Stephen Breyer
2022 - Present
2
Stephen Breyer is a federal judge on senior status with the Supreme Court of the United States. On January 27, 2022, President Joe Biden (D) and Breyer officially announced Breyer would retire at the start of the court's summer recess.[1][2] NBC News had previously reported the retirement on January 26.[3] On June 29, 2022, Breyer announced that his retirement will be effective at noon on June 30, 2022.[4] Justice Breyer assumed senior status on June 30, 2022.[5] Click here to read more.
Breyer was nominated by President Bill Clinton (D) to fill the seat left vacant by Harry Blackmun. He was confirmed by 87-9 vote and was sworn in on August 3, 1994.[6]
Breyer graduated from Stanford University in 1959 and then enrolled in Magdelen College at Oxford University as a Marshall Scholar, where he graduated with honors in 1961. He went on to study at Harvard Law School, where he worked as an editor at the Harvard Law Review before graduating in 1964. Breyer began his legal career clerking for Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg. He held several government attorney roles, including assistant special prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force and the chief counsel of the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee.[7]
In 1980, President Jimmy Carter (D) nominated Breyer to sit on the United States Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit. He served on the court from 1980 to 1994 and was chief judge in his final four years there.
Breyer’s notable opinions include the majority opinion in the recess appointment case NLRB v. Noel Canning and his dissenting opinion in the copyright law case Eldred v. Ashcroft.
Professional career
- 1994-present: Supreme Court of the United States
- 2022-present: Senior judge
- 1994-2022: Associate justice
- 1980-1994: Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit
- 1990-1994: Chief judge
- 1985-1989: Commissioner, United States Sentencing Commission
- 1979-1980: Chief counsel, Senate Judiciary Committee
- 1977-1980: Professor, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
- 1975: Visiting lecturer, College of Law, Sydney, Australia
- 1974-1975: Special counsel, Administrative Practices Subcommittee, Senate Judiciary Committee
- 1973: Assistant special prosecutor, Watergate Special Prosecution Force
- 1967-1994: Faculty, Harvard Law School
- 1981-1994: Lecturer
- 1967-1980: Professor
- 1965-1967: Special assistant to the assistant attorney general, Antitrust Division, United States Department of Justice
- 1964-1965: Law clerk, Hon. Arthur Goldberg, Supreme Court of the United States[8]
Biography
Early life and education
Breyer was born in San Francisco, California. Breyer's father was legal counsel for the San Francisco Board of Education.
Breyer earned a B.A. in philosophy from Stanford University in 1959, a B.A. from Magdalen College at the University of Oxford as a Marshall Scholar in 1961, and an LL.B. from Harvard Law School in 1964. While at Harvard, Breyer was the article editor at the Harvard Law Review.[9]
Military service
Breyer served in the United States Army and attained the rank of corporal. He served actively for six months, from June to December of 1957. He was honorably discharged after eight years as an army reserve member.[10]
Approach to the law
In a review of his 2010 book, Making Our Democracy Work, a Judge's View, Breyer argued that:
“ | The job of the Supreme Court is to apply the Constitution's values to modern circumstances, using the tools of judging: precedent, text and an assessment of the purpose of the constitutional provision at issue.[11][12] | ” |
Breyer also believes in the Living Constitution. Nina Totenberg, NPR legal affairs correspondent, wrote of his views:
“ | Breyer argued that the founders did want a living Constitution; they wrote a Constitution they wanted to last for the ages. The founders knew "perfectly well that conditions would change. The values don't change. The circumstances do."[11][12] | ” |
Martin-Quinn score
Breyer's Martin-Quinn score following the 2021-2022 term was -2.05, making him the second-most liberal justice on the court at that time. Martin-Quinn scores were developed by political scientists Andrew Martin and Kevin Quinn from the University of Michigan, and measure the justices of the Supreme Court along an ideological continuum. The further from zero on the scale, the more conservative (>0) or liberal (<0) the justice.
The chart below details every justice's Martin-Quinn score for the 2021-2022 term.
