Usuari:Enrospv/Annex:Medicaments retirats
Els fàrmacs o medicines poden ser retirats dels mercats arran dels seus riscos en pacients, però per raons comercials (p. ex. manca de demanda i costos de producció relativament alts). Quan la retirada és per riscos de salut o danys a l'organisme, normalment hi haurà estat causat per efectes adversos inesperats que no van ser detectats durant assaigs clínics de III fase, i només es van fer evidents amb la vigilància posterior en períodes més llargs de temps.
Aquesta llista no es limita a fàrmacs que mai van ser aprovats pel FDA. Alguns d'ells (com el lumiracoxib, rimonabant, tolrestat, ximelagatran i ximelidina, per exemple) van ser aprovats per a ser comercialitzats en Europa però no es van aprovar als Estats Units quan els efectes secundaris van ser evidents i es van acabar per retirar del mercat.. Alguns fàrmacs d'aquesta llista (com l'LSD) mai van ser aprovats per a la seua comercialització.
Retirades significatives
[modifica]Nom del medicament | Retirada | País | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Adderall XR | 2005 | Canadà | Risc d'ictus[1] La prohibició es va eliminar més tard perquè el risc de mort d'aquells que prenien Adderall XR no era superior a aquells que no en prenien. |
Alatrofloxacin | 2006 | Arreu del món | Malaltia de fetge fatal que porta a trasplant o mort.[2] |
Alclofenac | 1979 | Regne Unit | Vasculitis[3] |
Alpidem (Ananxyl) | 1995 | Arreu del món | No es va aprovar als EUA, es va retirar de França en 1994[4] i a la resta del món en 1995 per casos rars però greus d'hepatotoxicitat.[3][5] |
Alosetron (Lotronex) | 2000 | EUA | Efectes adversos gastrointestinals; colitis isquèmica; estrenyiment sever.[2] Reintrodït en 2002 de forma controlada |
Altesin (=Amineptina d'alfaxoloa + alfadolona) | 1984 | França, Alemanya, Regne Unit | Anafilaxi.[3] |
Amineptina (Survector) | 1999 | França, EUA | Hepatotoxicitat, efectes dermatològics, i potencial d'abús.[6] |
Aminopirina | 1999 | França, Tailàndia | Risc de agranulocitosi i acne sever.[3] |
Amobarbital | 1980 | Noruega | Risc de sobredosi.[3] |
Amoproxan | 1970 | França | Toxicitat dermatològica i oftalmològica.[3] |
Acetat d'anagestona | 1969 | Alemanya | Carcinogènsi animal.[3] |
Antrafenina | 1984 | França | Toxicitat sense especificar en experiments.[3] |
Aprotinina (Trasylol) | 2008 | EUA | Major risc de mort.[2] |
Ardeparina (Normiflo) | 2001 | EUA | Es va retirar per raons diferents a la seguretat o eficàcia.[7] |
Astemizol (Hismanal) | 1999 | EUA, Malàsia, mercats inespecífics | Arrítmia fatal[2][3] |
Azaribina | 1976 | EUA | Tromboembolisme.[3] |
Bendazac | 1993 | Espanya | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Benoxaprofen | 1982 | Alemanya, Espanya, Regne Unit, EUA | Fallida de ronyó i fetge; sagnat gastrointestinal; úlceres.[2][3] |
Benzarona | 1992 | Alemanya | Hepatitis.[3] |
Benziodarone | 1964 | França, Regne Unit | Icterícia.[3] |
Beta-etoxi-lacetanilanida | 1986 | Alemanya | Toxicitat renal, carcinogènesi animal.[3] |
Bezitramida | 2004 | Països Baixos | Risc de sobredosi fatal.[8] |
Bitionol | 1967 | EUA | Toxicitat dermatològica.[3] |
Brotizolam | 1989 | Regne Unit | Carcinogènesi animal.[3] |
Bromfenac | 1998 | EUA | Hepatitis severa i fallida de fetge (exigint trasplant).[2] |
Bucetin | 1986 | Alemanya | Dany al ronyó.[3] |
Buformin | 1978 | Alemanya | Toxicitat metabòlica.[3] |
