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'''Adrenal gland disorders''' (or diseases) are conditions that interfere with the normal functioning of the adrenal glands.<ref name="Grossman 2022 l049">{{cite web | last=Grossman | first=Ashley B. | title=Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders | website=Merck Manuals Consumer Version | date=May 2, 2022 |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/adrenal-gland-disorders/overview-of-the-adrenal-glands | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref> Your body produces too much or too little of one or more hormones when you have an [[adrenal gland]] dysfunction. The type of issue you have and the degree to which it affects your body's hormone levels determine the symptoms.<ref name="National Library of Medicine 2024 a320">{{cite web | title=Adrenal Gland Disorders | publisher=National Library of Medicine | date=January 19, 2024 |url=https://medlineplus.gov/adrenalglanddisorders.html | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref>
 
The [[adrenal gland]] produces hormones that affects growth, development and stress, and also helps to regulate kidney function. There are two parts of the [[Adrenal gland|adrenal glands]], the [[adrenal cortex]] and the [[adrenal medulla]]. The [[adrenal cortex]] produces [[mineralocorticoid]]s, which regulate salt and water balance within the body, [[glucocorticoid]]s (including [[cortisol]]) which have a wide number of roles within the body, and [[Adrenal cortex#Androgens|androgens]], hormones with testosterone-like function.<ref name="jhadrenal">[http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/endocrinology/adrenal_glands_85,P00399/ Adrenal Glands], Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library.</ref> The [[adrenal medulla]] produces [[epinephrine]] (adrenaline) and [[norepinephrine]] (noradrenaline).<ref name="jhadrenal" />
'''Adrenal gland disorders''' (or diseases) are conditions that interfere with the normal functioning of the [[adrenal gland]]s.<ref name="urlIntroduction: Adrenal Gland Disorders: Merck Manual Home Health Handbook">{{cite web |url=http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal_and_metabolic_disorders/adrenal_gland_disorders/overview_of_the_adrenal_glands.html |title=Overview of the Adrenal Glands: Adrenal Gland Disorders: Merck Manual Home Health Handbook |access-date=2009-03-28}}</ref> Adrenal disorders may cause [[hyperfunction]] or hypofunction, and may be congenital or acquired.
 
The adrenal gland produces hormones that affects growth, development and stress, and also helps to regulate kidney function. There are two parts of the adrenal glands, the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. The [[adrenal cortex]] produces [[mineralocorticoid]]s, which regulate salt and water balance within the body, [[glucocorticoid]]s (including [[cortisol]]) which have a wide number of roles within the body, and [[Adrenal cortex#Androgens|androgens]], hormones with testosterone-like function.<ref name="jhadrenal">[http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/endocrinology/adrenal_glands_85,P00399/ Adrenal Glands], Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library.</ref> The [[adrenal medulla]] produces [[epinephrine]] (adrenaline) and [[norepinephrine]] (noradrenaline).<ref name="jhadrenal" /> Disorders of the adrenal gland may affect the production of one or more of these hormones.
 
== Tumors of the adrenal gland ==
=== Adrenal adenoma ===
* [[Adrenal adenoma]], a benign tumor of the adrenal gland which may result in overproduction of one or more adrenal hormones, or may be inactive
{{Main|Adrenal adenoma}}
* [[Adrenocortical carcinoma]], cancer of the adrenal cortex
[[Adrenal adenoma]]s are benign tumors that start in the cortex of the [[adrenal gland]]. They fall into one of two categories: functional or non-secreting. [[Adenoma]]s that are nonfunctional or have modest levels of hormone secretion may not show any symptoms at all and may remain asymptomatic. But [[Adenoma|adenomas]] with high levels of hormones frequently show up with primary [[hyperaldosteronism]], [[Cushing's syndrome|Cushing syndrome]], or [[hyperandrogenism]] symptoms.<ref name="Mahmood Loughner Anastasopoulou 2023 f880">{{cite web | last=Mahmood | first=Ejaz | last2=Loughner | first2=Chelsea L. | last3=Anastasopoulou | first3=Catherine | title=Adrenal Adenoma | publisher=StatPearls Publishing | date=August 17, 2023 | pmid=30969728 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539906/ | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Adrenal incidentaloma]], an adrenal tumor (of any type) discovered accidentally during a scan which performed for an unrelated reason
* [[Pheochromocytoma]], a [[catecholamine]]-producing tumor of the adrenal medulla, which may or may not be cancerous
 
