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-
1
Trouiller P, Olliaro P, Torreele E, Orbinski J, Laing R, Ford N, 2002. Drug development for neglected diseases: a deficient market and a public-health policy failure. Lancet 359 :2188–2194.
-
2
Guerin PJ, Olliaro P, Sundar S, Boelaert M, Croft SL, Desjeux P, Wasunna MK, Bryceson AD, 2002. Visceral leishmaniasis: current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda. Lancet Infect Dis 2 :494–501.
-
3
Zijlstra EE, Ali MS, el Hassan AM, el Toum IA, Satti M, Ghalib HW, Kager PA, 1992. Kala-azar: a comparative study of parasitological methods and the direct agglutination test in diagnosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :505–507.
-
4
El Harith A, Kolk AH, Kager PA, Leeuwenburg J, Muigai R, Kiugu S, Laarman JJ, 1986. A simple and economical direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80 :583–587.
-
5
Zijlstra EE, Ali MS, el Hassan AM, el Toum IA, Satti M, Ghalib HW, Kager PA, 1991. Direct agglutination test for diagnosis and sero-epidemiological survey of kala-azar in the Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :474–476.
-
6
Boelaert M, el Safi S, Jacquet D, De Muynck A, Van der Stuyft P, Le Ray D, 1999. Operational validation of the direct agglutination test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :129–134.
-
7
Sundar S, Reed SG, Singh VP, Kumar PC, Murray HW, 1998. Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet 351 :563–565.
-
8
Zijlstra EE, Nur Y, Desjeux P, Khalil EA, el Hassan AM, Groen J, 2001. Diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis with the recombinant K39 strip test: experience from the Sudan. Trop Med Int Health 6 :108–113.
-
9
Chappuis F, Rijal S, Singh R, Acharya P, Karki BM, Das ML, Bovier PA, Desjeux P, Le Ray D, Koirala S, Loutan L, 2003. Prospective evaluation and comparison of the direct agglutination test and an rK39-antigen-based dipstick test for the diagnosis of suspected kala-azar in Nepal. Trop Med Int Health 8 :277–285.
-
10
Staquet M, Rozencweig M, Lee YJ, Muggia FM, 1981. Methodology for the assessment of new dichotomous diagnostic tests. J Chronic Dis 34 :599–610.
-
11
Chowdhury MA, Rafiqueuddin AK, Hussain A, 1992. Aldehyde test (formol-gel test) in the diagnosis of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis). Trop Doct 22 :185–186.
-
12
Hadgu A, Qu Y, 1998. A biomedical appication of latent class models with random effects. Appl Stat 47 :603–616.
-
13
Goodman LA, 1974. The analysis of systems of qualitative variables when some of the variables are unobservable. Part I - a modified latent structure approach. Am J Sociol 79 :1179–1259.
-
14
Heinen T, 1996. Latent Class and Discrete Latent Trait Models. First edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
-
15
Lanotte G, 1975. Le Foyer de Leishmaniose Viscérale des Cévennes. Limites et Structures. Essai Méthodologique. Montpellier: Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier.
-
16
Le Ray D, 1975. Structures Antigeniques de Trypanosoma brucei (Protozoa, Kinetoplastidae). Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 55 :132–292.
-
17
Sundar S, Sahu M, Mehta H, Gupta A, Kohli U, Rai M, Berman JD, Murray HW, 2002. Noninvasive management of Indian visceral leishmaniasis: clinical application of diagnosis by K39 antigen strip testing at a kala-azar referral unit. Clin Infect Dis 35 :581–586.
-
18
Hagenaars JA, 1988. Latent structure models with direct effects between indicators. Local dependence models. Soc Methods Res 16 :379–405.
-
20
Goetghebeur E, Liinev J, Boelaert M, Van der Stuyft P, 2000. Diagnostic test analyses in search of their gold standard: latent class analyses with random effects. Stat Methods Med Res 9 :231–248.
-
21
Dunan S, Toga I, Gambarelli F, Franck J, Lissouba M, 1987. L’apport des réactions immunologiques dans le diagnostic et la surveillance de l’évolution des leishmanioses humaine et canine. Medit Med 369 :10–17.
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22
Campino L, Santos-Gomes GM, Pratlong F, Antunes F, Mauricio I, Dedet JP, Abranches P, 1997. HIV/Leishmania co-infections in Portugal: diagnosis and isoenzyme characterization of Leishmania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 91 :433–436.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTS FOR VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS
MARLEEN BOELAERT
MARLEEN BOELAERT
Department of Public Health and Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal; Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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SUMAN RIJAL
SUMAN RIJAL
Department of Public Health and Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal; Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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SUDHIR REGMI
SUDHIR REGMI
Department of Public Health and Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal; Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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RUPA SINGH
RUPA SINGH
Department of Public Health and Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal; Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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BALMANSINGH KARKI
BALMANSINGH KARKI
Department of Public Health and Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal; Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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DIANE JACQUET
DIANE JACQUET
Department of Public Health and Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal; Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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FRANÇOIS CHAPPUIS
FRANÇOIS CHAPPUIS
Department of Public Health and Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal; Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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LENEA CAMPINO
LENEA CAMPINO
Department of Public Health and Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal; Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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PHILIPPE DESJEUX
PHILIPPE DESJEUX
Department of Public Health and Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal; Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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DOMINIQUE LE RAY
DOMINIQUE LE RAY
Department of Public Health and Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal; Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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SHEKHAR KOIRALA
SHEKHAR KOIRALA
Department of Public Health and Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal; Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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PATRICK VAN DER STUYFT
PATRICK VAN DER STUYFT
Department of Public Health and Department of Parasitology, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Microbiology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal; Department of Community Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Unidade de Leishmanioses, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisbon, Portugal; Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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We compared the validity of pancytopenia, the formol-gel test (FGT), the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), the direct agglutination test (DAT), and the rK39 dipstick test as diagnostic criteria for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Nepal. Between September 2000 and January 2002, 310 clinical suspects had a bone marrow aspirate, and if negative, a spleen aspirate smear examined for Leishmania donovani. Sensitivity and specificity of all tests were determined compared with parasitology and by latent class analysis (LCA). Compared with parasitology, the sensitivities of the other tests were as follows: pancytopenia = 16.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 11.3–22.5%), FGT = 39.9% (95% CI = 32.7–47.4%), IFAT = 28.4% (95% CI = 22.0–35.5%), DAT = 95.1% (95% CI = 90.8–97.7%), and the rK39 dipstick test = 87.4% (95% CI = 81.7–91.9%). Sensitivity estimates obtained by LCA were similar, but specificity estimates were substantially higher (DAT = 93.7% versus 77.8%; rK39 dipstick test = 93.1% versus 77.0%). The DAT or the rK39 dipstick test can replace parasitology as the basis of a decision to treat VL in Nepalese peripheral health services.