Bunamiodil | 1963 | Canadà, Regne Unit, EUA | Nefropatia.[9] |
Butamben (Efocaine)(Butoforme) | 1964 | EUA | Toxicitat dermatològica; reaccions psiquiàtriques.[3] |
Canrenona | 1986 | Alemanya | Carcinogènesi animal.[3] |
Cerivastatina (Baycol, Lipobay) | 2001 | EUA | Risc de rabdomiòlisi[2] |
Clormadionan (Chlormenadione) | 1970 | Regne Unit, EUA | Carcinogènesi animal.[3] |
Clormezanona (Trancopal) | 1996 | Unió Europea, EUA, Sud-àfrica, Japó | Hepatotoxicitat i síndrome d'Steven-Johnson.[3] |
Clorfentermina | 1969 | Alemanya | Toxicitat cardiovascular.[3] |
Cianidanol | 1985 | França, Alemanya, Espanya, Suècia | Anèmia hemolítica.[3] |
Cinepazida | 1988 | Espanya | Agranulocitosi.[10][11] |
Cisaprida (Propulsid) | 2000 | EUA | Risc d'arrítmies fatals.[2] |
Clioquinol | 1973 | França, Alemanya, Regne Unit, EUA | Neurotoxicitat.[3] |
Clobutinol | 2007 | Alemanya | Arrítmia ventricular, prolongació QT.ref name=Schubert-Zsilavecz>Schubert-Zsilavecz, Manfred «Arzneimittelrücknahmen Rückrufe im Rückblick». [Consulta: 25 setembre 2013].</ref> |
Cloforex | 1969 | Alemanya | Toxicitat cardiovascular.[3] |
Clomacron | 1982 | Regne Unit | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Clometacin | 1987 | França | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Co-proxamol (Distalgesic) | 2004 | Regne Unit | Risc de sobredosi |
Ciclobarbital | 1980 | Noruega | Risc de sobredosi[3] |
Ciclofenil | 1987 | França | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Dantron | 1963 | Canadà, Regne Unit, EUA | Mutagènic.[12] Retirat de l'ús general al Regne Unit però permés en pacients terminals. |
Dexfenfluramina | 1997 | Unió Europea, Regne Unit, EUA | Cardiotòxic[3] |
Propoxifen (Darvocet/Darvon) | 2010 | Arreu del món | Augment del risc d'atacs del cor i ictus.[13] |
Diacetoxidifenolisatin | 1971 | Austràlia | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Dietilstilbestrol | 1970s | EUA | Carcinogènic |
Difemerina | 1986 | Alemanya | Toxicitat multiorgànica.[3] |
Dihidrostreptomicina | 1970 | EUA | Reacció neuropsiquiàtrica.[3] |
Dilevalol | 1990 | Regne Unit | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Dimazole (Diamthazole) | 1972 | França, EUA | Reacció neuropsiquiàtrica.[3] |
Dimetilamilamina (DMAA) | 1983 | EUA | Retirada voluntàriament del mercat per Lily.[14]:12 Reintroduïda com a suplement dietètic en 2006;[14]:13 i en 2013 la FDA la va voler eliminar per causar probelemes cardiovasculars[15] |
Dinoprostona | 1990 | Regne Unit | Hipotonia uterina, estrés fetal.[3] |
Dipirona (Metamizole) | 1975 | Regne Unit, EUA, Altres | Agranulocitosi, reaccions anafilàctiques. [3] |
Iodida de ditiazanina | 1964 | França, EUA | Reaccions cardiovasculars i metabòliques.[3] |
Dofetilida | 2004 | Alemanya | Interaccions amb altres medicaments, QT prolongat.[16] |
Drotrecogina alfa (Xigris) | 2011 | Arreu del món | Falta d'eficiència segons mostra l'estudi PROWESS-SHOCK[17][18][19] |
Ebrotidina | 1998 | Espanya | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Efalizumab (Raptiva) | 2009 | Alemanya | Retirat pel risc aumentat de leucoenfepalotia progressiva multifocal.[16] |
Encainide | 1991 | Regne Unit, EUA | Ventricular arrhythmias.[2][3] |
Ethyl carbamate | 1963 | Canadà, Regne Unit, EUA, | Carcinogen.[20] |
Etretinate | 1989 | França | Teratogen.[2][3] |
