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Higher Complexity of Infection and Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax Than Plasmodium falciparum Across All Malaria Transmission Zones of Papua New Guinea
Abebe A. Fola
Abebe A. Fola
Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.
Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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G. L. Abby Harrison
G. L. Abby Harrison
Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.
Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Mita Hapsari Hazairin
Mita Hapsari Hazairin
Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.
Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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Céline Barnadas
Céline Barnadas
Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.
European Public Health Microbiology (EUPHEM) Training Programme, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.
Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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European Public Health Microbiology (EUPHEM) Training Programme, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden.
Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Manuel W. Hetzel
Manuel W. Hetzel
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Jonah Iga
Jonah Iga
Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.
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Peter M. Siba
Peter M. Siba
Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.
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Ivo Mueller
Ivo Mueller
Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.
Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Alyssa E. Barry
Alyssa E. Barry
Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.
Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax have varying transmission dynamics that are informed by molecular epidemiology. This study aimed to determine the complexity of infection and genetic diversity of P. vivax and P. falciparum throughout Papua New Guinea (PNG) to evaluate transmission dynamics across the country. In 2008–2009, a nationwide malaria indicator survey collected 8,936 samples from all 16 endemic provinces of PNG. Of these, 892 positive P. vivax samples were genotyped at PvMS16 and PvmspF3, and 758 positive P. falciparum samples were genotyped at Pfmsp2. The data were analyzed for multiplicity of infection (MOI) and genetic diversity. Overall, P. vivax had higher polyclonality (71%) and mean MOI (2.32) than P. falciparum (20%, 1.39). These measures were significantly associated with prevalence for P. falciparum but not for P. vivax. The genetic diversity of P. vivax (PvMS16: expected heterozygosity = 0.95, 0.85–0.98; PvMsp1F3: 0.78, 0.66–0.89) was higher and less variable than that of P. falciparum (Pfmsp2: 0.89, 0.65–0.97). Significant associations of MOI with allelic richness (rho = 0.69, P = 0.009) and expected heterozygosity (rho = 0.87, P < 0.001) were observed for P. falciparum. Conversely, genetic diversity was not correlated with polyclonality nor mean MOI for P. vivax. The results demonstrate higher complexity of infection and genetic diversity of P. vivax across the country. Although P. falciparum shows a strong association of these parameters with prevalence, a lack of association was observed for P. vivax and is consistent with higher potential for outcrossing of this species.
Author Notes
Financial support: This study was made possible through a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Project Grant Number GNT1027108. Funding for sample collection was provided by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.
Authors' addresses: Abebe A. Fola and G. L. Abby Harrison, Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia, and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, E-mails: [email protected] and [email protected]. Mita Hapsari Hazairin, Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, and Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, E-mail: [email protected]. Céline Barnadas, Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, European Public Health Microbiology Training Programme, European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Stockholm, Sweden, and Statens Serum Institut, Kobenhavn, Denmark, E-mail: [email protected]. Manuel W. Hetzel, Schweizerisches Tropen- und Public Health-Institut, Health Interventions Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland, and Health Interventions Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, E-mail: [email protected]. Jonah Iga, Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea, E-mail: [email protected]. Peter M. Siba, Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea, E-mail: [email protected]. Ivo Mueller, Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, and Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, E-mail: [email protected]. Alyssa E. Barry, Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, E-mail: [email protected].
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