Wisconsin Supreme Court elections, 2023
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Janet Protasiewicz defeated Daniel Kelly in the nonpartisan general election for Wisconsin Supreme Court on April 4, 2023. Protasiewicz's election meant the balance of the court would switch from a 4-3 conservative majority to a 4-3 liberal majority for the first time in 15 years.[1]
The election determined who would succeed retiring conservative Justice Patience Roggensack, whose term expired in July 2023. While supreme court elections are officially nonpartisan, justices and candidates are considered to be liberal or conservative. With Roggensack—a member of the court's conservative majority—retiring, the general election determined the ideological control of the court.[2][3][4][5][6]
Wisconsin media identified abortion, election administration, and legislative redistricting as legal issues the court could address following the election.[6][7][8][9][10][11] For media analysis and commentary on this election, click here.
At the time of the election, Protasiewicz, a former assistant district attorney, had served on the Milwaukee County Circuit Court since 2014.[12] After the primary, Protasiewicz said, "We're saving our democracy in the state of Wisconsin. … I'm talking about the ability to vote, to have a vote that counts about women's rights, reproductive freedoms, the fact that the 2024 presidential election results could likely come into our Supreme Court chamber, just everything people care about."[13]
Kelly previously served on the supreme court from 2016, when Gov. Scott Walker (R) appointed him to fill a vacancy, to 2020, when he lost re-election to Jill Karofsky 55.2% to 44.7%. As a result of that election, the supreme court went from a 5-2 conservative majority to a 4-3 conservative one. Ahead of the 2023 election, Kelly said, "If an activist were to win next April, Wisconsin's public policy would be imposed by four lawyers sitting in Madison instead of being adopted through our constitutional processes. I won't let that happen on my watch.[14]
At a March 21 debate, Protasiewicz criticized Kelly for accepting the endorsements of organizations that opposed abortion and said Kelly would support keeping in place an 1849 state law that prohibited abortion in most cases. She also accused Kelly of advising state Republican officials who planned on sending an alternate slate of electors to Washington D.C. after the 2020 election.[15][16]
Kelly criticized Protasiewicz for accepting contributions from the state Democratic Party and said those contributions might influence her actions as a member of the court. Kelly also criticized Protasiewicz for publicly stating her views on issues that could come before the court, including abortion and legislative redistricting.[15] To view recordings and summaries of the debate, click here.
The three liberal justices on the court—Rebecca Dallet, Ann Walsh Bradley, and Jill Karofsky—endorsed Protasieweicz.[17][18][19] EMILY's List, a political action committee dedicated to electing Democratic women who support abortion, also endorsed Protasiewicz.[20]
Conservative justices Roggensack, Rebecca Bradley, and Annette Ziegler endorsed Kelly. The groups Wisconsin Right to Life, Wisconsin Family Action, and Pro-Life Wisconsin also endorsed Kelly.[21][22]
The election set a new record for campaign spending in state judicial elections. According to WisPolitics, more than $44 million had been spent in the race as of March 30, three times the $15 million spent in the previous record holder, a 2004 Illinois Supreme Court race.[23]
Voters also decided a state constitutional amendment that would increase the discretion judges have to impose cash bail on people accused of violent crimes. According to NBC's Sam Edelman, the amendment could affect the turnout for the supreme court election.[24][24] Click here to learn more.
Protasiewicz and Kelly were the top two vote-getters among the four candidates who ran in the February 21 nonpartisan primary.. Protasiewicz received 46.5% of the primary vote, and Kelly received 24.2%. Waukesha County Circuit Judge Jennifer Dorow, a conservative candidate, and Dane County Circuit Judge Everett Mitchell, a liberal candidate, received 21.9% and 7.5%, respectively. Together, Protasiewicz and Mitchell received 53.9% of the vote to Kelly and Dorow's combined 46.1%.
As of 2023, Wisconsin had a divided government. The governor was Democrat Tony Evers, while the Republican Party controlled both chambers of the state legislature.
Wisconsin was one of two states that held elections for state supreme court in 2023. To view Ballotpedia's study of the partisan affiliation of state supreme court justices, click here. For an overview of state supreme court elections in 2023, click here.
For coverage of the February 21, 2023 primary, click here.
Election news
Wisconsin Supreme Court election with Staff Writer Doug Kronaizl. Subscribe here. |
This section includes a timeline of events leading up to the election.
Candidates and election results
General election
General election for Wisconsin Supreme Court
Janet Claire Protasiewicz defeated Daniel Kelly in the general election for Wisconsin Supreme Court on April 4, 2023.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Janet Claire Protasiewicz (Nonpartisan) | 55.4 | 1,021,822 |
![]() | Daniel Kelly (Nonpartisan) | 44.4 | 818,391 | |
Other/Write-in votes | 0.2 | 3,267 |
Total votes: 1,843,480 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Nonpartisan primary election
Nonpartisan primary for Wisconsin Supreme Court
Janet Claire Protasiewicz and Daniel Kelly defeated Jennifer Dorow and Everett Mitchell in the primary for Wisconsin Supreme Court on February 21, 2023.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Janet Claire Protasiewicz (Nonpartisan) | 46.4 | 446,403 |
✔ | ![]() | Daniel Kelly (Nonpartisan) | 24.2 | 232,751 |
![]() | Jennifer Dorow (Nonpartisan) | 21.9 | 210,100 | |
![]() | Everett Mitchell (Nonpartisan) | 7.5 | 71,895 |
Total votes: 961,149 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Justices not on the ballot
Voting information
- See also: Voting in Wisconsin
Candidate comparison
Candidate profiles
This section includes candidate profiles that may be created in one of two ways: either the candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, or Ballotpedia staff may compile a profile based on campaign websites, advertisements, and public statements after identifying the candidate as noteworthy. For more on how we select candidates to include, click here.