Exifone | 1989 | França | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Fen-phen (popular combination of fenfluramine and phentermine) | 1997 | Cardiotoxicity | |
Fenclofenac | 1984 | Regne Unit | Cutaneous reactions; animal carcinogenicity.[3] |
Fenclozic acid | 1970 | Regne Unit, EUA | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Fenfluramine | 1997 | European Union, Regne Unit, EUA, India, South Africa, others | Cardiac valvular disease, pulmonary hypertension, cardiac fibrosis;[3][21] re-approved in June 2020 for the treatment of seizures associated with Dravet syndrome, under FDA orphan drug rules. |
Fenoterol | 1990 | New Zealand | Asthma mortality.[3] |
Feprazone | 1984 | Alemanya, Regne Unit | Cutaneous reaction, multiorgan toxicity.[3] |
Fipexide | 1991 | França | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Flosequinan (Manoplax) | 1993 | Regne Unit, EUA | Increased mortality at higher doses; increased hospitalizations.[2][3] |
Flunitrazepam | 1991 | França | Abuse.[3] |
Flupirtine | 2018 | European Union | Liver toxicity.[22] |
Gatifloxacin | 2006 | EUA | Increased risk of dysglycemia.[2] |
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) | 2010 | EUA | No improvement in clinical benefit; risk for death.[2] Returned to market in 2017. [23] |
Glafenine | 1984 | França, Germany | Anaphylaxis.[3] |
Grepafloxacin (Raxar) | 1999 | Withdrawn Germany, Regne Unit, EUA others | Cardiac repolarization; QT interval prolongation.[2] |
Hydromorphone (Palladone, extended release version) | 2005 | High risk of accidental overdose when extended release version (Palladone) administered with alcohol. Standard hydromorphone is sold in most of the world including the US | |
Ibufenac | 1968 | Regne Unit | Hepatotoxicitat, jaundice.[3] |
Indalpine | 1985 | França | Agranulocytosis.[3] |
Indoprofen | 1983 | Alemanya, Spain, Regne Unit | Animal carcinogenicity, gastrointestinal toxicity.[3] |
Ingenol mebutate gel | 2020 | Suspended in Europe | Increased risk of skin cancers.[24][25] |
Iodinated casein strophantin | 1964 | EUA | Metabolic reaction.[3] |
Iproniazid | 1964 | Canadà | Interactions with food products containing tyrosine.[26] |
Isaxonine phosphate | 1984 | França | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Isoxicam | 1983 | França, Germany, Spain, others | Stevens johnson syndrome.[3] |
Kava Kava | 2002 | Alemanya | Hepatotoxicitat.[16] |
Ketorolac | 1993 | França, Germany, others | Hemorrhage, Kidney Failure.[3] |
L-tryptophan | 1989 | Alemanya, Regne Unit | Eosinophilic myalgia syndrome.[3] Still sold in the US |
Levamisole (Ergamisol) | 1999 | US | Still used as veterinary drug and as a human antihelminthic in many markets; listed on the WHO List of Essential Medicines. In humans, it was used to treat melanoma before it was withdrawn for agranulocytosis.[27][28][29] |
Levomethadyl acetate | 2003 | EUA | Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest.[2] |
Lorcaserin (Belviq) | 2020 | EUA | Increased risk of cancer. [30] |
Lumiracoxib (Prexige) | 2007–2008 | Arreu del món | Liver damage |
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) | 1950s–1960s | Marketed as a psychiatric drug; withdrawn after it became widely used recreationally. Now illegal in most of the world. | |
Mebanazine | 1975 | Regne Unit | Hepatotoxicitat, drug intereaction.[3] |
Methandrostenolone | 1982 | França, Germany, Regne Unit, EUA, others | Off-label abuse.[3] |
