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Visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B using Bi2WO6/GO deposited on polyethylene terephthalate fabric

Journal of Leather Science and Engineering volume 2, Article number: 16 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

The environmental repercussions of wastewater from the dye process mean that it is very important to obtain an eco-friendly photocatalyst that would degrade wastewater. Herein, bismuth tungstate/graphene oxide (Bi2WO6/GO) composites are fabricated through in-situ hydrothermal reaction and then the Bi2WO6/GO photocatalysts are deposited onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric. The obtained Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics are then characterized through XPS, Raman, SEM, TEM, XRD, UV-vis, BET method and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) to investigate their chemical and crystal structures, morphology, optical property, surface area and photochemical properties. Photocatalytic performance is studied through examining the rate of degrading rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light. Surface of PET fibers is densely covered with Bi2WO6/GO. Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics show a broad absorption band in the visible spectra. Removal rate of RhB on the Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabric is the highest with the GO content of 2 g/L (labeled as Bi2WO6/2 g/LGO). The result of active species experiment shows that superoxide radicals (·O2−) plays a major role in the degradation of RhB. Moreover, Bi2WO6/2 g/LGO deposited PET fabric shows excellent cycle stability of photocatalytic degradation for RhB. The findings in this work can be extended to preparation other types of composite on the textile for photocatalysis, which can be applied to remove dyes in the wastewater produced by the textile or leather industry.

Graphical abstract

1 Introduction

It is well known that industries can contribute to the contamination of water bodies, such as textile and leather industries because a large volume of water is used in the process, generating large amounts of effluents. The dye wastewater from these industries is resistant to biodegradation [1]. Therefore, industrial dye wastewater treatment has received much attention. Among numerous pollutant treatment approaches, photocatalysis is one of the most promising methods for wastewater treatment [2,3,4]. In recent years, Bi-based photocatalysts have attracted much attention [5,6,7]. Bi2WO6 is reported as an effective photocatalyst for detoxification in wastewater as well as polluted air among Bi-based semiconductors. Additionally, Bi2WO6 is stable with high activity because the octahedron of ceratoid WO6 is situated in the sandwich of (Bi2O2)2+ and can improve the separation of photo-generated charges [8, 9]. Nevertheless, the photocatalytic performance of pristine Bi2WO6 is restricted due to its low light absorption, difficult migration and rapid recombination of photo-generated electron-hole pairs [10, 11]. In this sense, various efficient methods and technologies have been reported such as doping, substitution, heterostructure building with a narrow-bandgap semiconductor and coupling with a carrier to increase the photoinduced electron-hole pair’s separation and transfer of Bi2WO6 [12,13,14].

Graphene oxide (GO) contains functional groups like hydroxyl and epoxide groups on the basal plane and carboxyl groups at the edge [15]. The presence of π-conjugation systems and oxygen groups cause GO to absorb visible light and impart high hydrophilicity to GO. In addition, GO can be readily dispersed in water at the molecular level, which exhibits biocompatibility and possesses tunable band gap. These can inspire this study to explore its potential as a photocatalytic material [16, 17]. To date, there have been some reports on the fabrication of bismuth tungstate/graphene oxide (Bi2WO6/GO) for photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes [18, 19].

Up to date, most researchers mainly focus on the study of the photocatalytic property of Bi2WO6/GO powders. However, it is not easy for the Bi2WO6/GO powder to be separated and recycled from the dye solution during the photocatalysis. In order to overcome these difficulties, some photocatalysts have deposited on textile products to investigate the photocatalytic activity of deposited fabrics in our previous reports such as Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/TiO2 [20, 21]. Up to now, there are no reports about Bi2WO6/GO composite photocatalysts depositing on textiles for the dye degradation.

In this work, Bi2WO6 and GO was complexed and treated by a facile hydrothermal method to obtain Bi2WO6/GO and they were then deposited on the PET fabric. The structure, photo-adsorption characteristics and specific surface area of the as- Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics were studied by SEM, TEM, XPS, Raman, XRD, UV-vis, PL and BET. The photocatalytic performance and recyclability of the Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics were investigated by the decomposition of RhB under visible light. Besides, effect of GO concentration on the photocatalytic properties of Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabric was studied.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials

PET fabrics were selected as the substrate. Bi (NO3)3·5H2O, Na2WO4·2H2O, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and rhodamine B (RhB) were obtained for use as the raw materials. Graphene oxide (GO) was purchased from Tanfeng Technology Co., Ltd.