Video discussion (2015)
Breyer spoke at Harvard University in November 2015. He discussed the collegiality of the court, his view of the Constitution, and how he handles political disagreement. The video of that event is embedded below.
Breyer spoke on Legally Speaking, a show produced by University of California Television. He discussed the role of the court and its impact on the country. The video of that event is embedded below.
Judicial career
Supreme Court of the United States (1994 - 2022)
Nominee Information |
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Name: Stephen Breyer |
Court: Supreme Court of the United States |
Progress |
Confirmed 83 days after nomination. |
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Questionnaire: |
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Hearing Transcript: Hearing Transcript |
QFRs: (Hover over QFRs to read more) |
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In 1993, President Bill Clinton (D) considered Breyer for the seat vacated by Byron White that ultimately went to Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Breyer was instead appointed following the retirement of Harry Blackmun in 1994. Clinton nominated Breyer to be an associate justice of the Supreme Court on May 17, 1994.[13]
The American Bar Association rated Breyer Unanimously Well Qualified to become an associate justice for the Supreme Court. Breyer found little resistance during his confirmation hearings. Two Republican senators expressed concerns, Richard Lugar (R-Ind.) and Robert C. Smith (R-N.H.) Lugar worried that investments with Lloyd's of London would cause possible conflicts of interest, while Smith found that Breyer stressed separation of church and state and could not "in good conscience, vote to confirm a nominee whose personal background, judicial record and testimony indicates he will move the Supreme Court away from ... conservative decisions."[14][15]
Breyer was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on July 29, 1994, by a vote 87-9. He took his seat on August 3, 1994.[16]
First Circuit Court of Appeals (1980-1994)
From 1980 to 1994, Breyer served as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit. Breyer served as the court's chief judge from 1990 to 1994. He was nominated to the court of appeals by President Jimmy Carter (D) on November 13, 1980. In the last days of the Carter administration, on December 9, 1980, the U.S. Senate confirmed Breyer by an 80-10 vote. He served as a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States between 1990 and 1994 and the United States Sentencing Commission between 1985 and 1989.[17][18]
Supreme Court statistics
Opinions by year
Below is a table of the number of opinions, concurrences, and dissents that Breyer has issued since joining the Supreme Court, according to the data at Cornell University’s Legal Information Institute and from the annual Stat Pack produced by the website SCOTUSBlog. This information is updated annually at the end of each term.[19][20][21]
Opinions written by year, Stephen Breyer | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
Opinions | 6 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 6 |
Concurrences | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Dissents | 8 | 6 | 10 | 10 | 6 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 8 |
Totals | 20 | 19 | 21 | 27 | 21 | 23 | 18 | 14 | 16 | 12 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 14 | 14 | 15 |
Opinions written by year, Stephen Breyer | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | |||
Opinions | 9 | 10 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 10 | ||
Concurrences | 3 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 5 | 9 | ||
Dissents | 7 | 3 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 5 | ||
Concur in part, Dissent in part | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | ||
Totals | 20 | 22 | 29 | 27 | 20 | 29 | 23 | 25 | 19 | 21 | 24 |
Justice agreement
In the 2021 term, Breyer had the highest agreement rate with Elena Kagan. He had the highest disagreement rate with Clarence Thomas.[22] In the 2020 term, Breyer had the highest agreement rate with Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan. He had the highest disagreement rate with Samuel Alito.[23]
The table below highlights Breyer's agreement rate with each justice on the court during that term.[24][25]
Stephen Breyer agreement rates by term, 2017 - 2021 | ||||||||||
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Justice | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |||||
John Roberts | 70% | 69% | 74% | 73% | 62% | |||||
Anthony Kennedy | 66% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |||||
Clarence Thomas | 55% | 51% | 52% | 63% | 48% | |||||
Ruth Bader Ginsburg | 89% | 82% | 93% | N/A | N/A | |||||
Samuel Alito | 54% | 64% | 54% | 59% | 51% | |||||
Sonia Sotomayor | 90% | 85% | 85% | 93% | 86% | |||||
Elena Kagan | 93% | 86% | 90% | 93% | 89% | |||||
Neil Gorsuch | 61% | 54% | 66% | 66% | 54% | |||||
Brett Kavanaugh | N/A | 70% | 70% | 73% | 62% | |||||
Amy Coney Barrett | N/A | N/A | N/A | 64% | 56% |
Frequency in majority
In the 2021 term, Breyer was in the majority in 68 percent of decisions. He was in the majority more often than one other justice and less often than seven other justices.Cite error: Closing </ref>
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Since the 2011 term, Breyer has been in the majority more than 80 percent of the time five times. Across those 10 terms, he has been in the majority for 81 percent of all cases.