=== Adrenocortical carcinoma ===
=== Hereditary disorders associated with adrenal tumors ===
{{Main|Adrenocortical carcinoma}}
* [[Von Hippel–Lindau disease]], a mutation of the VHL1 tumor-suppression gene associated with many types of tumor, including [[pheochromocytoma]]
[[Adrenocortical carcinoma]], (ACC), is cancer that develops in the [[Adrenal gland|adrenal glands]]' cortex, or outer layer.<ref name="Cleveland Clinic medical professional 2017 v644">{{cite web | author=Cleveland Clinic medical professional | title=Adrenocortical Carcinoma: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms & Outlook | website=Cleveland Clinic | date=October 11, 2017 |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/6152-adrenocortical-carcinoma | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref> [[Adrenocortical carcinoma]] usually occurs randomly, independent of a genetic predisposition.<ref name="Johns Hopkins Medicine 2021 r484">{{cite web | title=Adrenocortical Carcinoma | website=Johns Hopkins Medicine | date=December 7, 2021 |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/adrenocortical-carcinoma | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref> The majority of patients' primary complaints at first are indications and manifestations of excess hormones.<ref name="Allolio Fassnacht 2006 pp. 2027–2037">{{cite journal | last=Allolio | first=Bruno | last2=Fassnacht | first2=Martin | title=Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Clinical Update | journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism | publisher=The Endocrine Society | volume=91 | issue=6 | date=June 1, 2006 | issn=0021-972X | doi=10.1210/jc.2005-2639 | pages=2027–2037}}</ref> Due to local tumor growth, some patients have vague symptoms such as flank or [[abdominal pain]], fullness in the abdomen, or early satiety.<ref name="Fassnacht Allolio 2009 pp. 273–289">{{cite journal | last=Fassnacht | first=Martin | last2=Allolio | first2=Bruno | title=Clinical management of adrenocortical carcinoma | journal=Best Practice &amp; Research Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=23 | issue=2 | year=2009 | issn=1521-690X | doi=10.1016/j.beem.2008.10.008 | pages=273–289}}</ref>
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia|Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia]], a family of syndromes in which genetic abnormalities contribute to the development of endocrine tumors
 
=== Adrenal incidentaloma ===
{{Main|Adrenal incidentaloma}}
An [[adrenal incidentaloma]] is a mass lesion larger than 1 cm in diameter that was unintentionally found through radiologic examination.<ref name="Young 2007 pp. 601–610">{{cite journal | last=Young | first=William F. | title=The Incidentally Discovered Adrenal Mass | journal=New England Journal of Medicine | publisher=Massachusetts Medical Society | volume=356 | issue=6 | date=February 8, 2007 | issn=0028-4793 | doi=10.1056/nejmcp065470 | pages=601–610}}</ref> In patients who do not yet have a confirmed cancer diagnosis, [[adrenal incidentaloma]] is infrequently caused by malignancy.<ref name="UpToDate j823">{{cite web | title=UpToDate | website=UpToDate |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-and-management-of-the-adrenal-incidentaloma | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref>
 
=== Pheochromocytoma ===
{{Main|Pheochromocytoma}}
[[Pheochromocytoma]] originates from [[Chromaffin cell|chromaffin cells]] and is a kind of [[Neuroendocrine tumor|neuroendocrine tumor.]]<ref name="National Cancer Institute 2020 v048">{{cite web | title=Pheochromocytoma | website=National Cancer Institute | date=February 12, 2020 |url=https://www.cancer.gov/pediatric-adult-rare-tumor/rare-tumors/rare-endocrine-tumor/pheochromocytoma | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref> [[Pheochromocytoma]]s are generally benign. 10% to 15% of [[Pheochromocytoma|pheochromocytomas]] have the potential to be cancerous.<ref name="Cleveland Clinic medical professional 2022 h734">{{cite web | author=Cleveland Clinic medical professional | title=Pheochromocytoma: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | website=Cleveland Clinic | date=June 30, 2022 |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23373-pheochromocytoma | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref>
 
