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-
1.
Burney M, Ghafoor A, Saleen M, Webb P, Casal J, 1980. Nosocomial outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo virus in Pakistan. January 1976. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 941–947.
-
2.
Maltezou HC, Andonova L, Andraghetti R, Bouloy M, Ergonul O, Jongejan F, Kalvatchev N, Nichol S, Niedrig M, Platonov A, Thomson G, Leitmeyer K, Zeller H, 2010. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Europe: current situation calls for preparedness. Euro Surveill 15: 19504.
-
3.
Schwarz TF, Nsanze H, Ameen AM, 1997. Clinical features of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the United Arab Emirates. Infection 25: 364–367.
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4.
Sheikh AS, Sheikh AA, Sheikh NS, Rafi US, Asif M, Afridi F, Malik MT, 2005. Bi-annual surge of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF): a five-year experience. Int J Infect Dis 9: 37–42.
-
5.
Jamil B, Hasan RS, Sarwari AR, Burton J, Hewson R, Clegg C, 2005. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: experience at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 577–584.
-
6.
Rai MA, Khanani MR, Warraich HJ, Hayat A, Ali SH, 2008. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Pakistan. J Med Virol 80: 1004–1006.
-
7.
Altaf A, Luby S, Ahmed AJ, Zaidi N, Khan AJ, Mirza S, McCormick J, Fisher-Hoch S, 1998. Outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Quetta, Pakistan: contact tracing and risk assessment. Trop Med Int Health 3: 878–882.
-
8.
Rasheed SB, Butlin RK, Boots B, 2013. A review of dengue as an emerging disease in Pakistan. Public Health 127: 11–17.
-
9.
Koo C, Nasir A, Hapuarachchi HC, Lee KS, Hasan Z, Ng LC, Khan E, 2013. Evolution and heterogeneity of multiple serotypes of Dengue virus in Pakistan, 2006–2011. Virol J 10: 275.
-
10.
Schwarz T, Nsanze H, Ameen A, 1997. Clinical features of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the United Arab Emirates. Infection 25: 364–367.
-
11.
Atkinson B, Chamberlain J, Logue CH, Cook N, Bruce C, Dowall SD, Hewson R, 2012. Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 786–793.
-
12.
Drosten C, Gottig S, Schilling S, Asper M, Panning M, Schmitz H, Gunther S, 2002. Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 40: 2323–2330.
-
13.
EMRO-World Health Organization, 2013. Weekly Epidemiological Monitor 6: issue 40. ISSN 2224–4220.
-
14.
Darwish MA, Hoogstraal H, Roberts TJ, Ahmed IP, Omar F, 1983. A sero-epidemiological survey for certain arboviruses (Togaviridae) in Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77: 442–445.
-
15.
Papa A, Bino S, Papadimitriou E, Velo E, Dhimolea M, Anatoniadis A, 2008. Suspected Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever cases in Albania. Scand J Infect Dis 40: 978–980.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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| Abstract Views | 258 | 225 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 398 | 13 | 1 |
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Diagnostic Testing for Hemorrhagic Fevers in Pakistan: 2007–2013
Zahra Hasan
Zahra Hasan
Pathology and Microbiology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Microbiology Services Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom; Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Barry Atkinson
Barry Atkinson
Pathology and Microbiology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Microbiology Services Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom; Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Bushra Jamil
Bushra Jamil
Pathology and Microbiology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Microbiology Services Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom; Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Azra Samreen
Azra Samreen
Pathology and Microbiology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Microbiology Services Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom; Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Lamia Altaf
Lamia Altaf
Pathology and Microbiology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Microbiology Services Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom; Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Roger Hewson
Roger Hewson
Pathology and Microbiology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan; Microbiology Services Department, Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom; Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and dengue virus (DENV) are endemic to Pakistan. Patients presenting with symptoms of fever, bleeding, and rash cannot be distinguished without appropriate testing. We report data on 354 samples tested for CCHFV at The Aga Khan University Hospital in Pakistan between 2007 and 2013. All samples were tested for the presence of CCHFV RNA. Some samples were also tested for DENV RNA, NS-1 antigen, and/or reactive immunoglobulin M antibodies. Of 354 clinical specimens screened for CCHFV, 52 specimens were positive, with 24 cases in 2013 alone. Most cases were from Sindh and Baluchistan, which border other CCHFV-endemic regions: Iran and Afghanistan. Among CCHFV-negative samples, 168 samples were tested for DENV, and 36% of these samples were found to be DENV-positive. Rapid differentiation of CCHFV and DENV can prevent nosocomial transmission and result in time and cost savings for patients and healthcare workers.