Noteworthy cases
The noteworthy cases listed in this section include any case where the justice authored a 5-4 majority opinion or an 8-1 dissent. Other cases may be included in this section if they set or overturn an established legal precedent, are a major point of discussion in an election campaign, receive substantial media attention related to the justice's ruling, or based on our editorial judgment that the case is noteworthy. For more on how we decide which cases are noteworthy, click here.
Since he joined the court through the 2021 term, Breyer authored the majority opinion in a 5-4 decision 35 times and authored a dissent in an 8-1 decision eight times. The table below details these cases by year.[26]
Stephen Breyer noteworthy cases | ||||
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Year | 5-4 majority opinion | 8-1 dissenting opinion | ||
Total | 35 | 8 | ||
2021 | 1 | 1 | ||
2020 | 0 | 0 | ||
2019 | 1 | 1 | ||
2018 | 1 | 0 | ||
2017 | 1 | 0 | ||
2016 | 1 | 0 | ||
2015 | 0 | 0 | ||
2014 | 3 | 0 | ||
2013 | 0 | 0 | ||
2012 | 1 | 0 | ||
2011 | 3 | 1 | ||
2010 | 1 | 1 | ||
2009 | 1 | 0 | ||
2008 | 0 | 0 | ||
2007 | 2 | 1 | ||
2006 | 2 | 0 | ||
2005 | 0 | 0 | ||
2004 | 1 | 0 | ||
2003 | 1 | 1 | ||
2002 | 1 | 1 | ||
2001 | 2 | 0 | ||
2000 | 2 | 1 | ||
1999 | 3 | 0 | ||
1998 | 2 | 0 | ||
1997 | 3 | 0 | ||
1996 | 1 | 0 | ||
1995 | 1 | 0 | ||
1994 | 0 | 0 |
Supreme Court opinions and orders
States may not invoke sovereign immunity to block USERRA lawsuits (2022)
Breyer authored a 5-4 majority opinion in Torres v. Texas Department of Public Safety, holding that "by ratifying the Constitution, the States agreed their sovereignty would yield to the national power to raise and support the Armed Forces. Congress may exercise this power to authorize private damages suits against nonconsenting States, as in USERRA."[27] Breyer was joined in the majority by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan, and Brett Kavanaugh.
In the majority opinion, Breyer wrote:[27]
“ | The Constitution vests in Congress the power “[t]o raise and support Armies” and “[t]o provide and maintain a Navy.” Art. I, §8, cls. 1, 12–13. Pursuant to that authority, Congress enacted a federal law that gives returning veterans the right to reclaim their prior jobs with state employers and authorizes suit if those employers refuse to accommodate them. See Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA), 38 U. S. C. §4301 et seq. This case asks whether States may invoke sovereign immunity as a legal defense to block such suits.