== Hereditary disorders associated with adrenal tumors ==
=== Von Hippel–Lindau disease ===
{{Main|Von Hippel–Lindau disease}}
[[Von Hippel–Lindau disease]] is a rare genetic multi-system disorder where certain body parts develop non-cancerous tumors.<ref name="National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke 2023 a897">{{cite web | title=Von Hippel-Lindau Disease (VHL) | website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke | date=November 28, 2023 |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/von-hippel-lindau-disease-vhl | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref> [[Pheochromocytoma]]s are a particular kind of tumor that are linked to [[Von Hippel–Lindau disease|von Hippel-Lindau syndrome]]. [[Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor|VHL]] gene mutations result in [[Von Hippel–Lindau disease|von Hippel-Lindau syndrome]].<ref name="MedlinePlus 2018 x387">{{cite web | title=Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome: MedlinePlus Genetics | website=MedlinePlus | date=October 1, 2018 |url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/von-hippel-lindau-syndrome/ | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref>
 
=== Multiple endocrine neoplasia ===
{{Main|Multiple endocrine neoplasia}}
[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]] results in tumors or overgrowth on one or more [[Endocrine gland|endocrine glands]].<ref name="pennmedicine.org y015">{{cite web | title= | website=pennmedicine.org |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/patient-information/conditions-treated-a-to-z/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref> [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]] is classified into three main forms: [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1|type 1]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2|type 2]], and type 4. Multiple endocrine neoplasia can be brought on by mutations in the [[MEN1]], [[RET (gene)|RET]], and [[CDKN1B]] genes.<ref name="MedlinePlus 2017 a638">{{cite web | title=Multiple endocrine neoplasia: MedlinePlus Genetics | website=MedlinePlus | date=March 1, 2017 |url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia/ | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref>
 
== Disorders of hormone over/under-production ==
=== Addison's disease ===
* [[Addison's disease]], also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, a disease in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient [[glucocorticoids]] (sometimes also [[mineralocorticoids]]) for a reason directly related to the adrenal gland itself, such as auto-immune damage to the adrenal gland or adrenal gland atrophy due to medication use
{{Main|Addison's disease}}
* [[Adrenal crisis]], a life-threatening medical emergency resulting from insufficient levels of [[cortisol]]
[[Addison's disease]], or primary [[adrenal insufficiency]], is an uncommon chronic illness characterized by insufficient production of [[cortisol]] and [[aldosterone]] by the [[Adrenal gland|adrenal glands]].<ref name="Cleveland Clinic medical professional 2023 i533">{{cite web | author=Cleveland Clinic medical professional | title=Addison's Disease: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | website=Cleveland Clinic | date=September 20, 2023 |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15095-addisons-disease | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref> Chronic primary adrenal insufficiency is typically characterized by an extended period of [[malaise]], [[fatigue]], [[Anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]], [[weight loss]], joint and back pain, and skin darkening. [[Mineralocorticoid]] and [[glucocorticoid]] hormone deficiency must be physiologically replaced in order to treat primary [[adrenal insufficiency]].<ref name="Nieman Chanco Turner 2006 pp. 276–280">{{cite journal | last=Nieman | first=Lynnette K. | last2=Chanco Turner | first2=Maria L. | title=Addison's disease | journal=Clinics in Dermatology | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=24 | issue=4 | year=2006 | issn=0738-081X | doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.04.006 | pages=276–280}}</ref>
* [[Adrenal insufficiency]], a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient [[glucocorticoids]] (or sometimes [[mineralocorticoids]]. This is often due to another adrenal disorder, such as [[Addison's Disease]] or [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia|Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia]], however it may also result from a problem elsewhere in the body (such as the hypothalamus or pituitary gland) that leads to abnormalities in the production of hormones regulating adrenal function
* [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia|Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia]], a hereditary disorder in which one of the enzymes involved in [[cortisol]] synthesis does not function properly. This disorder is also often associated with an over-production of [[androgen]] hormones.
* [[Cushing's disease]], a disorder in which [[cortisol]] levels are abnormally high
* [[Hyperaldosteronism]] (including [[Conn's syndrome]]), a condition in which [[aldosterone]] is over-produced
* [[Hypoaldosteronism]], a condition in which [[aldosterone]] is under-produced
 