Author Notes
Financial support: This research received no specific grants from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH) assisted with publication expenses.
Authors' addresses: Zahra Hasan, Azra Samreen, and Lamia Altaf, Pathology and Microbiology, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan, E-mails: [email protected], [email protected], and [email protected]. Barry Atkinson and Roger Hewson, Virology, Health Protection Agency, Salisbury, United Kingdom, E-mails: [email protected] and [email protected]. Bushra Jamil, Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan, E-mail: [email protected].
ProCite
RefWorks
Reference Manager
BibTeX
Zotero
EndNote
-
1.
Burney M, Ghafoor A, Saleen M, Webb P, Casal J, 1980. Nosocomial outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo virus in Pakistan. January 1976. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 941–947.
-
2.
Maltezou HC, Andonova L, Andraghetti R, Bouloy M, Ergonul O, Jongejan F, Kalvatchev N, Nichol S, Niedrig M, Platonov A, Thomson G, Leitmeyer K, Zeller H, 2010. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Europe: current situation calls for preparedness. Euro Surveill 15: 19504.
-
3.
Schwarz TF, Nsanze H, Ameen AM, 1997. Clinical features of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in the United Arab Emirates. Infection 25: 364–367.
-
4.
Sheikh AS, Sheikh AA, Sheikh NS, Rafi US, Asif M, Afridi F, Malik MT, 2005. Bi-annual surge of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF): a five-year experience. Int J Infect Dis 9: 37–42.
-
5.
Jamil B, Hasan RS, Sarwari AR, Burton J, Hewson R, Clegg C, 2005. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: experience at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 577–584.
-
6.
Rai MA, Khanani MR, Warraich HJ, Hayat A, Ali SH, 2008. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Pakistan. J Med Virol 80: 1004–1006.
-
7.
Altaf A, Luby S, Ahmed AJ, Zaidi N, Khan AJ, Mirza S, McCormick J, Fisher-Hoch S, 1998. Outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Quetta, Pakistan: contact tracing and risk assessment. Trop Med Int Health 3: 878–882.
-
8.
Rasheed SB, Butlin RK, Boots B, 2013. A review of dengue as an emerging disease in Pakistan. Public Health 127: 11–17.
-
9.
Koo C, Nasir A, Hapuarachchi HC, Lee KS, Hasan Z, Ng LC, Khan E, 2013. Evolution and heterogeneity of multiple serotypes of Dengue virus in Pakistan, 2006–2011. Virol J 10: 275.
-
10.
Schwarz T, Nsanze H, Ameen A, 1997. Clinical features of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the United Arab Emirates. Infection 25: 364–367.
-
11.
Atkinson B, Chamberlain J, Logue CH, Cook N, Bruce C, Dowall SD, Hewson R, 2012. Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12: 786–793.
-
12.
Drosten C, Gottig S, Schilling S, Asper M, Panning M, Schmitz H, Gunther S, 2002. Rapid detection and quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg viruses, Lassa virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 40: 2323–2330.
-
13.
EMRO-World Health Organization, 2013. Weekly Epidemiological Monitor 6: issue 40. ISSN 2224–4220.
-
14.
Darwish MA, Hoogstraal H, Roberts TJ, Ahmed IP, Omar F, 1983. A sero-epidemiological survey for certain arboviruses (Togaviridae) in Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77: 442–445.
-
15.
Papa A, Bino S, Papadimitriou E, Velo E, Dhimolea M, Anatoniadis A, 2008. Suspected Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever cases in Albania. Scand J Infect Dis 40: 978–980.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 258 | 225 | 24 |
| Full Text Views | 398 | 13 | 1 |
| PDF Downloads | 106 | 6 | 1 |