|
” |
—Justice Stephen Breyer |
No right to abortion under the U.S. Constitution (2022)
Breyer was part of the three-justice dissent in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization. Breyer and Associate Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan jointly authored the dissenting opinion. The majority opinion, authored by Associate Justice Samuel Alito, held that the U.S. Constitution did not provide a right to abortion. Alito was joined in the majority by Associate Justices Clarence Thomas, Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett. Chief Justice John Roberts joined with the majority to uphold Mississippi's abortion law but not to overturn Roe and Casey. Alito wrote:
“ | We hold that Roe and Casey must be overruled. The Constitution makes no reference to abortion, and no such right is implicitly protected by any constitutional provision, including the one on which the defenders of Roe and Casey now chiefly rely—the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment. That provision has been held to guarantee some rights that are not mentioned in the Constitution, but any such right must be “deeply rooted in this Nation’s history and tradition” and “implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.” Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U. S. 702, 721 (1997) (internal quotation marks omitted). |
” |
—Justice Alito |
In their dissent, the justices wrote:
“ | Whatever the exact scope of the coming laws, one result of today’s decision is certain: the curtailment of women’s rights, and of their status as free and equal citizens. ... The Constitution will, today’s majority holds, provide no shield, despite its guarantees of liberty and equality for all. ... |
” |
—Justices Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan |
Does v. Mills (2021)
Does v. Mills: On October 19, 2021, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer declined to suspend Maine’s COVID-19 vaccine mandate for healthcare workers. The plaintiffs argued that the mandate violated their right, under the First Amendment, to the free exercise of religion because it did not provide for a religious exemption. Chief Judge Jon Levy, of the U.S. District Court for the District of Maine, denied the plaintiffs' earlier request for a temporary restraining order and later refused to grant a preliminary injunction against the mandate. Levy, a Barack Obama (D) appointee, concluded that the plaintiffs had not been “prevented from staying true to their professed religious beliefs,” because they were still able to refuse vaccination, albeit at the risk of being terminated from their jobs. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit declined to intervene, prompting the plaintiffs to petition Breyer, the justice assigned to field emergency requests from Maine, to suspend the mandate pending appeal. Later on October 19, the First Circuit affirmed Levy’s decision, finding that "Maine's interest in safeguarding its residents is paramount." The plaintiffs then filed another emergency application with Breyer, seeking an injunction pending a decision by the full Court as to whether to take up the appeal.[28][29][30][31][32]
Louisiana abortion law struck down (2019)
- See also: June Medical Services LLC v. Russo
Breyer authored a 5-4 majority opinion in June Medical Services LLC v. Russo, holding Louisiana Act 620 was unconstitutional. Breyer was joined in the majority by Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan.[33]
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Previous noteworthy opinions
See also
- Resignation of Stephen Breyer from the U.S. Supreme Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Supreme Court cases, October term 2021-2022
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ United States Supreme Court, "Letter to President," January 27, 2022
- ↑ YouTube, "President Biden Delivers Remarks on the Retirement of Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer," January 27, 2022
- ↑ NBC News, "Justice Stephen Breyer to retire from Supreme Court, paving way for Biden appointment," January 26, 2022
- ↑ The Hill, "Justice Breyer set to retire from Supreme Court on Thursday," accessed June 29, 2022
- ↑ Federal Judicial Center, "Breyer, Stephen Gerald," accessed June 30, 2022
- ↑ Ken I. Kersch, "Justice Breyer's Mandarin Liberty," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ Oyez, "Stephen G. Breyer," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Current justice biographies," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ Oyez.org, "Chicago-Kent College of Law, Stephen G. Breyer biography," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ U.S. Government Publishing Office, "Senate Judiciary Committee Initial Questionnaire (Supreme Court)," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 NPR.org, "History through a Supreme Court justice's lens," September 13, 2010
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ New York Times, "Clinton names Ruth Ginsburg, advocate for women, to court," June 15, 1993
- ↑ American Bar Association, "Supreme Court Nominations," accessed July 8, 2014
- ↑ Los Angeles Times, "Senate backs Breyer confirmation, 87-9 : Judiciary: Vote ensures that he can join the Supreme Court for start of its fall term in October. He is expected to take the oath of office next week.," July 30, 1994
- ↑ Ken I. Kersch, "Justice Breyer's Mandarin Liberty," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ Oyez, "Stephen G. Breyer," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ GovTrack, "Senate Vote #1021 in 1980 (96th Congress)," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ Cornell University, "Writings by Justice Breyer," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ SCOTUSBlog, "Final Stat Pack for October Term 2016 and key takeaways," accessed April 16, 2018
- ↑ SCOTUSBlog, "Final Stat Pack for October Term 2017 and key takeaways," accessed October 4, 2018
- ↑ SCOTUSblog, "STAT PACK for the Supreme Court's 2021-22 term," July 1, 2022
- ↑ SCOTUSblog, "2020-21 Stat pack: Justice Agreement," July 2, 2021
- ↑ Due to a change in the 2020 stat pack format, the agreement rate uses the rate of agreement in judgment.