2.2 Preparation of Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabric

Firstly, PET fabric was cut into the size of 5 cm × 5 cm and then was put into the mixed solution containing ethanol and acetone with volume ratio of 1:1, cleaned under ultrasonic stirring at 50 °C for 30 min and dried. 0.2 g as-prepared Bi2WO6/GO was dispersed in 50 mL deionized water (DI). Subsequently, PET fabric was dipped into Bi2WO6/GO suspension and shaked in the shaker (SHA-C, Jintan Kexi Instrument Co., Ltd.) for 2 h. The obtained Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabric samples were rinsed in DI water several times and dried. Additionally, 0.2 g Bi2WO6 powder was also deposited on the PET fabric according to the similar procedure for comparison.

In detail, Bi2WO6/GO composites were prepared by a hydrothermal process. 15 mL GO solution (0.5 g/L, 1 g/L, 2 g/L, 3 g/L and 4 g/L) were added into deionized water, being sonicated for 1 h to produce a homogeneous solution. 0.3 g Na2WO4·2H2O and 0.1 g CTAB were then added into the GO solution. The mixture was then stirred and sonicated for 30 min. After that, 0.8 g Bi (NO3)3·5H2O was placed into the above mixture solution. Subsequently, the suspension was placed into a 50 mL Teflon-lined autoclave and heated at 120 °C for 8 h. Finally, the product was rinsed in DI and ethanol, and dried at 65 °C. Meanwhile, Bi2WO6 photocatalyst was also synthesized without GO.

2.3 Characterizations

Chemical composition of Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabrics were conducted by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra with a spectrometer (Kratos XSAM800) using an Al Kα X-ray source (1486.6 eV photons). Raman spectra of Bi2WO6, GO and Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO powders were performed by a Raman spectrometer (LabRAM HR, France). Surface morphologies of Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabric and Bi2WO6/GO composite were obtained through SEM (JEOL JSM-6700F) and TEM (Tecnai G2 F20 S-TWIN), respectively. The XRD patterns of the products were analyzed using X’ Pert PRO diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54056 Å) in the 2θ ranging from 10° to 80°. UV-vis spectra were used to characterize the optical property of all the samples and the spectra of the Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics were examined by UV-vis spectrophotometer (UV-2700) from 200 to 800 nm. PL spectra of Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics were recorded using a F-7000 fluorescence spectrophotometer. The surface areas of Bi2WO6/GO composite were investigated by BET equipment (Gemini VII 2390).

2.4 Photocatalytic activity evaluation

The photocatalytic properties were studied by degradation of RhB. A 500 W xenon lamp (GXZ500, Shanghai, China) with a 420 nm UV-cut filter was utilized as the visible light source. The typical experiment processes were referred to our previous studies [20]. All the samples were immersed in 10 mg/L of RhB (50 mL) aqueous solution. Absorbance of RhB was recorded by a UV-vis spectrophotometer (554 nm for RhB). Absorbance ratio (At/A0) of RhB was used to evaluate photocatalytic degradation properties of Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics. According to the At and A0, removal rate of RhB (RRhB) and k value were calculated according to the Eqs. (1) and (2) [22, 23]:

$$ {\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{hB}}=\left({\mathrm{A}}_0-{\mathrm{A}}_{\mathrm{t}}\right)/{\mathrm{A}}_0\times 100\% $$
(1)
$$ -\ln \frac{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{t}}{\mathrm{A}0}=\mathrm{kt} $$
(2)

where A0 and At are the initial absorbance of RhB; the absorbance of RhB at certain reaction time t (min), respectively; k and t are the rate constant and the total irradiation time, respectively.

For the purpose of comparison, photoactivity decomposition of RhB with Bi2WO6 deposited PET fabric was also evaluated under the similar conditions. Additionally, influences of deposit weight of Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO and initial concentration of dye on the removal rate of RhB were studied. In order to understand the main reactive species, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na), benzoquinone (BQ) and isopropanol (IPA) were used as the scavengers of photoexcited holes (h+), superoxide radical (·O2−) and hydroxyl radical (·OH), respectively.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 XPS and Raman spectra