Incumbent: No
Political Office:
- Wisconsin Supreme Court (2016-2020)
Biography: Kelly received a bachelor's degree in political science and Spanish from Carroll University in 1986 and a J.D. from Regent University School of Law in 1991. Kelly previously worked as a shareholder at Reinhart Boerner Van Deuren, vice president and general counsel for the Kern Family Foundation, and a founding partner at Rogahn Kelly LLC. In 2020, he founded Daniel Kelly Consulting and became a senior fellow at the Institute for Reforming Government.
Show sources
Sources: WisPolitics, "Kelly campaign: Daniel Kelly launches his campaign to serve on the Wisconsin Supreme Court," September 8, 2022; Daniel Kelly 2023 campaign website, "Meet Daniel," accessed December 15, 2022; YouTube, "WISN 12 News: Crowded race for Wisconsin's highest court," November 30, 2022; Twitter, "Justice Daniel Kelly," February 27, 2023; LinkedIn, "Daniel Kelly," accessed December 15, 2022; State Bar of Wisconsin, "Gov. Walker Picks Dan Kelly to Replace Justice Prosser on Supreme Court," July 25, 2016
This information was current as of the candidate's run for Wisconsin Supreme Court in 2023.
Incumbent: No
Political Office:
- Milwaukee County Circuit Court, Branch 24 (Assumed office: 2014)
Biography: Protasiewicz received a bachelor's degree in history from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee in 1985 and a J.D. from Marquette University Law School in 1988. Protasiewicz was a Milwaukee County assistant district attorney for 26 years. She also served as an adjunct law professor at Marquette Law School.
Show sources
Sources: WisPolitics, "Protasiewicz Campaign: Judge Janet Protasiewicz announces campaign for state Supreme Court," May 25, 2022; Wisconsin Public Radio, "Wisconsin's next partisan battle will be over the balance of power on its Supreme Court," December 1, 2022; Janet Protasiewicz 2023 campaign website, "Why I’m running," accessed December 15, 2022; Twitter, ''Judge Janet Protasiewicz,'' March 3, 2023; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee: The College of Letters & Science, "The view from the bench: History alum lays down law," March 20, 2017; Janet Protasiewicz 2023 campaign website, "Meet Janet," accessed December 15, 2022
This information was current as of the candidate's run for Wisconsin Supreme Court in 2023.
Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey responses
Ballotpedia asks all federal, state, and local candidates to complete a survey and share what motivates them on political and personal levels. Candidates are asked three required questions for this survey, but they may answer additional optional questions as well.
No candidate in this race completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey.
Campaign advertisements
This section includes a selection of up to three campaign advertisements per candidate released in this race, as well as links to candidates' YouTube, Vimeo, and/or Facebook video pages. If you are aware of other links that should be included, please email us.
Daniel Kelly
March 23, 2023 |
March 17, 2023 |
March 23, 2023 |
Janet Protasiewicz
March 19, 2023 |
March 19, 2023 |
March 9, 2023 |
View more ads here:
Satellite ads
This section includes a selection of campaign advertisements released by satellite groups. If you are aware of other satellite ads that should be included, please email us.
Debates and forums
This section includes links to debates, forums, and other similar events where multiple candidates in this race participated. If you are aware of any debates or forums that should be included, please email us.
March 21, 2023, debate
On March 21, 2023, Kelly and Protasiewicz participated in a debate hosted by WisPolitics and News 3. This was the only debate scheduled ahead of the general election.[32]
Click on the links below for summaries of the event:
- AP News
- Wisconsin Public Radio
- Fox6 News Milwaukee
- Fox6 News Milwaukee
- The Capitol Times
- Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
Noteworthy endorsements
Click the links below to see endorsement lists published on candidate campaign websites, if available. If you are aware of a website that should be included, please email us.
This section lists noteworthy endorsements issued in this election, including those made by high-profile individuals and organizations, cross-party endorsements, and endorsements made by newspaper editorial boards. It also includes a bulleted list of links to official lists of endorsements for any candidates who published that information on their campaign websites. Please note that this list is not exhaustive. If you are aware of endorsements that should be included, please click here.
Noteworthy endorsements | ||
---|---|---|
Endorser | ![]() | ![]() |
Government officials | ||
U.S. Sen. Tammy Baldwin (D) source | ✔ | |
U.S. Sen. Ronald Harold Johnson (R) source | ✔ | |
U.S. Rep Gwen Moore (D) source | ✔ | |
U.S. Rep. Mark Pocan (D) source | ✔ | |
Frmr. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (D) source | ✔ | |
Judge Jennifer Dorow source | ✔ | |
State Sen. Dianne Hesselbein (D) source | ✔ | |
Justice Jill Karofsky source | ✔ | |
Judge Everett Mitchell source | ✔ | |
Justice Patience Drake Roggensack source | ✔ | |
Justice Annette Ziegler source | ✔ | |
Dane County Supervisor Andrew Schauer source | ✔ | |
Individuals | ||
Frmr. Lt. Governor Mandela Barnes source | ✔ | |
Frmr. Gov. James Doyle source | ✔ | |
Frmr. U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder source | ✔ | |
Organizations | ||
End Citizens United source | ✔ | |
Human Rights Campaign PAC source | ✔ | |
NARAL Pro-Choice America source | ✔ | |
People for the American Way source | ✔ | |
Planned Parenthood Advocates of Wisconsin source | ✔ | |
Wisconsin Education Association Council source | ✔ | |
Wisconsin Laborers' District Council source | ✔ |
February 21 primary
Election competitiveness
Polls
- See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
We provide results for polls that are included in polling aggregation from FiveThirtyEight and RealClearPolitics, when available. No polls were available for this election. To notify us of polls published in this election, please email us.
Election spending
Campaign finance
This section contains campaign finance figures from reports submitted to the Wisconsin Ethics Commission in this election. It does not include information on spending by satellite groups. Click here to access the reports.