Author Notes
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-
1
Trouiller P, Olliaro P, Torreele E, Orbinski J, Laing R, Ford N, 2002. Drug development for neglected diseases: a deficient market and a public-health policy failure. Lancet 359 :2188–2194.
-
2
Guerin PJ, Olliaro P, Sundar S, Boelaert M, Croft SL, Desjeux P, Wasunna MK, Bryceson AD, 2002. Visceral leishmaniasis: current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda. Lancet Infect Dis 2 :494–501.
-
3
Zijlstra EE, Ali MS, el Hassan AM, el Toum IA, Satti M, Ghalib HW, Kager PA, 1992. Kala-azar: a comparative study of parasitological methods and the direct agglutination test in diagnosis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86 :505–507.
-
4
El Harith A, Kolk AH, Kager PA, Leeuwenburg J, Muigai R, Kiugu S, Laarman JJ, 1986. A simple and economical direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis and sero-epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80 :583–587.
-
5
Zijlstra EE, Ali MS, el Hassan AM, el Toum IA, Satti M, Ghalib HW, Kager PA, 1991. Direct agglutination test for diagnosis and sero-epidemiological survey of kala-azar in the Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85 :474–476.
-
6
Boelaert M, el Safi S, Jacquet D, De Muynck A, Van der Stuyft P, Le Ray D, 1999. Operational validation of the direct agglutination test for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60 :129–134.
-
7
Sundar S, Reed SG, Singh VP, Kumar PC, Murray HW, 1998. Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet 351 :563–565.
-
8
Zijlstra EE, Nur Y, Desjeux P, Khalil EA, el Hassan AM, Groen J, 2001. Diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis with the recombinant K39 strip test: experience from the Sudan. Trop Med Int Health 6 :108–113.
-
9
Chappuis F, Rijal S, Singh R, Acharya P, Karki BM, Das ML, Bovier PA, Desjeux P, Le Ray D, Koirala S, Loutan L, 2003. Prospective evaluation and comparison of the direct agglutination test and an rK39-antigen-based dipstick test for the diagnosis of suspected kala-azar in Nepal. Trop Med Int Health 8 :277–285.
-
10
Staquet M, Rozencweig M, Lee YJ, Muggia FM, 1981. Methodology for the assessment of new dichotomous diagnostic tests. J Chronic Dis 34 :599–610.
-
11
Chowdhury MA, Rafiqueuddin AK, Hussain A, 1992. Aldehyde test (formol-gel test) in the diagnosis of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis). Trop Doct 22 :185–186.
-
12
Hadgu A, Qu Y, 1998. A biomedical appication of latent class models with random effects. Appl Stat 47 :603–616.
-
13
Goodman LA, 1974. The analysis of systems of qualitative variables when some of the variables are unobservable. Part I - a modified latent structure approach. Am J Sociol 79 :1179–1259.
-
14
Heinen T, 1996. Latent Class and Discrete Latent Trait Models. First edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
-
15
Lanotte G, 1975. Le Foyer de Leishmaniose Viscérale des Cévennes. Limites et Structures. Essai Méthodologique. Montpellier: Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier.
-
16
Le Ray D, 1975. Structures Antigeniques de Trypanosoma brucei (Protozoa, Kinetoplastidae). Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 55 :132–292.
-
17
Sundar S, Sahu M, Mehta H, Gupta A, Kohli U, Rai M, Berman JD, Murray HW, 2002. Noninvasive management of Indian visceral leishmaniasis: clinical application of diagnosis by K39 antigen strip testing at a kala-azar referral unit. Clin Infect Dis 35 :581–586.
-
18
Hagenaars JA, 1988. Latent structure models with direct effects between indicators. Local dependence models. Soc Methods Res 16 :379–405.
-
20
Goetghebeur E, Liinev J, Boelaert M, Van der Stuyft P, 2000. Diagnostic test analyses in search of their gold standard: latent class analyses with random effects. Stat Methods Med Res 9 :231–248.
-
21
Dunan S, Toga I, Gambarelli F, Franck J, Lissouba M, 1987. L’apport des réactions immunologiques dans le diagnostic et la surveillance de l’évolution des leishmanioses humaine et canine. Medit Med 369 :10–17.
-
22
Campino L, Santos-Gomes GM, Pratlong F, Antunes F, Mauricio I, Dedet JP, Abranches P, 1997. HIV/Leishmania co-infections in Portugal: diagnosis and isoenzyme characterization of Leishmania. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 91 :433–436.
| Past two years | Past Year | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 247 | 219 | 28 |
| Full Text Views | 685 | 7 | 2 |
| PDF Downloads | 167 | 10 | 2 |