Methapyrilene | 1979 | Alemanya, Regne Unit, EUA | Animal carcinogenicity.[3] |
Methaqualone | 1984 | South Africa (1971), India (1984), United Nations (1971–1988) | Withdrawn because of risk of addiction and overdose[31][32] |
Metipranolol | 1990 | Regne Unit, others | Uveitis.[3] |
Metofoline | 1965 | EUA | Unspecific experimental toxicity.[3] |
Mibefradil | 1998 | European Union, Malaysia, EUA, others | Fatal arrhythmia, drug interactions.[2][3] |
Minaprine | 1996 | França | Convulsions.[3] |
Moxisylyte | 1993 | França | Necrotic hepatitis.[3] |
Muzolimine | 1987 | França, Germany, European Union | Polyneuropathy.[3] |
Natalizumab (Tysabri) | 2005–2006 | EUA | Voluntarily withdrawn from US market because of risk of Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Returned to market July, 2006. |
Nefazodone | 2007 | EUA, Canada, others | Branded version withdrawn by originator in several countries in 2007 for Hepatotoxicitat. Generic versions available.[33] |
Nialamide | 1974 | Regne Unit, EUA | Hepatotoxicitat, drug intereaction.[3] |
Nikethamide | 1988 | multiple markets | CNS Stimulation.[3] |
Nitrefazole | 1984 | Alemanya | Hepatic and hematologic toxicity.[3] |
Nomifensine | 1981–1986 | França, Germany, Spain, Regne Unit, EUA, others | Hemolytic Anemia, Hepatotoxicitat, serious hypersensitive reactions.[2][3] |
Oxeladin | 1976 | Canadà, Regne Unit, EUA (1976) | Carcinogen.[34] |
Oxyphenbutazone | 1984–1985 | Regne Unit, EUA, Germany, France, Canada | Bone marrow suppression, Stevens–Johnson syndrome.[3][35][36] |
Oxyphenisatin (Phenisatin) | Australia, France, Germany, Regne Unit, EUA | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] | |
Ozogamicin | 2010 | EUA | No improvement in clinical benefit; risk for death; veno-occlusive disease.[2] |
Pemoline (Cylert) | 1997 | Canadà, Regne Unit | Withdrawn from US in 2005. Hepatotoxicitat[37] Reason:Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Pentobarbital | 1980 | Noruega | Risk of fatal overdose[3] |
Pentylenetetrazol | 1982 | EUA | Withdrawn for inability to produce effective convulsive therapy, and for causing seizures. |
Pergolide (Permax) | 2007 | EUA | Risk for heart valve damage.[2] |
Perhexiline | 1985 | Regne Unit, Spain | Neurologic and hepatic toxicity.[3] |
Phenacetin | 1975 | Canadà | An ingredient in "A.P.C." tablet; withdrawn because of risk of cancer and kidney disease[38] Germany Denmark, Regne Unit, EUA, others Reason: nephropathy.[3] |
Phenformin and Buformin | 1977 | França, Germany US | Severe lactic acidosis[3] |
Phenolphthalein | 1997 | EUA | Possible carcinogen.[39] |
Phenoxypropazine | 1966 | Regne Unit | Hepatotoxicitat, drug intereaction.[3] |
Phenylbutazone | 1985 | Alemanya | Off-label abuse, hematologic toxicity.[3] |
Phenylpropanolamine (Propagest, Dexatrim) | 2000 | Canadà, EUA | Hemorrhagic stroke.[40][41] |
Pifoxime (=Pixifenide) | 1976 | França | Neuropsychiatric reaction.[3] |
Pirprofen | 1990 | França, Germany, Spain | Liver toxicity.[3][10]:223 |
Prenylamine | 1988 | Canadà, France, Germany, Regne Unit, EUA, others | Cardiac arrythmia[42] and death.[3] |
Proglumide | 1989 | Alemanya | Respiratory reaction.[3] |
Pronethalol | 1965 | Regne Unit | Animal carcinogenicity.[3] |
Propanidid | 1983 | Regne Unit | Allergy.[3] |
Proxibarbal | 1998 | Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, Turkey | Immunoallergic, thrombocytopenia.[3] |
