.
- ↑ Includes responses for "Undecided" (2%) and "Jonathan Dine" (2%).
- ↑ Includes responses for "Undecided" (4%), "Jonathan Dine" (2%), and "Paul Venable" (1%).
- ↑ Includes responses for "Undecided" (10%) and "Someone Else" (3%).
- ↑ Includes responses for "Undecided" (14%) and "Another Candidate" (4%).
- ↑ Includes responses for "Not sure" (7%), "Jonathan Dine" (1%), and "Paul Venable" (1%).
- ↑ Includes responses for "Not sure" (8%) and "Other" (5%).
- ↑ Fundraising by primary candidates can be found on the race's respective primary election page. Fundraising by general election candidates can be found on the race's general election page.
- ↑ Federal Election Commission, "2022 Quarterly Reports," accessed March 2, 2022
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ Amee LaTour, Email correspondence with the Center for Responsive Politics, August 5, 2022
