Application of Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods for the Analysis of Imidazolium and Pyridinium Cations as Used in Ionic Liquids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Ionic liquid type | Structure | Ionic liquid type | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Alkylammonium | Alkylpyridinium | ||
Alkylphosphonium | Alkylimidazolium |
Ionic liquid | MP[oC] | Density[g ml-1] | Viscosity [cP] | Water Solubility | Temp. limit [oC] | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[BMIM][Cl] | 41 | 1.08 | 716 | S | 254 | [5] |
[BMIM][BF4] | -81 | 1.12 | 219 | S | 360 | [5], [33] |
[BMIM][PF6] | 10 | 1.37 | 371 | NS | 349 | [5], [33], [34] |
[HMIM][Cl] | -70 | 1.03 | - | S | 253 | [5], [36] |
[HMIM][BF4] | -82 | 1.21 | 314 | PS | - | [5] |
[HMIM][PF6] | -61 | 1.30 | 582 | NS | 376 | [5], [35], [36] |
2. Molecular interaction potential of ionic liquids
3. Chromatographic methods
3.1. Reversed phase chromatography
3.2. Ion chromatography
Ionic liquids analyzed* | Stationary phase | Mobile phase | LOD** | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
[EMIM][AlCl4] | IonPac CS3 (Dionex) | 25mM HCl +0.35mM 2,3-diaminopropionic acid | 10 ppm | [24] |
[EEIM][Br], [PMIM][Br], [PEIM][Br], [BMIM][Cl], [BzMIM][BF4], [AMIM][Cl], [EBzMIM][Cl], [pMBzMIM][Cl], [HMIM][Cl], [HEIM][Cl], [HpMIM][Cl] | MetaSil Basic C8 (Varian) | acetonitrile : water (1% acetic acid / 20mM ammonium acetate) | 1.6 ppm | [20] |
[EMIM][Br], [EMIM][BF4], [EMIM][PF6], [BMIM]Cl], [BMIM][BF4], [BMIM][PF6], [HMIM]Cl], [HMIM][BF4], [HMIM][PF6], [OMIM]Cl], [OMIM][BF4], [OMIM][PF6] | Kromasil C-18 (Eka Azko Nobel) | acetonitrile : water (unbuffered) | - | [22] |
[EEIM][Br], [BMIM][BF4], [BMIM][pTS], [AMIM][BF4], [HMIM][BF4], [OMIM][BF4], [BzMIM][BF4], [MBPy][BF4] | MetaSil SCX (Varian) | acetonitrile : water (30mM K2HPO4) | 1.4 ppm | [21] |
[EMIM][Cl], [EEIM][Cl], [PMIM][Cl], [BMIM][Cl], [HMIM][Cl], [OMIM][Cl], [NMIM][Cl], [BzMIM][Cl], [EBzMIM][Cl], [MBPy][Cl] | Synergi Polar-RP (Phenomenex) | methanol or acetonitrile : water (5 mM KH2PO4 / H3PO4) | 0.1 ppm | [25] |
[PMIM][BF4], [BMIM][BF4], [AMIM][BF4], [HMIM][BF4] | Immobilized artificial membrane (Regis) | methanol : water (20mM K2HPO4) | - | [27] |
[PMIM][BF4], [BMIM][BF4], [AMIM][BF4], [HMIM][BF4], [BEIM][BF4], [pMBzMIM][BF4], [MBPy][BF4] | RP-18e PurospherTM Star and Innovation ChromolithTM (Merck), Macrosphere 300 C8 and C4 (Alltech)SG-alkylamide, SG-choleste-rolic, SG-mixed, SG-phenyl and SG-aryl (Home-made columns) | methanol : water (40 mM KH2PO4) | - | [26] |
Imidazole, 1-methylimidazole, 1,2-dimethylimidazole, [EMIM][Cl], [BMIM][Cl], [iBMIM][[Br] | Bare fused silica capillary (Polymicro Technologies) | triethylammonium acetate (5mM, pH 4.5, 2.0 mM α-CD) | 0.4 ppm | [31] |
[MMIM][Br], [EMIM][Br], [EEIM][Br], [PMIM][Cl], [BMIM][BF4], [HMIM][BF4], [OMIM][BF4], [NMIM][BF4], [DMIM][Cl], [BzMIM][BF4], [pMBzMIM][Cl] | Bare fused silica capillary (Polymicro Technologies) | citric buffer (200mM pH 4.0) | 0.1 ppm | [32] |
3.3. Polar-reversed phase chromatography
3.4. Chromatography of specific surface structural properties
3.5. Sample pre-treatment
4. Electrophoretic methods
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References and Notes
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Stepnowski, P. Application of Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods for the Analysis of Imidazolium and Pyridinium Cations as Used in Ionic Liquids. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2006, 7, 497-509. https://doi.org/10.3390/i7110497
Stepnowski P. Application of Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods for the Analysis of Imidazolium and Pyridinium Cations as Used in Ionic Liquids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2006; 7(11):497-509. https://doi.org/10.3390/i7110497
Chicago/Turabian StyleStepnowski, P. 2006. "Application of Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods for the Analysis of Imidazolium and Pyridinium Cations as Used in Ionic Liquids" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 7, no. 11: 497-509. https://doi.org/10.3390/i7110497