Pyrovalerone | 1979 | França | Abuse.[3] |
Rapacuronium (Raplon) | 2001 | EUA, multiple markets | Withdrawn in many countries because of risk of fatal bronchospasm[2] |
Remoxipride | 1993 | Regne Unit, others | Aplastic anemia.[3] |
rhesus rotavirus vaccine-tetravalent (RotaShield) | 1999 | EUA | Withdrawn due to risk of intussusception[43] |
Rimonabant (Acomplia) | 2008 | Arreu del món | Risk of severe depression and suicide[16] |
Rofecoxib (Vioxx) | 2004 | Arreu del món | Withdrawn by Merck & Co. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke[2] |
Rosiglitazone (Avandia) | 2010 | Europe | Risk of heart attacks and death. This drug continues to be available in the US |
Secobarbital | França, Norway, others. | Risk of overdose[3] | |
Sertindole | 1998 | European Union | Arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death[3][44] |
Sibutramine (Reductil/Meridia) | 2010 | Australia,[45] Canada,[46] China,[47] the European Union (EU),[48] Hong Kong,[49] India,[50] Mexico, New Zealand,[51] the Philippines,[52] Thailand,[53] the United Kingdom,[54] and the United States[55] | Increased risk of heart attack and stroke.[2] |
Sitaxentan | 2010 | Alemanya | Hepatotoxicitat.[16] |
Sorivudine | 1993 | Japan | Drug interaction and deaths.[56] |
Sparfloxacin | 2001 | EUA | QT prolongation and phototoxicity.[2] |
Sulfacarbamide | 1988 | Alemanya | Dermatologic, hematologic and hepatic reactions.[3] |
Sulfamethoxydiazine | 1988 | Alemanya | Unknown.[3] |
Sulfamethoxypyridazine | 1986 | Regne Unit | Dermatologic and hematologic reactions.[3] |
Suloctidil | 1985 | Alemanya, France, Spain | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Suprofen | 1986–1987 | Regne Unit, Spain, EUA | Kidney damage.[2][3] |
Tegaserod (Zelnorm) | 2007 | EUA | Risk for heart attack, stroke, and unstable angina.[2] Was available through a restricted access program until April 2008; returned to market in 2019. |
Temafloxacin | 1992 | Alemanya, Regne Unit, EUA, others | Low blood sugar; hemolytic anemia; kidney, liver dysfunction; allergic reactions[2][3] |
Temafloxacin | 1992 | EUA | Allergic reactions and cases of hemolytic anemia, leading to three patient deaths.[2] |
Temazepam (Restoril, Euhypnos, Normison, Remestan, Tenox, Norkotral) | 1999 | Sweden, Norway | Diversion, abuse, and a relatively high rate of overdose deaths in comparison to other drugs of its group. This drug continues to be available in most of the world including the US, but under strict controls. |
Terfenadine (Seldane, Triludan) | 1997–1998 | França, South Africa, Oman, others, EUA | Prolonged QT interval; ventricular tachycardia[2][3] |
Terodiline (Micturin) | 1991 | Alemanya, Regne Unit, Spain, others | Prolonged QT interval, ventricular tachycardia and arrhythmia.[3] |
Tetrazepam | 2013 | European Union | Serious cutaneous reactions.[57] |
Thalidomide | 1961 | Alemanya | Withdrawn because of risk of teratogenicity;[58] returned to market for use in leprosy and multiple myeloma under FDA orphan drug rules |
Thenalidine | 1963 | Canadà, Regne Unit, EUA | Neutropenia[3][59] |
Thiobutabarbitone | 1993 | Alemanya | Kidney injury.[3] |
Thioridazine (Melleril) | 2005 | Alemanya, Regne Unit | Withdrawn worldwide due to severe cardiac arrhythmias[60][61] |
Ticrynafen (Tienilic acid) | 1980 | Alemanya, France, Regne Unit, EUA others | Liver toxicity and death.[3] |
