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David Shaffer
  • 201-1904 (Gyerim-dong, Geumho Apt.) 358 Jungang-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61402 Korea
  • +82 (0)10-5068-9179 // +82 (0)62-521-2013
Over the years, numerous beliefs about how languages are learned and how they should be taught have coalesced among laymen and foreign language teachers alike, often without very much theoretical foundation or research as a basis. The aim... more
Over the years, numerous beliefs about how languages are learned and how they should be taught have coalesced among laymen and foreign language teachers alike, often without very much theoretical foundation or research as a basis. The aim of this presentation is to challenge about fifteen such popular opinions and show how they are not supported or poorly supported by present second language acquisition research and theory. These opinions deal with first and second language acquisition beliefs, error correction, first language interference with language learning, pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar rules, structures, and interaction. The end goal is to produce a clearer perception of how second languages are learned and of current thinking on best practices for teaching them, making it possible for the teacher to make informed classroom instructional adjustments.
The borrowing of loanwords into Korean is prevalent and is occurring at a quickening pace. In the learning of English vocabulary, the English cognates of these English-based loanwords (EBLs) could be targeted for instruction, but rarely... more
The borrowing of loanwords into Korean is prevalent and is occurring at a quickening pace. In the learning of English vocabulary, the English cognates of these English-based loanwords (EBLs) could be targeted for instruction, but rarely are. Indeed, their inclusion in vocabulary learning is often stigmatized, and research on the use of EBLs in Korean discourse and on classroom instruction on their English cognates is minimal. This study sets out a classification of EBLs, based on their differences from their English cognates, and quantifies these differences with a quality designation. This EBL quality score identifies the types of differences for which more focused instruction may be required. The survey also show that learners us a considerable number of English cognates of EBLs in their written production and general use. However, the study also reveals that learners often do not know how the English cognates that they are using differ from their EBLs or even whether they differ in any way. It is obvious that there are pedagogical ramifications of these findings, and it is indeed proposed that much more attention be accorded to cognates of EBLs for a rapid English lexicon expansion and English cognate understanding.
The aim of this study is to quantitatively examine whether the use of song through a cloze-type activity is as effective as or more effective than non-musical methods in the learning of lexical items and syntactic structures. To this end,... more
The aim of this study is to quantitatively examine whether the use of song through a cloze-type activity is as effective as or more effective than non-musical methods in the learning of lexical items and syntactic structures. To this end, one experimental group was exposed to a song and later was asked to discuss it, while a second group was exposed to only the lyrics before discussing them. A control group receiving no instruction was also included. Through a Korean-to-English translation pretest and two posttests, the effectiveness of the musical and non-musical teaching methods were compared. In overall test scores, the song group performed better than the lyrics group, showing that the use of a song in a lesson is more effective than the introduction of the lyrics in the absence of the song. The test scores also indicated that the song group outperformed the lyrics group on both the lexical item questions and the syntactic questions, indicating that the use of song is more effective especially in teaching syntactical structures and lexical items.
Analysis of errors produced by Korean learners of English is one area in which much work remains to be done. This paper attempts to delineate two particular types of errors: L1 syntax-influenced errors, those caused by L1 surface... more
Analysis of errors produced by Korean learners of English is one area in which much work remains to be done. This paper attempts to delineate two particular types of errors: L1 syntax-influenced errors, those caused by L1 surface structure interference in L2 production, and L1 culturo-syntactically related errors, those caused by L1 surface structure interference which, in turn, has been influenced by cultural or other extralinguistic aspects of the L1 speech community. This culturo-syntactic influence of Korean is shown to occur at the morphological, lexical, phrasal, and sentential levels, all causing errors in English production. Two additional general principles are proposed to account for much of this influence. It is suggested that teacher awareness of these types of errors and imparting to the student information on the reasons causing them will be conducive to their expedient elimination.