Satellite spending
- See also: Satellite spending
Satellite spending describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[43][44]
If available, satellite spending reports by the Federal Election Commission (FEC) and OpenSecrets.org are linked below. FEC links include totals from monthly, quarterly, and semi-annual reports. OpenSecrets.org compiles data from those reports as well as 24- and 48-hour reports from the FEC.[45]
Details about satellite spending of significant amounts and/or reported by media are included below those links. The amounts listed may not represent the total satellite spending in the election. To notify us of additional satellite spending, email us.
Click here to search independent expenditures reported to the Wisconsin Ethics Commission.
Spending news
- On March 20, The Hill reported that Everytown for Gun Safety Action Fund would spend $500 thousand to run an ad opposing Kelly.[46]
- On March 15, The New York Times reported that Protasiewicz' campaign spent $9.1 million in the three weeks leading to March 15. Satellite groups supporting Protasiewicz spent more than $2 million.[47]
- On March 8, 2023, WisPolitics reported that the Wisconsin Manufacturers & Commerce Issues Mobilization Council would spend $3.2 million to run an ad opposing Protasiewicz statewide.[48]
Media analysis and commentary
Local and national media commentators have offered their views on the political dynamics influencing the election. Below is a curated list of quotes and commentary from media observers.
Partisan balance of the court
“ |
Conservatives are defending a 4-3 majority on the state's highest court, with candidates and aligned interest groups spending tens of millions to keep liberals from taking control for the first time in 15 years. The fight to flip the court is drawing more firepower from Democratic interests for a total price tag that's already the highest ever spent on a single judicial election. The stakes of this year's state Supreme Court race range from how routine cases like criminal appeals are decided to watershed rulings, including deciding whether doctors may terminate pregnancies within the state's boundaries and whether Republicans will continue to control the state Legislature by wide margins. Challenges to the state's election laws leading up to the 2024 presidential election will also end up at the high court as will lawsuits filed after a winner is chosen.[54] |
” |
—Molly Beck and Corrinne Hess, The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (March 21, 2023)[55] |
“ |
...
|
” |
—Jack Kelly, Allison Garfield, and Scott Girard, The Cap Times (March 22, 2023)[56] |
Campaign spending
“ |
The return of an 1849 anti-abortion law has propelled so much interest in an open Wisconsin Supreme Court seat that there’s been twice as much spent on advertising than in any judicial race in US history—and the campaign still has a week and a half to go. Over $31 million in ads have been booked in the contest between former Wisconsin Supreme Court Justice Dan Kelly and Milwaukee County Circuit Judge Janet Protasiewicz, more than doubling the $15 million record spent on one seat in Illinois and exceeding the $21 million spent on a three-seat race in Pennsylvania, said state judicial campaign finance expert Douglas Keith. ... Groups bankrolling pro-Kelly commercials have been emphasizing the word “conservative” in their spots, and state Republican Chairman Brian Schimming said the party’s backing him in the nominally non-partisan election because a loss would put “25 years of conservative reform at risk.” ... So far, Protasiewicz and the groups backing her have dominated the airwaves. Her campaign alone has booked roughly $12.6 million of TV and digital ads, with different messages depending on where the voters live, according to data compiled by the commercial-tracking company AdImpact. Outside groups backing Protasiewicz have spent an additional $5.4 million, giving the liberal candidate a roughly $5 million spending advantage over Kelly on booked advertisements, according to AdImpact. In Democratic strongholds around Milwaukee and Madison, commercials by the candidate and outside groups are emphasizing Protasiewicz’s support for abortion rights and Kelly’s alignment with anti-abortion groups. ... In more-rural northern counties, attack ads call Kelly corrupt for his recusal decisions and criticize his private practice representation of sexual assault defendants.[54] |
” |
—Alex Ebert, Bloomberg Law (March 24, 2023)[57] |
Abortion
“ |
The contest has significant implications for the future of abortion access in Wisconsin. State Attorney General Josh Kaul, a Democrat, has sued to overturn the state’s 1849 abortion law, which prohibits the procedure in almost all circumstances. Providers have stopped performing abortions as the legal challenge winds its way through the court system, where it is expected to eventually come before the Wisconsin Supreme Court. [...] Those on both sides of the abortion rights debate are already gearing up for an intense general election fight. On the pro-abortion rights side, Planned Parenthood is planning to spend seven-figures on the race in conjunction with its local affiliate, which has already hired staff in several cities to support its get-out-the-vote effort. Students for Life is also planning to engage in the race with digital media and outreach to activists on the ground in Wisconsin, while Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America, which made a six-figure investment into the primary election, is planning to make another six-figure investment into the general election focusing on mail, texts, live calls and potentially digital.[54] |
” |
—Zach Montellaro and Megan Messerly, Politico (February 27, 2023)[58] |
“ |
A lawsuit challenging that 1849 law could reach the state Supreme Court as soon as this fall. And while the two candidates are refusing to say how they’d rule, they’re leaving little doubt about their leanings. In their lone debate Tuesday, Protasiewicz said she is “making no promises” on how she would rule. But she also noted her personal support for abortion rights, as well as endorsements from pro-abortion rights groups. And she pointed to Kelly’s endorsement by Wisconsin Right to Life, which opposes abortion rights. ... Even though Kelly has not explicitly said he would oppose an expansion of abortion rights, [Gracie Skogman, the the legislative director for Wisconsin Right to Life] said his history on the issue made her group comfortable that he would.[54] |
” |
—Eric Bradner and Jeff Zeleny, CNN (March 22, 2023)[59] |
Election administration
“ |
The court has also shaped Wisconsin’s election laws. It has voted in recent years to prohibit ballot drop boxes and have selected maps that cemented Republicans’ solid majority in the state legislature. The April 4 election will set the stage for the 2024 presidential race, with the court likely to be asked to weigh in again on election rules, including the state’s voter identification law, and potentially sort through another round of legal challenges afterward. Those high stakes have turned the state Supreme Court race into one of the nation’s most closely watched contests of 2023.[54] |
” |
—Eric Bradner and Jeff Zeleny, CNN (March 22, 2023)[59] |
Legislative district maps
“ |
For more than a decade, Republicans have held strong control of both houses of the state Legislature, thanks in part to the district lines they drew in 2011. In 2015, Wisconsin Democrats thought they had the answer to this — a new standard to measure gerrymandering that would give federal courts the ability to rule when a redistricting plan was too partisan. They took the idea all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, but the day they made their arguments, it was obvious some justices had their doubts. Chief Justice John Roberts called their ideas "sociological gobbledygook." The case was eventually remanded to a lower court, and in 2019, the Supreme Court slammed the door to the idea when it decided that partisan gerrymandering wasn't justiciable at the federal level. ... But according to [Rob Yablon, a University of Wisconsin-Madison law professor], one avenue remains: state courts, including the Wisconsin Supreme Court. In fact, the Supreme Court "explicitly left the door open" for state courts to consider partisan gerrymandering claims, he said. And that's why the maps are a huge issue in this year's race for Wisconsin's court race.[54] |
” |
—Bridgit Bowden, Wisconsin Public Radio (March 21, 2023)[60] |
Election analysis
Click the tabs below to view information about demographics, past elections, and partisan control of the state.