Tolcapone (Tasmar) | 1998 | European Union, Canada, Australia | Hepatotoxicitat[3] |
Tolrestat (Alredase) | 1996 | Argentina, Canada, Italy, others | Severe Hepatotoxicitat[3] |
Triacetyldiphenolisatin | 1971 | Australia | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Triazolam | 1991 | França, Netherlands, Finland, Argentina, Regne Unit others | Psychiatric adverse drug reactions, amnesia.[3][62] |
Triparanol | 1962 | França, EUA | Cataracts, alopecia, ichthyosis.[3] |
Troglitazone (Rezulin) | 2000 | EUA, Germany | Hepatotoxicitat[2] |
Trovafloxacin (Trovan) | 1999–2001 | European Union, EUA | Withdrawn because of risk of liver failure[2][3] |
Valdecoxib (Bextra) | 2004 | EUA | Risk of heart attack and stroke.[2] |
Vincamine | 1987 | Alemanya | Hematologic toxicity.[3] |
Xenazoic acid | 1965 | França | Hepatotoxicitat.[3] |
Ximelagatran (Exanta) | 2006 | Alemanya | Hepatotoxicitat[16] |
Zimelidine | 1983 | Arreu del món | Risk of Guillain–Barré syndrome, hypersensitivity reaction, Hepatotoxicitat[3][63][64] banned worldwide.[65] |
Zomepirac | 1983 | Regne Unit, Germany, Spain, EUA | Anaphylactic reactions and non-fatal allergic reactions, kidney failure[2][3] |
Vegeu també
[modifica]Referències
[modifica]- ↑ Branch, Government of Canada, Health Canada, Public Affairs, Consultation and Communications. «Health Canada – Home Page». Arxivat de l'original el 28 June 2005. [Consulta: 28 novembre 2016].
- ↑ 2,00 2,01 2,02 2,03 2,04 2,05 2,06 2,07 2,08 2,09 2,10 2,11 2,12 2,13 2,14 2,15 2,16 2,17 2,18 2,19 2,20 2,21 2,22 2,23 2,24 2,25 2,26 2,27 2,28 2,29 2,30 Qureshi, ZP «Market withdrawal of new molecular entities approved in the United States from 1980 to 2009.». Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, vol. 20, 7, July 2011, pàg. 772–7. DOI: 10.1002/pds.2155. PMID: 21574210.
- ↑ 3,000 3,001 3,002 3,003 3,004 3,005 3,006 3,007 3,008 3,009 3,010 3,011 3,012 3,013 3,014 3,015 3,016 3,017 3,018 3,019 3,020 3,021 3,022 3,023 3,024 3,025 3,026 3,027 3,028 3,029 3,030 3,031 3,032 3,033 3,034 3,035 3,036 3,037 3,038 3,039 3,040 3,041 3,042 3,043 3,044 3,045 3,046 3,047 3,048 3,049 3,050 3,051 3,052 3,053 3,054 3,055 3,056 3,057 3,058 3,059 3,060 3,061 3,062 3,063 3,064 3,065 3,066 3,067 3,068 3,069 3,070 3,071 3,072 3,073 3,074 3,075 3,076 3,077 3,078 3,079 3,080 3,081 3,082 3,083 3,084 3,085 3,086 3,087 3,088 3,089 3,090 3,091 3,092 3,093 3,094 3,095 3,096 3,097 3,098 3,099 3,100 3,101 3,102 3,103 3,104 3,105 3,106 3,107 3,108 3,109 3,110 3,111 3,112 3,113 3,114 Fung, M. «Evaluation of the Characteristics of Safety Withdrawal of Prescription Drugs from Worldwide Pharmaceutical Markets-1960 to 1999». Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science, vol. 35, 1, 01-01-2001, pàg. 293–317. DOI: 10.1177/009286150103500134.
- ↑ «WHO Drug Information Vol. 8, No. 2, 1994, page 64». Arxivat de l'original el 3 March 2012. [Consulta: 28 novembre 2016].
- ↑ Berson, A «Toxicity of alpidem, a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand, but not zolpidem, in rat hepatocytes: role of mitochondrial permeability transition and metabolic activation». J Pharmacol Exp Ther, vol. 299, 2, 2001, pàg. 793–800. PMID: 11602696.
- ↑ DrugBank. «Amineptine». Arxivat de l'original el 27 September 2013. [Consulta: 24 setembre 2013].
- ↑ «FDA Response to Citizen Request re Ardeparin». fda.gov. Arxivat de l'original el 18 January 2017. [Consulta: 28 abril 2018].