Figurative language, proverbs as well as idioms and conventional metaphors, have long been both difficult for the EFL instructor to teach and for the learner to learn and use. They are often introduced with a definition, used in example... more
Figurative language, proverbs as well as idioms and conventional metaphors, have long been both difficult for the EFL instructor to teach and for the learner to learn and use. They are often introduced with a definition, used in example sentences, and then left for the student to commit to memory for testing purposes. A more effective method of teaching figurative expressions such as proverbs seems to be necessary. It is proposed here that the cognitive linguistic constructs of conceptual metaphor and image schema can be adapted to form such a method. Rather than thinking of metaphor as an extraordinary form of discourse characteristic of literary language, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) have shown that conceptual metaphor is a fundamental property of everyday language and a powerful cognitive tool for the conceptualization of abstract categories. They motivate many of the conventional metaphors used in everyday speech as well as motivate many of the commonly used English idioms and proverbs. Image schemas are discussed in Lakoff (1987), Lakoff and Turner (1989), and Johnson (1987) and are characterized as recurring basic abstract conceptual structures that occur in our conceptualizations of the world, and which play a fundamental role in cognitive semantic processes. This study examines the teaching of proverbs as discussed by Gibbs (2001), Gibbs and Beitel (1995), and Gibbs, Strom, and Spivey-Knowlton (1997). It is proposed that visual or mental adaptations of image schema can contribute to making proverb learning more efficient.
The cliché “a picture is worth a thousand words” has been used in connection with everything from directions to the baseball stadium to the anatomy of a flea, but we do not readily think of it in connection with idiom instruction. The... more
The cliché “a picture is worth a thousand words” has been used in connection with everything from directions to the baseball stadium to the anatomy of a flea, but we do not readily think of it in connection with idiom instruction. The teaching of idioms in the EFL classroom is at the same time of great interest to the student, difficult for them to grasp, and problematic to teach for the instructor, as is figurative language in general. The instructor often introduces the idiom by defining it, using it in a few sentences, asking students for questions, and then sending them home with instructions to memorize it for a test. Idiom textbooks often have idioms arranged in lessons or units according to words they contain, e.g., body parts, clothing, colors, plants, sports, weather (e.g., Root & Blanchard, 1999), or even according to the literal meaning of idiomatic expressions (e.g., Collis, 1987). A more methodologically sound approach to teaching figurative expressions such as idioms seems necessary. This study suggests the use of the cognitive linguistic constructs of conceptual metaphor and image schema as part of such an approach. Rather than thinking of metaphor as an extraordinary form of discourse characteristic of literary language, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) have shown that metaphor is a fundamental property of everyday language and a powerful cognitive tool for the conceptualization of abstract categories. Image schemas, as discussed in Lakoff (1987), Lakoff and Turner (1989), and Johnson (1987), are characterized as recurring basic abstract conceptual structures that occur in our conceptualizations of the world and play a fundamental role in cognitive semantic processes. These cognitive linguistic concepts, though formulated for a theoretical explanation of linguistic processes rather that practical ELT application, are being adapted in this study to ascertain their efficacy for the teaching of idioms.
Idioms, and figurative language in general, have long been both difficult for the EFL instructor to teach and for the learner to grasp. The teacher often introduces the idiom by defining it, uses it in a few sentences, asks students if... more
Idioms, and figurative language in general, have long been both difficult for the EFL instructor to teach and for the learner to grasp. The teacher often introduces the idiom by defining it, uses it in a few sentences, asks students if there are any questions (there usually are none), and students then go home to memorize the idioms for the upcoming test.
A more effective method of teaching figurative expressions such as idioms seems necessary. I propose using the cognitive linguistic constructs of conceptual metaphor and image schema to form such a method. Rather than thinking of metaphor as an extraordinary form of discourse characteristic of literary language, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) have shown that metaphor is a fundamental property of everyday language and a powerful cognitive tool for the conceptualization of abstract categories. Image schemas are discussed in Lakoff (1987), Lakoff and Turner (1989), and Johnson (1987) and are characterized as recurring basic abstract conceptual structures that occur in our conceptualizations of the world, which play a fundamental role in cognitive semantic processes.
This paper deals with the possibility of applying some basic concepts of Cognitive Linguistics to the teaching of metaphorical expressions in the EFL classroom. In associating cognitive with language learning, we most readily think of... more
This paper deals with the possibility of applying some basic concepts of Cognitive Linguistics to the teaching of metaphorical expressions in the EFL classroom. In associating cognitive with language learning, we most readily think of Skehan's (1998) cognitive approach with task-based instruction or the CALLA model with its content-based curriculum, cognitive instruction, and cooperative learning (Chamot & O'Malley, 1994). The cognitive theory employed in these is that of general learning, which is not closely related to that of Cognitive Linguistic theory. Cognitive Linguistics and its theoretical concepts are relatively new in Korean linguistic circles, and relatively unknown in Korean circles of applied linguistics and EFL teaching and materials design. My belief is that two concepts central to Cognitive Linguistics – conceptual metaphor and image schema – have the potential to be effective in improving teaching efficiency if incorporated into the design of teaching materials. Before going on to explain the study designed to test this belief, the concepts of conceptual metaphor and image schema are briefly described.
