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Table of Contents

February 2017; 9 (2)

CONCEPT

Cell Biology

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The Nucleoskeleton
- Stephen A. Adam
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol February 2017;9:a023556 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a023556
The peripheral lamina is the only bona fide nucleoskeleton described to date. Several other cytoskeletal proteins (e.g., actins and myosins) are also found in nuclei, but their roles in the nucleoskeleton have not been identified.

PERSPECTIVES

Biochemistry

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The Three-Dimensional Structures of Amyloids
- Roland Riek
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol February 2017;9:a023572 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a023572
Amyloids consist of a β-sheet motif that repeats almost indefinitely. This and other unique properties bestow on these aggregates many biological activities (e.g., template assistance, membrane binding, and infectivity).

Cell Signaling

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Non-Smad Signaling Pathways of the TGF-β Family
- Ying E. Zhang
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol February 2017;9:a022129 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a022129
Several non-Smad signaling pathways (e.g., MAPK) can be activated by TGF-β family ligands. Advances in understanding the mechanisms of activation and cellular responses to these pathways have recently been made.

Cell Biology

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The Central Apparatus of Cilia and Eukaryotic Flagella
- Thomas D. Loreng and
- Elizabeth F. Smith
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol February 2017;9:a028118 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a028118
Intriguing insights into the assembly, composition, and function of the central microtubules and associated proteins in motile cilia have recently been made. For example, katanin—a protein that severs microtubules—has been implicated in their assembly.
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Prions, Chaperones, and Proteostasis in Yeast
- Tatiana A. Chernova,
- Keith D. Wilkinson,
- and Yury O. Chernoff
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol February 2017;9:a023663 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a023663
In yeast, prion propagation is controlled by the same Hsp104/70/40 chaperone machinery that is involved in protection against proteotoxic stress. Similar mechanisms may be present in higher eukaryotes.
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Open Sesame: How Transition Fibers and the Transition Zone Control Ciliary Composition
- Francesc R. Garcia-Gonzalo and
- Jeremy F. Reiter
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol February 2017;9:a028134 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a028134
The ciliary gate is the region at the base of the cilium that separates it from the rest of the cell. The gate consists of transition fibers and a transition zone that regulate proteins entering and exiting the cilium.

Developmental Biology

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Keep Your Friends Close: Cell–Cell Contact and Skeletal Myogenesis
- Robert S. Krauss,
- Giselle A. Joseph,
- and Aviva J. Goel
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol February 2017;9:a029298 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029298
Direct contact between muscle precursor cells or between muscle and nonmuscle precursor cells initiates signaling pathways that are critical during steps of skeletal muscle development (e.g., myoblast differentiation and fusion).

TECHNIQUE

Synthetic Biology

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Synthetic Biology in Cell and Organ Transplantation
- Sean Stevens
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol February 2017;9:a029561 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029561
Methods for precisely engineering genomes and for producing organ structures from composite cells and matrices have rapidly advanced, allowing the rational engineering of more effective transplantation solutions.

From Perspectives in Medicine

Jillian Love and Wouter Karthaus review next-generation organoid models of cancer
Type 1 diabetes: Alice Long and Peter Linsley on new biomarkers
Boris Rosin and co-workers discuss trial design for retinal gene therapy

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