- Presidential elections - Information about presidential elections in the state.
- Statewide elections - Information about recent U.S. Senate and gubernatorial elections in the state.
- State partisanship - The partisan makeup of the state's congressional delegation and state government.
- Demographics - Information about the state's demographics and how they compare to the country as a whole.
Presidential elections
Cook PVI by congressional district
Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index for Wisconsin, 2022 | |||
---|---|---|---|
District | Incumbent | Party | PVI |
Wisconsin's 1st | Bryan Steil | ![]() |
R+3 |
Wisconsin's 2nd | Mark Pocan | ![]() |
D+19 |
Wisconsin's 3rd | Open | ![]() |
R+4 |
Wisconsin's 4th | Gwen Moore | ![]() |
D+25 |
Wisconsin's 5th | Scott Fitzgerald | ![]() |
R+14 |
Wisconsin's 6th | Glenn Grothman | ![]() |
R+10 |
Wisconsin's 7th | Tom Tiffany | ![]() |
R+12 |
Wisconsin's 8th | Mike Gallagher | ![]() |
R+10 |
2020 presidential results by 2022 congressional district lines
2020 presidential results in congressional districts based on 2022 district lines, Wisconsin[61] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
District | Joe Biden ![]() |
Donald Trump ![]() | ||
Wisconsin's 1st | 48.3% | 50.3% | ||
Wisconsin's 2nd | 70.2% | 28.4% | ||
Wisconsin's 3rd | 46.8% | 51.5% | ||
Wisconsin's 4th | 75.9% | 22.8% | ||
Wisconsin's 5th | 37.9% | 60.8% | ||
Wisconsin's 6th | 41.4% | 57.0% | ||
Wisconsin's 7th | 39.3% | 59.2% | ||
Wisconsin's 8th | 41.5% | 57.0% |
2012-2020
How a state's counties vote in a presidential election and the size of those counties can provide additional insights into election outcomes at other levels of government including statewide and congressional races. Below, four categories are used to describe each county's voting pattern over the 2012, 2016, and 2020 presidential elections: Solid, Trending, Battleground, and New. Click [show] on the table below for examples:
County-level voting pattern categories | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | |||||||
Status | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | ||||
Solid Democratic | D | D | D | ||||
Trending Democratic | R | D | D | ||||
Battleground Democratic | D | R | D | ||||
New Democratic | R | R | D | ||||
Republican | |||||||
Status | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | ||||
Solid Republican | R | R | R | ||||
Trending Republican | D | R | R | ||||
Battleground Republican | R | D | R | ||||
New Republican | D | D | R |
Following the 2020 presidential election, 46.1% of Wisconsinites lived in one of the state's 37 Solid Republican counties, which voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election from 2012 to 2020, and 35.7% lived in one of 12 Solid Democratic counties. Overall, Wisconsin was Battleground Democratic, having voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2012, Donald Trump (R) in 2016, and Joe Biden (D) in 2020. Use the table below to view the total number of each type of county in Wisconsin following the 2020 election as well as the overall percentage of the state population located in each county type.
Wisconsin county-level statistics, 2020 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solid Republican | 37 | 46.1% | |||||
Solid Democratic | 12 | 35.7% | |||||
Trending Republican | 21 | 16.6% | |||||
Battleground Democratic | 2 | 1.6% | |||||
Total voted Democratic | 14 | 37.3% | |||||
Total voted Republican | 58 | 62.7% |
Historical voting trends
Wisconsin presidential election results (1900-2020)
- 15 Democratic wins
- 15 Republican wins
- 1 other win
Year | 1900 | 1904 | 1908 | 1912 | 1916 | 1920 | 1924 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1940 | 1944 | 1948 | 1952 | 1956 | 1960 | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winning Party | R | R | R | D | R | R | P[62] | R | D | D | D | R | D | R | R | R | D | R | R | D | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | D |
Statewide elections
This section details the results of the five most recent U.S. Senate and gubernatorial elections held in the state.
U.S. Senate elections
The table below details the vote in the five most recent U.S. Senate races in Wisconsin.
U.S. Senate election results in Wisconsin | ||
---|---|---|
Race | Winner | Runner up |
2022 | 50.4%![]() |
49.4%![]() |
2018 | 55.4%![]() |
44.6%![]() |
2016 | 50.2%![]() |
46.8%![]() |
2012 | 51.4%![]() |
45.9%![]() |
2010 | 51.9%![]() |
47.0%![]() |
Average | 51.9 | 46.7 |
Gubernatorial elections
- See also: Governor of Wisconsin
The table below details the vote in the five most recent gubernatorial elections in Wisconsin.