- ↑ Due to a change in the 2021 stat pack format, the agreement rate uses the rate of agreement in judgment.
- ↑ The Supreme Court Database, "Analysis," accessed June 11, 2019
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 U.S. Supreme Court, Torres v. Texas Department of Public Safety, decided June 29, 2022
- ↑ United States District Court for the District of Maine, "Does v. Mills: Verified Complaint for Temporary Restraining Order, Preliminary and Permanent Injunctive Relief, Declaratory Relief, and Damages," August 25, 2021
- ↑ United States District Court for the District of Maine, "Does v. Mills: Opinion," August 26, 2021
- ↑ United States District Court for the District of Maine, "Does v. Mills: Order on Plaintiffs' Motion for Preliminary Injunction," October 13, 2021
- ↑ United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, "Does v. Mills: Opinion," October 19, 2021
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Does v. Mills: Emergency Application for Writ of Injunction Pending Disposition of Petition for Writ of Certiorari," accessed October 28, 2021
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Supreme Court of the United States, June Medical Services v. Russo, decided June 29, 2020
- ↑ SCOTUSblog, "Washington State Department of Licensing v. Cougar Den Inc.," accessed March 19, 2019
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al., June 26, 2014
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Illinois v. Lidster," January 13, 2004
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Eldred v. Ashcroft," January 15, 2003
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, Stenberg v. Carhart, June 28, 2000
Political offices | ||
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Preceded by Harry Blackmun |
Supreme Court of the United States 1994-2022 |
Succeeded by Ketanji Brown Jackson |
Preceded by - |
United States Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit 1980-1994 |
Succeeded by Sandra Lea Lynch |
| |||
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Active judges |
Chief Judge: David Barron • Gustavo Gelpí • William Kayatta • Lara Montecalvo • Julie Rikelman • Seth Aframe | ||
Senior judges |
Bruce Marshall Selya • Levin Hicks Campbell • Jeffrey R. Howard • Kermit Lipez • Sandra Lea Lynch • O. Rogeriee Thompson • | ||
Former judges | Stephen Breyer • David Souter • Norman Stahl • Michael Boudin • Juan Torruella • Hugh Bownes • Benjamin Bourne • John A. Lowell • Jeremiah Smith • John Lowell (federal judge, 1865-1884) • George Foster Shepley • LeBaron Bradford Colt • William LeBaron Putnam • Francis Cabot Lowell • Frederic Dodge • James Madison Morton • William Schofield • George Weston Anderson • George Hutchins Bingham • Charles Fletcher Johnson • Scott Wilson (Maine) • John Christopher Mahoney • Calvert Magruder • Bailey Aldrich • John Patrick Hartigan • Frank Coffin • Edward McEntee • Peter Woodbury • | ||
Former Chief judges |
Stephen Breyer • Levin Hicks Campbell • Jeffrey R. Howard • Michael Boudin • Juan Torruella • Sandra Lea Lynch • Calvert Magruder • Bailey Aldrich • Frank Coffin • Peter Woodbury • |
