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Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter Mouton August 9, 2021

(Mis) perception of consonant clusters and short vowels in English as a foreign language

  • Alex Ho-Cheong Leung ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Martha Young-Scholten , Wael Almurashi , Saleh Ghadanfari , Chloe Nash and Olivia Outhwaite

Abstract

Research addressing second language (L2) speech is expanding. Studies increasingly demonstrate that a learner’s first language (L1) filters the L2 input, resulting in learners misperceiving what they have heard. This L1 filter can result in learners perceiving sounds not actually present in the input. We report on a study which explored English consonant clusters and short, unstressed vowel perception of 70 Arabic-, Mandarin-, Spanish-speaking foreign language learners and 19 native English speakers. These are the vowels which speakers from two of the L1s typically insert in their production of English to break up L1-disallowed consonant clusters and the schwa which is documented to cause both perception and production problems. Results show that participants misperceive stimuli containing consonant clusters and counterparts where clusters are broken up by epenthetic/prothetic elements. In line with Sakai, Mari & Colleen Moorman 2018. We call for the inclusion of such findings on perception in pedagogical advice on pronunciation.


Corresponding author: Alex Ho-Cheong Leung, Department of Humanities, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, E-mail:
We thank our participants and teachers for taking part in the study. We thank the audience of our presentation, ‘Play it by ear’: A cross-linguistic study of perception of schwa and reduced epenthetic vowels in L2 English, at the British Association for Applied Linguistics Conference, Leeds 1st September 2017. We also express our sincere gratitude to the editor of IRAL for his support and the three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments which helped enhance the clarity and depth of our paper. Thanks also goes to Antony Xinliang Jiang for discussing issues pertaining to Mandarin phonology with us.

APPENDIX: Word list

[mæpθɹi:] versus [mæpθɹi:] [bɪkæsp] versus [bɪkæsep]
[klɒbkæt] versus [ i klɒbkæt] [wɜɹdɛlm] versus [wɜɹdɛl i m]
[hɪkspæn] versus [hɪks i pæn] [bɹɪkbæt] versus [ i bɹɪkbæt]
[mætklɪf] versus [mæt ə klɪf] [θɹufɛl] versus [θɹufɛn]
[gɛɹækst] versus [gɛɹæpst] [bɹɪkbæt] versus [b i ɹɪkbæt]
[ɹʌʃbɹɪn] versus [ɹʌʃ ə bɹɪn] [hɪkspæn] versus [hɪk i spæn]
[bɪkæsp] versus [bɪkæsp] [bɪkæsp] versus [bɪkæsp e ]
[kæɹənt] versus [kæɹənt ə ] [gɛɹækst] versus [fɛɹækst]
[gɛɹækst] versus [gɛɹæpst] [kæɹənt] versus [kæɹən e t]
[mætklɪf] versus [mætk i lɪf] [ɹʌʃbɹɪn] versus [ɹʌʃb i ɹɪn]
[ɹʌʃbɹɪn] versus [ɹʌʃ i bɹɪn] [hɪkspæn] versus [hɪk e spæn]
[wɜɹdɛlm] versus [wɜɹdɛlm] [bæfslə] versus [kæfslə]
[hɪkspæn] versus [hɪkspæn] [wɜɹdɛlm] versus [wɜɹdɛlm e ]
[bɹɪkbæt] versus [ ə bɹɪkbæt] [kænbɪft] versus [kænbɪft]
[kænbɪft] versus [kænbɪfs] [speɪkɪ] versus [ e speɪkɪ]
[speɪkɪ] versus [s i peɪkɪ] [bæfslə] versus [bæfslən]
[kæɹənt] versus [kæɹənt] [bɹɪkbæt] versus [b e ɹɪkbæt]
[bɪkæsp] versus [bɪkæsp i ] [hɪkspæn] versus [hɪks ə pæn]
[kænbcft] versus [tænbɪft] [klɒbkæt] versus [ ə klɒbkæt]
[θɹufɛl] versus [kɹufɛl] [gɛɹækst] versus [gɛɹækst]
[hɪkspæn] versus [hɪks e pæn] [mætklɪf] versus [mæt e klɪf]
[kæɹənt] versus [kæɹənt e ] [bɪkæsp] versus [bɪkæsp ə ]
[kænbɪfs] versus [tænbɪft] [mækθɹi:] versus [bæpθɹi:]
[speɪkɪ] versus [ i speɪkɪ] [ɹʌʃbɹɪn] versus [ɹʌʃbɹɪn]
[kæɹənt] versus [kæɹən i t] [speɪkɪ] versus [s ə peɪkɪ]
[mæpθɹi:] versus [bæpθɹi:] [hɪkspæn] versus [hɪk ə spæn]
[bɪkæsp] versus [bɪkæs i p] [mætklɪf] versus [mæt i klɪf]
[bɹɪkbæt] versus [ e bɹɪkbæt] [bæfslən] versus [kæfslə]
[mætklɪf] versus [mætk ə lɪf] [wɜɹdɛlm] versus [wɜɹdɛlm ə ]
[θɹufɛl] versus [θɹufɛl] [bɹɪkbæt] versus [b ə ɹɪkbæt]
[wɜɹdɛlm] versus [wɜɹdɛl e m] [bæfslə] versus [bæfslə]
[ɹʌʃbɹɪn] versus [ɹʌʃ e bɹɪn] [mætklɪf] versus [mætklɪf]
[kæɹənt] versus [kæɹən ə t] [klɒbkæt] versus [ e klɒbkæt]
[ɹʌʃbɹɪn] versus [ɹʌʃb e ɹɪn] [mætklɪf] versus [mætk e lɪf]
[wɜɹdɛlm] versus [wɜɹdɛlm i ] [θɹufɛn] versus [kɹufɛl]
[gɛɹæpst] versus [fɛɹækst] [klɒbkæt] versus [k ə lɒbkæt]
[mæpθɹi:] versus [mækθɹi:] [speɪkɪ] versus [ ə speɪkɪ]
[ɹʌʃbɹɪn] versus [ɹʌʃb ə ɹɪn] [bɹɪkbæt] versus [bɹɪkbæt]
[bɪkæsp] versus [bɪkæs ə p] [klɒbkæt] versus [k e lɒbkæt]
[speɪkɪ] versus [s e peɪkɪ] [wɜɹdɛlm] versus [wɜɹdɛl ə m]
[klɒbkæt] versus [klɒbkæt] [speɪkɪ] versus [speɪkɪ]
[kæɹənt] versus [kæɹənt i ] [klɒbkæt] versus [k i lɒbkæt]

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Received: 2021-02-05
Accepted: 2021-07-16
Published Online: 2021-08-09
Published in Print: 2023-09-26

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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