- ↑ DrugBank. «Bezitramide». Arxivat de l'original el 27 September 2013. [Consulta: 24 setembre 2013].
- ↑ DrugBank. «Bunamiodyl». Arxivat de l'original el 27 September 2013. [Consulta: 24 setembre 2013].
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 WHO. Consolidated List of Products – Whose Consumption and/or Sale Have Been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted or Not Approved by Governments, Twelfth Issue – Pharmaceuticals Arxivat 2014-11-09 at Wikiwix. United Nations – New York, 2005
- ↑ Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat Consolidated List of Products Whose Consumption and/or Sale Have Been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted or not Approved by Governments Twelfth Issue: Pharmaceuticals Arxivat 2012-10-23 a Wayback Machine. United Nations – New York, 2005
- ↑ DrugBank. «Dantron». Arxivat de l'original el 27 September 2013. [Consulta: 24 setembre 2013].
- ↑ «Press Announcements – Xanodyne agrees to withdraw propoxyphene from the U.S. market». Arxivat de l'original el 13 November 2016. [Consulta: 28 novembre 2016].
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Col John Lammie et al. Report of the Department Of Defense: 1,3 Dimethylamylamine (Dmaa) Safety Review Panel Arxivat 2014-01-19 a Wayback Machine. June 3, 2013
- ↑ FDA. «Stimulant Potentially Dangerous to Health, FDA Warns». Arxivat de l'original el 1 February 2014. [Consulta: 26 gener 2014].
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 16,5 Error de citació: Etiqueta
<ref>
no vàlida; no s'ha proporcionat text per les refs nomenadesSchubert-Zsilavecz
- ↑ Drotrecogin Alfa (Activated) in Adults with Septic Shock Arxivat 2015-09-29 a Wayback Machine., N Engl J Med 2012; 366:2055–2064, May 31, 2012, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1202290
- ↑ «Xigris (drotrecogin alfa (activated)) to be withdrawn due to lack of efficacy». Press release. London, Regne Unit: European Medicines Agency, 25-10-2011. Arxivat de l'original el 28 October 2011. [Consulta: 26 octubre 2011].
- ↑ Armstrong, Drew. «Lilly Pulls Xigris Off Markets After Sepsis Drug Fails Study». Bloomberg Businessweek, 25-10-2011. Arxivat de l'original el 2011-10-29. [Consulta: 25 octubre 2011].
- ↑ DrugBank. «Ethyl carbamate». Arxivat de l'original el 27 September 2013. [Consulta: 24 setembre 2013].
- ↑ DrugBank. «Fenfluramine». Arxivat de l'original el 27 September 2013. [Consulta: 24 setembre 2013].
- ↑ «Withdrawal of pain medicine flupirtine endorsed». [Consulta: 13 juliol 2018].
- ↑ FDA. «FDA approves Mylotarg for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia». [Consulta: 17 febrer 2020].
- ↑ European medicines Agency. «EMA suspends Picato as a precaution while review of skin cancer risk continues».
- ↑ https://www.gov.uk/drug-safety-update/ingenol-mebutate-gel-picato-increased-incidence-of-skin-tumours-seen-in-some-clinical-studies
- ↑ DrugBank. «Iproniazid». Arxivat de l'original el 27 September 2013. [Consulta: 24 setembre 2013].
- ↑ «Agranulocytosis associated with cocaine use – four States, March 2008 – November 2009». Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., vol. 58, 49, December 2009, pàg. 1381–5. PMID: 20019655.
- ↑ «Agranulocytosis After Consumption of Cocaine Adulterated With Levamisole». Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 150, 4, February 2009, pàg. 287–289. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-150-4-200902170-00102. PMID: 19153405.
- ↑ Kinzie, Erik «Levamisole Found in Patients Using Cocaine». Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol. 53, 4, April 2009, pàg. 546–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.10.017. PMID: 19303517 [Consulta: 18 agost 2009].
- ↑ FDA. «FDA requests the withdrawal of the weight-loss drug Belviq, Belviq XR (lorcaserin) from the market». [Consulta: 17 febrer 2020].
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- ↑ Pubchem record Arxivat 2015-06-10 a Wayback Machine. says "withdrawn in 1983"
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