Chemical compositions of Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics were studied by XPS spectroscopy (Fig. 1a-e). It can be seen that the two samples mainly contain Bi, W, O and C elements as shown in Fig. 1a. High resolution W 4f XPS spectrum of the sample is presented in Fig. 1b. The peaks with binding energy at 34.8 eV and 36.9 eV correspond to W 4f7/2 and W 4f5/2, respectively, which is attributed to a W6+ oxidation state [24]. The binding energies at 158.6 eV and 164.0 eV are attributed to Bi 4f7/2 and Bi 4f5/2 (Fig. 1c), respectively. The result shows that Bi3+ exists in Bi2WO6 deposited PET fabric [25]. However, the peaks of W 4f and Bi 4f in the Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabric shift toward high binding energy, which suggests interaction between Bi2WO6 and GO [26, 27]. The C 1 s XPS spectrum of the Bi2WO6 deposited PET fabric in Fig. 1d is deconvolved into three peaks due to C-C (284.6 eV), C-O (286.0 eV) and C=O (288.4 eV) in epoxy or hydroxyl forms, and the similar peaks are observed in the Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabric, indicating that GO exists in the composite. Compared with the Bi2WO6 deposited PET fabric, the O 1 s spectrum of the Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabric also exhibits the higher binding energy (Fig. 1e). All these results indicate the interface interaction between GO and Bi2WO6, affecting the electronic structure of Bi2WO6. In order to further study the structure of Bi2WO6/GO composite, Raman was used and the result is shown in Fig. 1f. It can be found that the peaks at 800 and 826 cm− 1 are attributed to symmetric and antisymmetric modes of terminal O-W-O due to the presence of Bi2WO6 [28]. The peak at about 400 cm− 1 is ascribed to the simultaneous motions of Bi3+ and WO66−. In the case of GO, the positions of 1334 cm− 1 and 1594 cm− 1 displays the characteristic peaks of D-band and G-band, which corresponds to the vibrational mode of E2g phonons of two dimensional sp2 hybridized carbon network in a six edged lattice with breathing mode of j-joint photons of A1g symmetry [29]. Similarly, for the spectrum of Bi2WO6/GO composite, the characteristic peaks of GO and Bi2WO6 can be observed, indicating that the Bi2WO6/GO composite is successfully synthesized.

Fig. 1
figure 1

(a) XPS spectra and (b) W 4f, (c) Bi 4f, (d) C 1 s and (e) O 1 s of Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics; (f) Raman spectra of Bi2WO6, GO and Bi2WO6/GO composite

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3.2 Morphology

SEM and TEM were used to study surface morphology of Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fibers and detailed structure of the Bi2WO6/GO composite. The surfaces of the fibers become rough after deposition of Bi2WO6 (Fig. 2a). Bi2WO6 are aggregated together to form larger particles. Figure 2b shows that Bi2WO6/GO are deposited on the PET fibers densely and the morphology of the Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fibers is similar to that of Bi2WO6 deposited PET fibers. This indicates that the introduction of GO has no obvious effect on the Bi2WO6 structure [30]. The structure of Bi2WO6/GO composite photocatalyst was observed under transmission electron microscope as shown in Fig. 2c and d. Therefore, Bi2WO6 are randomly located on the surfaces or edges of GO, indicating the formation of Bi2WO6/GO.

Fig. 2
figure 2

SEM image of Bi2WO6 (a) and Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fibers (b); TEM images of the Bi2WO6/GO composites (c, d)

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3.3 Crystal structure

XRD patterns of Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics were presented in Fig. 3. Figure 3a shows the crystal structures of the pristine Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/GO particles. The diffraction peaks of pristine Bi2WO6 at 2θ of 28.6°, 32.9°, 47.3°, 56.1° and 68.7° are observed. All the diffraction peaks are consistent with the Bi2WO6 of the orthogonal crystal phase (JCPDS no. 39–0256). From Fig. S1, GO exhibits a strong peak at 2θ = 10.36° which is ascribed to the (002) plane [31]. In addition, compared with pristine Bi2WO6 particles, the diffraction peaks of Bi2WO6/GO don’t change significantly. This result indicates that the crystal structure of Bi2WO6 is not damaged after the introduction of GO because of the small amount of GO in the Bi2WO6/GO composite. Figure 3b illustrates the XRD patterns of the Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics. The diffraction peaks of Bi2WO6 can be observed on the PET fabric, and the peaks at 17.7°, 22.8° and 25.7° are attributed to the characteristic peaks of the pristine PET fabric in all the samples as show in Fig. S1 [32]. This result shows that the Bi2WO6/GO composite photocatalysts are deposited on PET fabric.