Gubernatorial election results in Wisconsin | ||
---|---|---|
Race | Winner | Runner up |
2022 | 51.1%![]() |
47.8%![]() |
2018 | 49.5%![]() |
48.4%![]() |
2014 | 52.3%![]() |
46.6%![]() |
2010 | 52.2%![]() |
46.5%![]() |
2006 | 52.8%![]() |
45.4%![]() |
Average | 51.6 | 46.9 |
State partisanship
Congressional delegation
The table below displays the partisan composition of Wisconsin's congressional delegation as of January 2023.
Congressional Partisan Breakdown from Wisconsin, January 2023 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Party | U.S. Senate | U.S. House | Total |
Democratic | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Republican | 1 | 6 | 7 |
Independent | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vacancies | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 2 | 8 | 10 |
State executive
The table below displays the officeholders in Wisconsin's top four state executive offices as of January 2023.
State executive officials in Wisconsin, January 2023 | |
---|---|
Office | Officeholder |
Governor | ![]() |
Lieutenant Governor | ![]() |
Secretary of State | ![]() |
Attorney General | ![]() |
State legislature
The tables below highlight the partisan composition of the Wisconsin State Legislature as of January 2023.
Wisconsin State Senate
Party | As of January 2023 | |
---|---|---|
Democratic Party | 11 | |
Republican Party | 21 | |
Vacancies | 1 | |
Total | 33 |
Wisconsin State Assembly
Party | As of January 2023 | |
---|---|---|
Democratic Party | 35 | |
Republican Party | 64 | |
Vacancies | 0 | |
Total | 99 |
Trifecta control
As of January 2023, Wisconsin was a divided government, with Democrats controlling the governorship and Republican majorities in both chambers of the state legislature. The table below displays the historical trifecta status of the state.
Wisconsin Party Control: 1992-2023
Two years of Democratic trifectas • Ten years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Governor | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D |
Senate | D | R | R | R | D | D | R | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
House | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Demographics
The table below details demographic data in Wisconsin and compares it to the broader United States as of 2019.
Demographic Data for Wisconsin | ||
---|---|---|
Wisconsin | United States | |
Population | 5,686,986 | 308,745,538 |
Land area (sq mi) | 54,167 | 3,531,905 |
Race and ethnicity** | ||
White | 85.4% | 72.5% |
Black/African American | 6.4% | 12.7% |
Asian | 2.8% | 5.5% |
Native American | 0.9% | 0.8% |
Pacific Islander | 0% | 0.2% |
Two or more | 2.4% | 3.3% |
Hispanic/Latino | 6.8% | 18% |
Education | ||
High school graduation rate | 92.2% | 88% |
College graduation rate | 30.1% | 32.1% |
Income | ||
Median household income | $61,747 | $62,843 |
Persons below poverty level | 11.3% | 13.4% |
Source: population provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "Decennial Census" (2010). Other figures provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2014-2019). | ||
**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. |
Election context
April 4 ballot measures
- See also: Wisconsin 2023 ballot measures
The April 4, 2023, general election ballot included three ballot questions—two constitutional measures and one advisory question. On January 19, 2023, the Wisconsin State Legislature passed Senate Joint Resolution 2, sending to the ballot two ballot questions related to conditions for the release of an accused person before conviction and cash bail. Also on January 19, the legislature voted to refer an advisory question to the April ballot asking voters whether able-bodied childless adults should have to apply for work before receiving welfare benefits.
Wisconsin Question 1, Conditions of Release Before Conviction Amendment (April 2023)
The ballot question for the amendment was as follows:[63]
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Wisconsin Question 2, Conditions for Cash Bail Amendment (April 2023)
The ballot question for the amendment was as follows:[64]
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Wisconsin Question 3, Work Requirement for Welfare Benefits Advisory Question (April 2023)
The full text of the measure was as follows:[65]
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Ballot access requirements
The table below details filing requirements for supreme court candidates in Wisconsin in the 2023 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in Wisconsin, click here.
Filing requirements for supreme court candidates, 2023 | |||||||
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State | Office | Party | Signatures required | Filing fee | Filing deadline | Source | Notes |
Wisconsin | Justice of the Supreme Court | All candidates | 2,000 | N/A | January 3, 2023 | Source |
General election vote margins
General election voter turnout
Wisconsin Supreme Court election history
Overview
Wisconsin Supreme Court elections, 2005-2020 | ||||||||||
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Year | Winning candidate | Ideological lean | Percent share of vote | Losing candidate | Ideological lean | Percent share of vote | Margin of victory | Majority on court | Turnout | Other statewide elections on ballot |
2020 | Jill Karofsky | ![]() |
55.2% | Daniel Kelly | ![]() |
44.7% | 10.5% | 4-3 | 45.8% | Primary election - U.S. President |
2019 | Brian Hagedorn | ![]() |
50.2% | Lisa Neubauer | ![]() |
49.7% | 0.5% | 5-2 | 26.6% | None |
2018 | Rebecca Dallet | ![]() |
55.8% | Michael Screnock | ![]() |
44.2% | 11.5% | 4-3 | 22.2% | None |
2017 | Annette Ziegler (incumbent) |
![]() |
97.2% | Write-in | -- | 2.8% | 94.4% | 5-2 | ~16% | State Superintendent of Public Instruction |
2016 | Rebecca Bradley (incumbent) |
![]() |
52.4% | JoAnne Kloppenburg | ![]() |
47.5% | 4.9% | 5-2 | 47.4% | Primary election - U.S. President |
2015 | Ann Walsh Bradley (incumbent) |
![]() |
58.1% | James Daley | ![]() |
41.9% | 16.2% | 4-3 | 18.3% | None |
2013 | Patience Roggensack (incumbent) |
![]() |
57.5% | Ed Fallone | ![]() |
42.5% | 15% | 4-3 | 20.5% | State Superintendent of Public Instruction |
2011 | David T. Prosser (incumbent) |
![]() |
50.2% | JoAnne Kloppenburg | ![]() |
49.7% | 0.5% | 4-3 | 34.3% | None |
2009 | Shirley Abrahamson (incumbent) |
![]() |
59.6% | Randy Koschnick | ![]() |
40.2% | 19.4% | 4-3 | 18.2% | None |
2008 | Michael Gableman | ![]() |