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---|---|---|---|
1993 |
Adams • Ambrose • Barnes • Brinkema • Bucklew • Chasanow • Coffman • Daughtrey • Ferguson • Ginsburg • Hagen • Jackson • Lancaster • Leval • Lindsay • Messitte • Michael • Piersol • Saris • Schwartz • Seybert • Shanahan • Shaw • Stearns • Trager • Vazquez • Wilken • Wilson | ||
1994 |
Baer • Barkett • Batts • Beaty • Benavides • Bennett • Berrigan • Biery • Block • Borman • Breyer • Briones • Bryson • Bucklo • Burgess • Burrage • Cabranes • Calabresi • Carr • Casellas • Castillo • Chatigny • Chin • Cindrich • Coar • Collins • Cooper • Cote • Currie • Davis • Dominguez • Downes • Duval • Friedman • Furgeson • Garcia • Gertner • Gettleman • Gillmor • Gilmore • Gleeson • Haggerty • Hamilton • Hannah • Hawkins • Henry • Holmes • Hood • Hull • Hurley • Jack • Jones • Jones • Kaplan • Katz • Kern • Kessler • Koeltl • Lisi • Manning • McKee • McLaughlin • Melancon • Miles-LaGrange • Moore • Motz • Murphy • O'Malley • O'Meara • Oliver • Paez • B. Parker • F. Parker • R. Parker • Perry • Ponsor • Pooler • Porteous • Rendell • Riley • Robertson • Rogers • Ross • Russell • Sands • Sarokin • Scheindlin • Silver • Squatrito • Stewart • Sullivan • Tatel • Thompson • Timlin • Urbina • Vanaskie • Vance • Walls • Wells • Williams | ||
1995 |
Arterton • Atlas • Black • Blake • Briscoe • Tena Campbell • Todd Campbell • Chesney • Cole • Collier • Daniel • Davis • Dennis • Dlott • Donald • Duffy • Economus • Evans • Fallon • Folsom • Gaughan • Goodwin • Heartfield • Hunt • Illston • Jones • King • Kornmann • Lawson • Lenard • Lucero • Lynch • McKinley • Moody • Moore • Moskowitz • Murphy • Murtha • Nugent • O'Toole • Orlofsky • Pogue • Sessions • C. Smith • O. Smith • Stein • Thornburg • Tunheim • Wallach • Wardlaw • Webber • Whaley • Winmill • Wood | ||
1996 |
Broadwater • Clevert • Fenner • Gershon • Gottschall • Greenaway • Hinkle • Jones • Kahn • Laughrey • Lemmon • Marten • Miller • Molloy • Montgomery • Pregerson • Rakoff • Sargus • Tashima • Thomas • Zapata | ||
1997 |
Adelman • Bataillon • Breyer • Caputo • Casey • Chambers • Clay • Damrell • Droney • Friedman • Gajarsa • Garland • Gilman • Gold • Gwin • Hall • Hayden • Hull • Ishii • Jenkins • Kauffman • Kennedy • Kimball • Kollar-Kotelly • Lazzara • Marbley • Marcus • Middlebrooks • Miller • Moon • Pratt • Rendell • Sippel • Siragusa • Snyder • Thrash | ||
1998 |
Aiken • Barbier • Barzilay • Berman • Buttram • Carter • Collins • Dawson • Dimitrouleas • Fletcher • Fogel • Frank • Graber • Hellerstein • Herndon • James • Johnson • Kane • Kelly • G. King • R. King • Lasnik • Lee • Lemelle • Lindsay • Lipez • Manella • Matz • McCuskey • McKeown • McMahon • Mickle • Mollway • Mordue • Moreno • Morrow • Munley • Murphy • Pallmeyer • Pauley • Polster • Pooler • Rawlinson • Ridgway • R. Roberts • V. Roberts • Sack • Scott • Seitz • Seymour • Shea • Silverman • Sleet • Sotomayor • Steeh • Story • Straub • Tagle • Tarnow • Trauger • Traxler • Tyson • Wardlaw • Whelan • Young | ||
1999 |