Fig. 3
figure 3

XRD patterns of (a) Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/GO particles, (b) Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics with different concentrations of GO

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3.4 UV-vis DRS

UV-vis DRS of as-prepared Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics were investigated as presented in Fig. 4a. Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics have a wider absorption than pristine Bi2WO6 deposited PET fabric. In addition, when the content of GO is lower than 2 g/L, the absorption intensity of Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics increases as the content of GO rises. However, the absorption of the deposited fabric does not move to long wavelengths when GO continues to increase, which is in consistent with previous reports [33, 34]. The band gaps are estimated from the (αhυ)2 versus photon energy (hυ) plots and the results are 2.69 eV (Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric) and 2.81 eV (Bi2WO6 deposited PET fabric), respectively, as shown in Fig. 4b. The phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the introduction of GO can effectively narrow down the band gap, thus electron-hole pairs of the sample can separate more easily, further the transfers of photogenerated carriers can be promoted.

Fig. 4
figure 4

(a) UV-vis DRS and (b) Band gaps of all the Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics; (c) Band gap; (d) Mott-Schottky plot vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and (e) VB XPS spectrum of Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO composite

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In order to determine the positions of the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) edges, the ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), Mott-Schottky plot and valence band X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (VB XPS) of Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO composite were performed and the results are shown in Fig. 4c-e. The results show that the Fermi energy level (Ef), the energy gap between the valence band and the Fermi level (Evf) and the band gap for Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO composite are 0.01 eV (vs NHE), 1.90 eV and 2.69 eV, respectively. Therefore, combining with the results of DRS, Mott-Schottky plot and VB XPS, VB and CB edges can be calculated to be 1.91 eV and − 0.78 eV for the Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO composite, respectively.

3.5 Surface area

The surface areas of Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/GO composite photocatalyst particles are presented in Fig. 5. It is found that the specific surface areas of pure Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/GO particles are 51.52, 46.15, 47.15, 54.06, 48.82 and 42.44 m2/g, respectively. This result shows that the surface area of Bi2WO6 rises and then reduces with an increase of content of GO, which contributes to adsorb more active substances and further could enhance the photocatalytic properties [35].

Fig. 5
figure 5

The BET specific surface areas of Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/GO particles

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3.6 PL analysis

The charge transfer and separation behaviors of the Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO samples were investigated and the PL spectra of Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric are shown in Fig. 6. It can be found that the two samples have strong emission peaks at 455 nm. However, the intensity of Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric is lower than that of Bi2WO6 deposited PET fabric, indicating that Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric exhibits a high separation rate of photoinduced electron-hole pairs. Thus, introduction of GO can inhibit recombination of photo-generated carriers of Bi2WO6 and improve the photocatalytic properties, which is in good agreement with other reports [36].

Fig. 6
figure 6

PL spectra of the Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric (excitation wavelength:405 nm)

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3.7 Photocatalytic properties of Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics

Before carrying out the photocatalytic experiment, the adsorption properties of different samples in the dark were explored first and the result is shown in Fig. 7a. It can be seen that all the samples exhibit good adsorption property for RhB. The adsorption of RhB by the samples has reached saturation for 120 min. Especially, the adsorption efficiency of RhB over Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabric reaches the highest when the concentration of GO is 2 g/L due to strong hydrophilic properties of GO. The photocatalytic degradation for RhB over Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics was then tested under visible light and the results are shown in Fig. 7b and c. The RhB degradation rates for Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics with different concentrations of GO are 82.1%, 88.5%, 89.5%, 94.8%, 92.3% and 90.6%, respectively, when subjected to visible light irradiation for 120 min. Compared with the Bi2WO6 deposited PET fabric, the Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics exhibit improved photodegradation performance. In addition, it can be observed that the photocatalytic efficiency of the Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabric increases gradually and then decreases when the concentration of GO increases. And the Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabric exhibits the best photocatalytic property when the concentration of GO reaches 2 g/L because the increase of GO content can widen the absorption of visible light, thus resulting in the enhancement of photocatalytic properties. However, degradation rate of RhB on Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabric decreases when the concentration of GO further rises due to limitation of visible light absorption of Bi2WO6. Meanwhile, the photodegradation process fits with the pseudo-first-order kinetics and the maximum rate constant k (Bi2WO6/2 g/LGO deposited PET fabric: 0.024 min− 1) is 1.7 times than Bi2WO6 deposited PET fabric (0.014 min− 1).