51.1% | Louis Butler (incumbent) |
![]() |
48.5% | 2.6% | 4-3 | 19.3% | None |
2007 | Annette Ziegler | ![]() |
58.6% | Linda M. Clifford | ![]() |
41.1% | 17.5% | 4-3 | 19.4% | None |
2006 | N. Patrick Crooks (incumbent) |
![]() |
99.4% | Write-in | -- | 0.6% | 98.8% | 4-3 | 11.8% | None |
2005 | Ann Walsh Bradley (incumbent) |
![]() |
99.6% | Write-in | -- | 0.4% | 99.2% | 4-3 | 17.1% | State Superintendent of Public Instruction |
2020
- Main article: Wisconsin Supreme Court elections, 2020
General election
General election for Wisconsin Supreme Court
Jill Karofsky defeated incumbent Daniel Kelly in the general election for Wisconsin Supreme Court on April 7, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Jill Karofsky (Nonpartisan) | 55.2 | 855,573 |
![]() | Daniel Kelly (Nonpartisan) | 44.7 | 693,134 | |
Other/Write-in votes | 0.1 | 990 |
Total votes: 1,549,697 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Nonpartisan primary election
Nonpartisan primary for Wisconsin Supreme Court
Incumbent Daniel Kelly and Jill Karofsky defeated Edward A. Fallone in the primary for Wisconsin Supreme Court on February 18, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Daniel Kelly (Nonpartisan) | 50.1 | 352,876 |
✔ | ![]() | Jill Karofsky (Nonpartisan) | 37.2 | 261,783 |
![]() | Edward A. Fallone (Nonpartisan) ![]() | 12.7 | 89,184 |
Total votes: 703,843 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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2019
- See also: Wisconsin Supreme Court elections, 2019
Wisconsin Court of Appeals Judge Brian Hagedorn defeated Wisconsin Court of Appeals Judge Lisa Neubauer in the nonpartisan election for a 10-year term on the Wisconsin Supreme Court on April 2, 2019. Hagedorn won with 50% support. The seat was previously held by Justice Shirley Abrahamson, a member of the court's 4-3 liberal minority at the time of the election. Abrahamson did not run for re-election.
Although the election was officially nonpartisan, groups associated with the Democratic Party tended to support Neubauer while groups associated with the Republican Party tended to support Hagedorn.
General election
General election for Wisconsin Supreme Court
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Brian Hagedorn (Nonpartisan) | 50.2 | 606,414 |
![]() | Lisa Neubauer (Nonpartisan) | 49.7 | 600,433 | |
Other/Write-in votes | 0.1 | 722 |
Total votes: 1,207,569 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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2018
- See also: Wisconsin Supreme Court elections, 2018
Milwaukee County Circuit Judge Rebecca Dallet won the nonpartisan election for a 10-year term on the Wisconsin Supreme Court against Sauk County Circuit Judge Michael Screnock on April 3, 2018. Dallet won with 56 percent support. The seat was previously held by Justice Michael Gableman, a member of the court's 5-2 conservative majority at the time of the election, who did not seek re-election.
Although the election was officially nonpartisan, groups associated with the Democratic Party tended to support Dallet while groups associated with the Republican Party tended to support Screnock.
Wisconsin Supreme Court, 2018 | ||
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Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
![]() |
55.72% | 555,848 |
Michael Screnock | 44.19% | 440,808 |
Total Votes (3880/3880 precincts) | 996,656 | |
Source: Wisconsin Elections Commission |
Earlier results
To view the electoral history dating back to 2008 for the office of Wisconsin Supreme Court, click [show] to expand the section. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2017
Candidates■ Annette Ziegler (Incumbent/Unopposed) 2016
One seat on the Wisconsin Supreme Court was up for election in 2016. Following the death of Justice N. Patrick Crooks on September 21, 2015, Rebecca Bradley was appointed to the Wisconsin Supreme Court by Governor Scott Walker (R) on October 9, 2015. Earlier in September, Crooks had announced his plans to retire at the end of his term.[67] Bradley had already announced a run for Crooks' seat before his death.[68] Bradley and opponent JoAnne Kloppenburg received the highest number of votes for Bradley's seat in the primary on February 16, 2016, knocking Joe Donald out of the race. Bradley and Kloppenburg then faced each other in the sharply contested April general election. Bradley won. The race had the highest voter turnout for a supreme court race in Wisconsin state history, with over 1,900,000 votes cast.[69][70] 2015
One seat was open for election on the Wisconsin Supreme Court in 2015. Incumbent Justice Ann Walsh Bradley defeated Rock County Circuit Court Judge James Daley in the general election on April 7, 2015. Although the election was nonpartisan, Bradley is considered to be part of the liberal minority on the court. If Daley won, conservatives would have held a five-member majority on the seven-member court.[73] Justice Bradley was elected to the court in 1995 and re-elected in 2005. She previously served as a circuit court judge for 10 years in Marathon County. Judge Daley joined the Rock County Circuit Court since 1989.[74][75] 2013
One seat was open for election on the Wisconsin Supreme Court in 2013. Incumbent Justice Patience Roggensack defeated law professor Ed Fallone in the general election on April 2, 2013. Although the election was nonpartisan, Roggensack is considered to be a member of the court's conservative majority. If Fallone had won, control of the court would have gone to the liberal wing. Justice Roggensack was first elected to the court in 2003. She previously served for seven years on the Wisconsin Court of Appeals and for 16 years as an attorney in private practice. 2011
One seat was open for election on the Wisconsin Supreme Court in 2011. Incumbent Justice David T. Prosser defeated Assistant Attorney General JoAnne Kloppenburg in the general election on April 5, 2011. Although the election was nonpartisan, Prosser is considered to be a member of the court's conservative majority. If Kloppenburg had won, control of the court would have gone to the liberal wing. Justice Prosser was first appointed to the court in 1998 by Gov. Tommy Thompson (R) and was elected to a full term in 2001. He had previously served on the Wisconsin Tax Appeals Commission and in the Wisconsin State Assembly. 2009
2008
Incumbent Louis Butler was defeated by challenger Michael Gableman.