The field of TESL is constantly looking towards the field of linguistics for new and better ways of teaching English as a second or foreign language. Unfortunately, since the advent of generative grammars of almost a half century age,... more
The field of TESL is constantly looking towards the field of linguistics for new and better ways of teaching English as a second or foreign language. Unfortunately, since the advent of generative grammars of almost a half century age, very little of the myriad of linguistic research has found its way into the ESL/EFL classroom in the form of practical teaching materials. In recent years, the field of cognitive linguistics has become more prominent and its theory more well-known. Some of its concepts and their representations outwardly appear to lend themselves to adaptation as classroom teaching materials with little alteration. Two of these concepts are image schemas and conceptual metaphors, which are interrelated. As the overwhelming majority of the work in the area of image schemas has had to do with particles (prepositions and phrasal verb particles), the graphical representations of some of these image schemas have been selected to test their efficacy as teaching material for the teaching of English particles.
The production of errors is a part of the general skills learning process and a part of the foreign language learning process as well. It is therefore not something that should be eliminated from the language-learning process, if that... more
The production of errors is a part of the general skills learning process and a part of the foreign language learning process as well. It is therefore not something that should be eliminated from the language-learning process, if that were indeed possible, but something that should ideally be kept to a minimum for the most efficient learning of language skills. The question is the best way to handle these learner errors to make language learning most efficient. Proposals run the gamut from error correction being useless to it being valuable. In recent years, more research is showing that error correction. Just as the question "What is the best teaching method?" has been with us for many years, so has the question of which error correction method is most effective.
Chosun University Graduate School, Gwangju, Korea
Interview with Julian Warmington
Interview with Jocelyn Wright
Interview with Joo-Kyung Park
Interview with Joo-Kyung Park
Interview with Phillip Schrank
Interview with Lindsay Herron
Interview with Chris Devison
Interview with Jonathan Moffett
Interview with Ian Schneider
Interview with Brennand Kennedy
Interview with Jessica Magnusson
Interview with Ian Moodie
Interview with Aline Verduyn
Interview with Bryan Hale
Interview with Jocelyn Wright
Interview with Maria Lisak
Interview with Lindsay Herron
Contributions by Jared Dela Paz, Ju Seong Lee, and Derek Iwanuk
Contributions by Lindsay Herron, Bryan Hale, Maria Lisak, and Jonathan Moffett
Interview with Dr. Park Joo-Kyung
Contributions by Maria Lisak, Jonathan Moffett, Lindsay Herron, and Bryan Hale
Contributions by Emma, Mary Joy Escobal, Malyn Perez Rosales Kim, Princess Joy F. Cedeno, Sherryl Sambo, and Sabel Lee
Contributions by Emma, Mary Joy Escobal, Malyn Perez Rosales Kim, Princess Joy F. Cedeno, Sherryl Sambo, and Sabel Lee
Contributions by Dr. Ian Moodie, Brennand Kennedy, Lisa Casaus, and Bryan Hale
Contributions by Kat Sten, Lynne, and Jessica Magnusson
Interview with Billie Kang
Interview with Kristy Dolson and Peter Lucarotti
Interview with Yun Seongsuk

And 63 more

As academics, we have the greatest vocation. We get to teach, theorize, and test our ideas. We get to challenge (and be challenged) by our students and peers. We get to consistently carry out research for the arts, humanities, and social... more
As academics, we have the greatest vocation. We get to teach, theorize, and test our ideas. We get to challenge (and be challenged) by our students and peers. We get to consistently carry out research for the arts, humanities, and social sciences. Mostly, we get to do this with time and place flexibility.

https://koreatesol.org/content/how-publish-lot-and-still-kind-have-life-tips-and-tricks-phd-students-and-early-career
Chapter in Sa Heeman (Ed.), 국제매너와 교양 - Global Manners and Etiquette for International Interaction.
English instruction was first instituted into the Korean elementary school curriculum in the spring of 1997. During the period of hearings before the elementary school English curriculum was put into effect, there was heated debate on... more
English instruction was first instituted into the Korean elementary school curriculum in the spring of 1997. During the period of hearings before the elementary school English curriculum was put into effect, there was heated debate on whether studying English would be beneficial, or in fact, harmful to language learning and child development.
(Co-authored)
Paul Y. Choe (co-author)
Yoon Joo Lee (co-author)
Review of:
(1) Longman Advanced American Dictionary
(2) Collins Cobuild English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (3rd ed.)