Fig. 7
figure 7

(a) Adsorption of RhB over different samples in the dark; (b) Absorbance of different samples for RhB under visible light irradiation; (c) Degradation efficiency of RhB over different samples and (d) UV-Vis absorption spectra of RhB by Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric

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The UV-vis spectra of RhB over Bi2WO6/2 g/LGO deposited PET fabric during the photodegradation process were measured and the result is presented in Fig. 7d. It can be seen that the characteristic peak of RhB is 554 nm and a rapid decline of RhB adsorption is detected, while the spectral maximum shifts from 554 to 496 nm. This is because the release of N-ethyl groups and elimination of the conjugated structure from RhB during photodegradation make the spectrum shift to shorter wavelength [37]. The result demonstrates that RhB is degraded to CO2, H2O and other small molecules.

3.8 Effects of Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO content and concentration of RhB on photocatalytic performance

The effect of Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO dosage and concentration of the dye solution on removal rate of RhB in the presence of the deposited PET fabric is shown in Fig. 8a and b. The removal rate of RhB rises from 86.8% to 97.3% when the amount of Bi2WO6/2 g/LGO photocatalyst on the fabric increases from 0.10 g to 0.25 g as shown in Fig. 8a. However, the removal rate of RhB decreases when the dosage of Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO photocatalyst is further increased. This phenomenon may be explained by that the rise of amount of Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO will increase the reaction sites that can generate more reactive oxidants. However, the overweight of photocatalysts would increase light scattering and reduce the transmittance, resulting in a decrease in the degradation efficiency of contaminants [20]. From Fig. 8b, the obtained catalysis rates of the samples are 0.028, 0.020, 0.014, 0.013 and 0.011 min− 1, respectively, according to the Formula (2). It can be included that the catalysis rate reduces when the concentration of RhB rises because low concentration of dye increases the path length of the photons which enters the solution of dyes, and finally increase amount of photon absorption of photocatalyst [38].

Fig. 8
figure 8

Effect of (a) Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO dosage and (b) initial concentration of the dye on the removal rate of RhB by Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric

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3.9 Recycle stability and trapping experiment of Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric

The photocatalytic recycle stability of Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric under visible light is presented in Fig. 9a. Removal rate of RhB in the presence of Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric is 95% after the first cycle. The removal rate of RhB is 89% after the third cycle. The results show that the photodegradation efficiency of Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric slightly reduces after three times recycle under visible light irradiation. This is because the photocatalyst deposited on the fabric will be lost to a certain extent during its repeated use. Meanwhile, the surface of the photocatalyst on the fabric will absorb the by-product after the reaction, making the active site reduce. However, the stability of Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric is good. In order to study the main active species during the photocatalytic process, the trapping experiment was carried out and EDTA-2Na, BQ and IPA were used as h+, ·O2− and ·OH scavenger, respectively. Figure 9b shows the effect of different scavengers on the degradation of RhB over Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric. The result shows that the degradation rate of RhB declines significantly in the presence of BQ. However, the addition of IPA and EDTA-2Na has only a weak inhibitory effect on the degradation of RhB. Therefore, the result demonstrates that ·O2− plays dominant role in the photodegradation of RhB.

Fig. 9
figure 9

(a) Photodegradation cycles stability of RhB (10 mg/L; 50 mL) by Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric; (b) Trapping experiment of active species during the degradation of RhB by Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric under visible light irradiation

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4 Conclusions

In conclusion, Bi2WO6/GO composite photocatalysts were successfully fabricated via a simple hydrothermal process and they were then deposited on the PET fabric. Compared with the Bi2WO6 deposited PET fabric, the Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabrics show enhanced photocatalytic activity for RhB. The removal rate of RhB with Bi2WO6/GO deposited PET fabric is highest when the content of GO reaches to 2 g/L. Additionally, Bi2WO6/2 g/L GO deposited PET fabric shows excellent cycle stability for RhB degradation. This study provides insights into the preparation of modified photocatalysts deposited textiles for organic wastewater treatment.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1833118) and Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2019YFG0244).

Funding

Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1833118) and Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2019YFG0244).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China (Sichuan University), Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China

    Zoufei Du & Sihang Zhang

  2. College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, China

    Ce Cui, Hongyan Xiao, Erhui Ren & Ronghui Guo

  3. Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

    Shouxiang Jiang

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  1. Zoufei Du
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Additional file 1: Fig. S1.

XRD patterns of (a) GO and (b) pure PET fabric.

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Du, Z., Cui, C., Zhang, S. et al. Visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B using Bi2WO6/GO deposited on polyethylene terephthalate fabric. J Leather Sci Eng 2, 16 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42825-020-00029-w

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