Alsup • Barry • Brown • Buchwald • Cooper • Eaton • Ellison • Feess • Fisher • Gould • Guzman • Haynes • Hibbler • Hochberg • Hurd • Huvelle • Jordan • Katzmann • Kennelly • Linn • Lorenz • Lynn • Marrero • Murguia • Pannell • Pechman • Pepper • Phillips • Schreier • Stewart • Underhill • Ward • Williams • Wilson | ||
2000 |
Ambro • Antoon • Battani • Berzon • Bolton • Brady • Bye • Cavanaugh • Daniels • Darrah • Dawson • Dyk • Fuentes • Garaufis • Garcia-Gregory • Hamilton • Huck • Hunt • Lawson • Lefkow • Lynch • Martin • McLaughlin • Moody • Murguia • Paez • Pisano • Presnell • Rawlinson • Reagan • Schiller • Singal • Steele • Surrick • Swain • Tallman • Teilborg • Tucker • Whittemore |
| |||
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1977 |
Ballantine • Bownes • Boyle • Bua • Carr • Clark • Cowan • Daly • Filippine • Higginbotham • Hoeveler • Hug • Johnstone • Kane • Keith • Leval • Logan • MacLaughlin • McKay • Melton • Merritt • Murphy • Nickerson • Oberdorfer • Roszkowski • Roy • Rubin • Sifton • Tang • Vance • Veron | ||
1978 |
Arnold • Baker • Boyle • Burns • Campos • Claiborne • Collins • Cook • Devine • Diamond • Duplantier • Edenfield • Friedman • Gonzalez • Greene • Jenkins • Lowe • Mazzone • McMillian • O'Brien • Pfaelzer • Phillips • Pollak • Sand • Shapiro • Simmons • Smith • Sweet • Tanner • Wiseman • Ziegler | ||
1979 |
Ackerman • Alarcon • Anderson • Arceneaux • Arnold • Aspen • Beatty • Beer • Belew • Bertelsman • Bilby • N. Black • S. Black • Bloch • Bowen • Brett • Brooks • Brown • Buchmeyer • Bunton • Burciaga • Cabranes • Carr • Carrigan • Castagna • Cire • Clark • Cohn • Conaboy • Cordova • Crabb • Cudahy • Davis • DeAnda • Debevoise • Edwards • Eginton • Ellison • Enslen • O. Evans • T. Evans • Farris • Ferguson • Fletcher • Frye • Garcia • Garza • B. Gibson • H. Gibson • Gierbolini-Ortiz • Giles • Gilliam • Green • Hall • Hastings • Hatchett • Hatfield • Hatter • Hawkins • Henderson • Higby • Hillman • Houck • Howard • Hudspeth • Hungate • F. Johnson • S. Johnson • N. Jones • S. Jones • Karlton • Kazen • Kearse • Keeton • Kehoe • Kennedy • Kidd • King • Kravitch • Loughlin • Martin • McCurn • McDonald • McNaught • McNichols • Mikva • Mitchell • Moran • Murnaghan • Murphy • D. Nelson • D.W. Nelson • Newblatt • Newman • Overton • Paine • Panner • J. Parker • R. Parker • Penn • Perez-Gimenez • Perry • Politz • Poole • Porter • Pregerson • Price • Rambo • Ramirez • Reavley • Redden • E. Reed • S. Reed • Reinhardt • Renner • Robinson • Rothstein • Sachs • Saffels • Sanders • Sarokin • Schroeder • Schwartz • Seay • Senter • Seymour • Shannon • Shaw • Shoob • Skopil • Sloviter • Sofaer • Spellman • Sprouse • Staker • Tate • Taylor • Thompson • Tidwell • Unthank • Vietor • Vining • Wald • Ward • Weinshienk • West • Wicker • Williams • Winder • Woods • Wright • Zobel | ||
1980 |
Aguilar • Aldrich • Anderson • Boochever • Breyer • Britt • Cahill • Canby • Carroll • Cerezo • Clemon • S. Ervin • R. Erwin • Getzendanner • Gilmore • Ginsburg • Haltom • Hardy • Henderson • Hobbs • Holschuh • Horton • Howard • Johnson • Keep • Kelly • Kenyon • Kocoras • Marquez • Marshall • Michael • Nixon • Norris • Patel • Polozola • Propst • Quackenbush • Ramsey • Rice • Shadur • Spiegel • Tashima • Thompson • Vela • White • Williams | ||
1981 |