=== Adrenal crisis ===
==Notable people with adrenal gland disorders==
{{Main|Adrenal crisis}}
[[Adrenal crisis]] is a serious, life-threatening complication of [[adrenal insufficiency]]. [[Hypotension]], or [[hypovolemic shock]], is the main symptom of adrenal crisis, other indications and symptoms include [[weakness]], [[Anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]], [[nausea]], vomiting, fever, [[fatigue]], abnormal [[electrolyte]]s, [[confusion]], and coma.<ref name="Bouillon Acute Adrenal Insufficiency">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bouillon R | title = Acute adrenal insufficiency | journal = Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America | volume = 35 | issue = 4 | pages = 767–75, ix | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17127145 | doi = 10.1016/j.ecl.2006.09.004 | publisher = Elsevier BV }}</ref> Laboratory testing may detect [[lymphocytosis]], [[eosinophilia]], [[hyponatremia]], [[hyperkalemia]], [[hypoglycemia]], and on occasion, [[Hypercalcaemia|hypercalcemia]].<ref name="Adrenal Crisis NEJM">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rushworth RL, Torpy DJ, Falhammar H | title = Adrenal Crisis | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 381 | issue = 9 | pages = 852–861 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 31461595 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1807486 | s2cid = 263427558 }}</ref>
 
=== Adrenal insufficiency ===
{{Main|Adrenal insufficiency}}
[[Adrenal insufficiency]] is the clinical sign of insufficient [[glucocorticoid]] production or action, with or without concurrent insufficiency in [[Mineralocorticoid|mineralocorticoids]] and adrenal [[Androgen|androgens]].<ref name="Charmandari Nicolaides Chrousos 2014 pp. 2152–2167">{{cite journal | last=Charmandari | first=Evangelia | last2=Nicolaides | first2=Nicolas C | last3=Chrousos | first3=George P | title=Adrenal insufficiency | journal=The Lancet | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=383 | issue=9935 | year=2014 | issn=0140-6736 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61684-0 | pages=2152–2167}}</ref> [[Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency]] or exogenous [[glucocorticoid]] or [[opioid]] medication suppression of [[adrenocorticotropic hormone]] can cause [[adrenal insufficiency]], as can primary adrenal disorders. Unintentional [[weight loss]], [[Anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]], [[Orthostatic hypotension|postural hypotension]], extreme exhaustion, muscle and [[abdominal pain]], and [[Hyponatremia|hyponatraemia]] are characteristic clinical features.<ref name="Husebye Pearce Krone Kämpe 2021 pp. 613–629">{{cite journal | last=Husebye | first=Eystein S | last2=Pearce | first2=Simon H | last3=Krone | first3=Nils P | last4=Kämpe | first4=Olle | title=Adrenal insufficiency | journal=The Lancet | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=397 | issue=10274 | year=2021 | issn=0140-6736 | doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00136-7 | pages=613–629}}</ref>
 
=== Congenital adrenal hyperplasia ===
{{Main|Congenital adrenal hyperplasia}}
[[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] is a group of [[Genetic disorder#Autosomal recessive|autosomal recessive disorders]] characterized by impaired [[cortisol]] synthesis.<ref name="pmid28576284">{{cite journal | vauthors = El-Maouche D, Arlt W, Merke DP | title = Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | journal = Lancet | volume = 390 | issue = 10108 | pages = 2194–2210 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 28576284 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31431-9 | s2cid = 13737960 |url=http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/41341465/THELANCET_D_16_08898R1_2.pdf}}</ref><ref name="pmid30272171">{{cite journal | name-list-style=vanc |pmid=30272171|year=2018|last1=Speiser|first1=P. W.|last2=Arlt|first2=W.|last3=Auchus|first3=R. J.|last4=Baskin|first4=L. S.|last5=Conway|first5=G. S.|last6=Merke|first6=D. P.|author7=Meyer-Bahlburg HFL|last8=Miller|first8=W. L.|last9=Murad|first9=M. H.|last10=Oberfield|first10=S. E.|last11=White|first11=P. C.|title=Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism|volume=103|issue=11|pages=4043–4088|doi=10.1210/jc.2018-01865|pmc=6456929}}</ref> It results from the deficiency of one of the five [[enzymes]] required for the [[Biosynthesis|synthesis]] of cortisol in the [[adrenal cortex]].<ref name="pmid12930931">{{cite journal | vauthors = Speiser PW, White PC | title = Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | journal = [[The New England Journal of Medicine]] | volume = 349 | issue = 8 | pages = 776–88 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12930931 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra021561}}</ref> Most of these disorders involve excessive or deficient production of [[hormone]]s such as [[glucocorticoid]]s, [[mineralocorticoid]]s, or [[sex steroid]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=La |first1=Betty |last2=Tung |first2=Celestine |last3=Choi |first3=Eugene A. |last4=Nguyen |first4=Ha |title=A Gigantic Uterine Leiomyoma and Big Bilateral Adrenal Myelolipomas as a Result of Untreated Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia |journal=AACE Clinical Case Reports |date=1 November 2021 |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=342–345 |doi=10.1016/j.aace.2021.05.002 |pmid=34765728 |pmc=8573279 }}</ref><ref name="pmid30272171"/> and can alter development of [[primary sex characteristic|primary]] or [[secondary sex characteristic]]s in some affected [[infant]]s, children, or adults.<ref name="MilunskyMilunsky2010">{{cite book|author1=Aubrey Milunsky|author2=Jeff Milunsky|title=Genetic Disorders and the Fetus: Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKCmA4dOYtMC&pg=PA600|access-date=14 June 2010|date=29 January 2010|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9087-9|pages=600–}}</ref>
 