Interview with Reece Randall
Interview with Lindsay Herron
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David Shaffer (Ed.)  // koreatesol.org
David Shaffer & James Kimball (Eds.) // koreatesol.org
David Shaffer & James Kimball (Eds.) // koreatesol.org
David Shaffer & James Kimball (Eds.) // koreatesol.org
David Shaffer (Ed.) // koreatesol.org
David Shaffer & Maria Pinto (Eds.)  //  koreatesol.org
Maria Pinto & David Shaffer (Eds.)  //  koreatesol.org
David Shaffer & Maria Pinto (Eds.)
Maria Pinto & David Shaffer (Eds.)
Maria Pinto & David Shaffer (Eds.)
David Shaffer &  Maria Pinto (Eds.)
Maria Pinto & David Shaffer (Eds.)
Maria Pinto & David Shaffer (Eds.)
David E. Shaffer & Maria Pinto (Eds.)
Jake Kimball & David E. Shaffer (Eds.)
David E. Shaffer & Jake Kimball (Eds.)
David E. Shaffer & David D.I. Kim (Eds.)
David E. Shaffer, David Berry, & David D.I. Kim (Eds.)
Gerry Lassche & David Shaffer (Eds.)
David E. Shaffer (Ed.)
David E. Shaffer (Ed.)
By the middle of the 11th century, Old English seemed secure. However, it was very soon to face the greatest challenge ever to its existence.
One would think that a language so widely used as English would have a long history, but it has gone through trials and tribulations, making its roots intricate and curious, in a relatively short period of time. The seeds of English are... more
One would think that a language so widely used as English would have a long history, but it has gone through trials and tribulations, making its roots intricate and curious, in a relatively short period of time. The seeds of English are to be found beyond the eastern shores of the British Isles on the European continent. There Germanic tribes...
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koreatesol.org
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Interview with Dr. Moe Taylor
Interview with Dr. Paul Courtright
A chronological account of the 10-day Gwangju Uprising of 1980, an armed conflict that bloodied the streets of the city.
Photo essay of the 10-day Gwangju Uprising of 1980, an armed conflict that bloodied the streets of the city.
Kim Chun-soo Poem (1955).
Yi Yuksa Poem (1939).
Han Yong-un Poem (1926).
A comparison of the state of ELT in Korea 40 years ago with that of today via first-hand observances and experiences.
koreatesol.org
The award-winning short story by Yun Hu-myeong in English translation. 윤후명작가의 단편 소설 [영역]. Translation by David Shaffer. A story of ethnic-Korean life in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan) viewed from the... more
The award-winning short story by Yun Hu-myeong in English translation.
윤후명작가의 단편 소설 [영역].  Translation by David Shaffer.
A story of ethnic-Korean life in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan) viewed from the Korean mindset.
Interview with David Shaffer
Interviewed by Benjamin Grady Young
Interviewed by Stephen Redeker
Interviewed by Jerry Foley
As academics, we have the greatest vocation. We get to teach, theorize, and test our ideas. We get to challenge (and be challenged) by our students and peers. We get to consistently carry out research for the arts, humanities, and social... more
As academics, we have the greatest vocation. We get to teach, theorize, and test our ideas. We get to challenge (and be challenged) by our students and peers. We get to consistently carry out research for the arts, humanities, and social sciences. Mostly, we get to do this with time and place flexibility. This year, although being based in South Korea, the six of us as individuals and in smaller groups, traveled across the globe visiting Turkey, the UK, and the US. We presented our research to thought-provoking audiences. We published books and more than 20 papers in top peer-reviewed journals, including SSCI, Scopus, and KCI. We consulted with schools and international organizations; and we received research funding. In the process, we learned much from our students, peers, and the broader academic community. While that sounds like the idyllic dream of an academic career, in reality the stress of balancing the increasing demands placed upon professors (and aspiring professors) is sometimes overwhelming. Moreover, the training provided in graduate school can never fully prepare new researchers for the practical demands of academia: managing research projects, supervising students, completing administrative tasks, applying for funding, preparing syllabi, teaching, crafting assessment tools, navigating the publishing landscape, and so on. So, in this brief essay we will focus primarily on the demands of research, writing, and publishing that PhD students and early-career academics face, emphasizing the Korean context. We will offer tips that should
Compilation and Contribution by David Shaffer
Compilation and contributions by David Shaffer
Interview with Dr. Shin Gyonggu