About the Wisconsin Supreme Court
The Wisconsin Supreme Court is the highest appellate court in the state of Wisconsin. Seven justices, selected in nonpartisan elections for 10-year terms, sit on the state's court of last resort. The court has jurisdiction over all other Wisconsin courts and can also hear original actions.[77] 2008 RESULTS |
Political composition
This is the political composition of the supreme court heading into the 2023 election. Justices are selected in nonpartisan elections. In the case of a mid-term vacancy, the governor appoints a replacement.
■ Brian Hagedorn | Elected in 2019 | |
■ Ann Walsh Bradley | Elected in 1995, 2005, and 2015 | |
■ Patience Roggensack | Elected in 2003 and 2013 | |
■ Annette Ziegler | Elected in 2007 and 2017 | |
■ Rebecca Dallet | Elected in 2018 | |
■ Rebecca Bradley | Appointed by Scott Walker (R) in 2015, elected 2016 | |
■ Jill Karofsky | Elected in 2020 |
Selection
- See also: Nonpartisan election of judges
The seven justices of the Wisconsin Supreme Court are elected in nonpartisan elections. Justices serve 10-year terms.[78][79] In the event of a midterm vacancy, the governor appoints a replacement. If the vacancy occurs after that year's spring election and on or before December 1 of the same year, the appointee must stand for election in the next succeeding spring election in which no other justice is to be elected. If the vacancy occurs after December 1 but before the following spring's election, the appointee must stand for election in the next spring election—beginning with the second spring election from the time of the appointment—in which no other justice is to be elected.[78][79]
The governor solicits recommendations from an Advisory Council on Judicial Selection in making his or her appointments, but is not required to choose one of the suggested appointees.[78][80]
Qualifications
To serve on the supreme court, a justice must be:
- a qualified elector in the state; and
- licensed to practice law in the state for at least five years immediately prior to appointment or election to the court.[78]
Selection of the chief judge
The chief justice of the supreme court is elected by a majority of the justices serving on the Court to serve a two-year term.
2023 battleground elections
- See also: Battlegrounds
This election was a battleground race. Other 2023 battleground elections included:
- Mayoral election in Wichita, Kansas (August 1, 2023, primary election)
- Prince William County Public Schools, Virginia, elections (2023)
See also
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ In heated Wisconsin Supreme Court debate, candidates tangle over 'fake elector' scheme, "NBC," March 21, 2023
- ↑ Wisconsin Public Radio, "Milwaukee County Judge Janet Protasiewicz announces candidacy for state Supreme Court," May 25, 2022
- ↑ The Hill, "Five races to watch in 2023," December 7, 2022
- ↑ Wisconsin State Journal, "Here's why the Wisconsin Supreme Court race matters," November 26, 2022
- ↑ Spectrum News 1, "The campaigns aren't over yet, as the focus shifts to a high-stakes Supreme Court race in Wisconsin," November 14, 2022
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Wisconsin Public Radio, "Wisconsin's next partisan battle will be over the balance of power on its Supreme Court," December 1, 2022
- ↑ The Cap Times, "Devin LeMahieu endorses Jennifer Dorow in Wisconsin Supreme Court race," January 5, 2023
- ↑ Wisconsin Examiner, "Attempting to shift balance, Janet Protasiewicz says she’ll bring fairness to state Supreme Court," December 12, 2022
- ↑ Spectrum News 1, "Wisconsin's race for state Supreme Court heats up as the field of candidates grows," November 30, 2022
- ↑ WISN Channel 12, "Wisconsin Supreme Court race," January 1, 2023
- ↑ PBS Wisconsin, "Meet the candidates running in the 2023 Wisconsin Supreme Court primary," January 4, 2023
- ↑ Spectrum News, "I think the public should know what our values are: Judge Janet Protasiewicz explains her bid for Supreme Court," February 14, 2023
- ↑ AP: Daniel Kelly and Judge Janet Protasiewicz advance to April's Wisconsin Supreme Court race," February 22, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Kelly campaign: Daniel Kelly launches his campaign to serve on the Wisconsin Supreme Court," September 8, 2022
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 NBC News, "In heated Wisconsin Supreme Court debate, candidates tangle over 'fake elector' scheme," March 21, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Kelly, Protasiewicz trade barbs in only Supreme Court debate," March 21, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Protasiewicz campaign: Judge Janet Protasiewicz announces endorsement of Justice Rebecca Dallet," May 31, 2022
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Justice Ann Walsh Bradley: Endorses Judge Janet Protasiewicz for Wisconsin Supreme Court," February 7, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Justice Karofsky: Endorses Judge Protasiewicz for Wisconsin Supreme Court," February 22, 2023
- ↑ Emily's List, "EMILYs List Endorses Janet Protasiewicz for Wisconsin Supreme Court," February 9, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Kelly campaign: Judicial conservatives Justice Rebecca Bradley & Judge Shelley Grogan endorse Daniel Kelly," November 14, 2022
- ↑ PBS Wisconsin, "Kelly's work for anti-abortion group raised in 2023 Wisconsin Supreme Court race," Associated Press, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "WisPolitics review: Spending in Supreme Court race surpasses $45 million," March 24, 2023
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 NBC, "Cash bail could play a big role in a crucial Wisconsin election," February 28, 2023
- ↑ New York Times, "Wisconsin Supreme Court Election Results," April 4, 2023
- ↑ Twitter, "Scott Bauer," March 28, 2023
- ↑ State of Wisconsin Ethics Commission, "Campaign Finance: Filing Calendar," accessed January 19, 2023
- ↑ WPR, "Daniel Kelly-Campaign Finance Report," March 28, 2023
- ↑ WPR, "Janet Protasiewicz-Campaign Finance Report," March 28, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Kelly campaign: Announces endorsement of Wisconsin Supreme Court Chief Justice Annette Ziegler, additional judicial endorsements," March 27, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Supreme Court race spending tops $37 million," March 24, 2023
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 <WisPolitics, "Watch: State Supreme Court debate with Kelly, Protasiewicz," accessed March 21, 2023 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "WPdebate" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ The Hill, "Gun safety advocacy group launches $500K ad targeting Daniel Kelly in Wisconsin judicial race," March 20, 2023
- ↑ The New York Times, "In Wisconsin, Liberals Barrage Conservative Court Candidate With Attack Ads," March 15, 2023
- ↑ Twitter, "Hillary Clinton," March 14, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Wisconsin Supreme Court race spending tops $24 million," March 8, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Protasiewicz, Kelly to meet for one debate; former justice knocks rival for not agreeing to more," March 6, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Justice Karofsky: Endorses Judge Protasiewicz for Wisconsin Supreme Court," February 22, 2023
- ↑ Judge Jennifer Dorow for Supreme Court, "Than you all!" February 22, 2023
- ↑ The Hill, "Gun safety advocacy group launches $500K ad targeting Daniel Kelly in Wisconsin judicial race," March 20, 2023
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 WisPolitics, "Fair Courts America: Launching TV ad in Wisconsin supporting Dan Kelly," February 2, 2023
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 WisPolitics, "WED PM Update: Spending in SCOWIS primary tops $5 million," February 8, 2023
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ Amee LaTour, Email correspondence with the Center for Responsive Politics, August 5, 2022
- ↑ The Hill, "Gun safety advocacy group launches $500K ad targeting Daniel Kelly in Wisconsin judicial race," March 20, 2023
- ↑ The New York Times, "In Wisconsin, Liberals Barrage Conservative Court Candidate With Attack Ads," March 15, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Wisconsin Supreme Court race spending tops $24 million," March 8, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Wisconsin’s Supreme Court race already most expensive in U.S. history," February 28, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America, Women Speak Out PAC: America’s leading pro-life group commits six figures in support of Daniel Kelly for Supreme Court," February 14, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Kelly to face Protasiewicz in state Supreme Court race," February 21, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Fair Courts America: Launches large radio ad in Wisconsin supporting Dan Kelly," January 25, 2023
- ↑ WisPolitics, "Fair Courts America: Statement on upcoming Wisconsin Supreme Court race," November 17, 2022
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 54.6 54.7 54.8 54.9 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 5 takeaways from the only Supreme Court election debate. Daniel Kelly and Janet Protasiewicz take the gloves off.," March 21, 2023
- ↑ The Cap Times, Madison voting guide: Wisconsin Supreme Court, mayor and more," March 22, 2022
- ↑ Bloomberg, "Abortion Ads Help Drive Most Expensive Court Race in US History," March 24, 2022
- ↑ Politico, "The biggest election of 2023 reaches final sprint," February 27, 2023
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 CNN, "Record-breaking Wisconsin Supreme Court race could decide abortion rights and 2024 rules in key battleground," March 22, 2023
- ↑ What the Wisconsin Supreme Court race could mean for the state's Republican-drawn redistricting maps, "Wisconsin Public Radio," March 21, 2023
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' presidential results by congressional district for 2020, 2016, and 2012," accessed September 9, 2022
- ↑ Progressive Party
- ↑ Wisconsin State Legislature, "Text of SJR 2," accessed January 5, 2023
- ↑ Wisconsin State Legislature, "Text of SJR 2," accessed January 5, 2023
- ↑ Wisconsin State Legislature, "Senate Joint Resolution 4," accessed January 18, 2023
- ↑ Wisconsin Elections Commission, "Candidate Tracking by Office, 2017 Spring Election - 4/4/2017," accessed January 5, 2017
- ↑ WEAU.com, "Walker appoints Appeals Judge Bradley to WI High Court," October 9, 2015
- ↑ Wisconsin State Journal, "Scott Walker appoints Rebecca Bradley to Supreme Court," October 10, 2015
- ↑ AP, "Wisconsin Summary Vote Results," accessed April 6, 2016
- ↑ Wisconsin Government Accountability Board, "Election Results," accessed April 6, 2016
- ↑ Wisconsin Government Accountability Board, "Candidates Registered 2015 Spring Election," January 8, 2015
- ↑ Wisconsin Election Commission, "2015 Spring Election Results," accessed September 19, 2019
- ↑ Fox 6 News, Ann Walsh Bradley elected to a third term on Wisconsin Supreme Court, defeating James Daley," April 7, 2015
- ↑ Wisconsin Court System, "Justice Ann Walsh Bradley," accessed February 13, 2015
- ↑ Wisconsin Court System, "Wisconsin Supreme Court selects chief judges," June 28, 2013
- ↑ Wisconsin Government Accountability Board, "Results of Spring General Election," April 7, 2009
- ↑ Wisconsin Court System, "Supreme Court," accessed September 18, 2014
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 American Judicature Society, "Methods of Judicial Selection: Wisconsin," archived October 3, 2014
- ↑ 79.0 79.1 Wisconsin State Legislature, "Statutes, Chapter 8.50(4)(f)," accessed December 16 2016
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, "Walker's approach to the judiciary," September 21, 2013
Federal courts:
Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals • U.S. District Court: Eastern District of Wisconsin, Western District of Wisconsin • U.S. Bankruptcy Court: Eastern District of Wisconsin, Western District of Wisconsin
State courts:
Wisconsin Supreme Court • Wisconsin Court of Appeals • Wisconsin Circuit Courts
State resources:
Courts in Wisconsin • Wisconsin judicial elections • Judicial selection in Wisconsin
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