=== Cushing's disease ===
{{Main|Cushing's disease}}
[[Cushing's disease]] is an illness where an excess of [[adrenocorticotropic hormone]] (ACTH) is released by the [[pituitary gland]]. [[Cushing's syndrome|Cushing syndrome]] can be brought on by [[Cushing's disease|Cushing disease]].<ref name="MedlinePlus h199">{{cite web | title=Cushing disease: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia | website=MedlinePlus |url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000348.htm | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref>
 
=== Hyperaldosteronism ===
{{Main|Hyperaldosteronism}}
[[Hyperaldosteronism]] is caused by the [[adrenal gland]]'s overproduction of the hormone [[aldosterone]]. The excess production of the [[adrenal gland]], specifically the [[zona glomerulosa]], is the cause of primary [[hyperaldosteronism]]. Excessive [[Renin–angiotensin system|renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system]] activation results in secondary [[hyperaldosteronism]].<ref name="Dominguez Muppidi Gupta 2023 p784">{{cite web | last=Dominguez | first=Alejandro | last2=Muppidi | first2=Vijayadershan | last3=Gupta | first3=Sonu | title=Hyperaldosteronism | publisher=StatPearls Publishing | date=February 12, 2023 | pmid=29763159 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499983/ | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref>
 
=== Hypoaldosteronism ===
{{Main|Hypoaldosteronism}}
[[Hypoaldosteronism]] is a clinical condition marked by either an [[aldosterone]] deficiency or impaired tissue-level action of the hormone. [[Angiotensin]] I to Angiotensin II conversion, adrenal aldosterone synthesis and secretion, abnormal target tissue response to [[aldosterone]], and renal [[renin]] production and secretion are all potential causes of the disorder.<ref name="Rajkumar Waseem 2023 l490">{{cite web | last=Rajkumar | first=Venkatraman | last2=Waseem | first2=Muhammad | title=Hypoaldosteronism | publisher=StatPearls Publishing | date=August 7, 2023 | pmid=32310452 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555992/ | access-date=February 9, 2024}}</ref>
 
== Notable people with adrenal gland disorders ==
* [[John F. Kennedy]], the 35th president of the United States was diagnosed with [[Addison’s disease]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Mandel | first = Lee R. | title = Endocrine and Autoimmune Aspects of the Health History of John F. Kennedy | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 151 | issue = 5 | pages = 350–354 | date = September 2009 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-151-5-200909010-00011 | pmid = 19721023 | doi-access = }}</ref>
* Some have suggested [[Jane Austen]] was an ''[[wikt:en:avant la lettre|avant la lettre]]'' case of [[Addison's Disease]], but others have disputed this.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Upfal| first=Annette|title=Jane Austen's lifelong health problems and final illness: New evidence points to a fatal Hodgkin's disease and excludes the widely accepted Addison's| journal=[[Medical Humanities]]|volume=31|year=2005|pages=3–11|url=http://mh.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/31/1/3 |doi=10.1136/jmh.2004.000193| pmid=23674643|publisher=[[BMJ]] Publishing Group|issue=1|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Scientist [[Eugene Merle Shoemaker]], co-discoverer of the [[Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9]] had [[Addison's Disease]].<ref>{{cite web | first = Brian | last = Marsden | url = http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/news81.html | title = Eugene Shoemaker (1928-1997) | access-date = 2007-07-25 | work = Comet Shoemaker-Levy Collision with Jupiter | date = 1997-07-18 | publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070711025314/http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/sl9/news81.html| archive-date = 11 July 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[Adrenalism]]
* [[Adrenal tumor]]
 
== References ==
{{reflist}}
 
== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal | last=Vaughan | first=E.Darracott | title=Diseases of the adrenal gland | journal=Medical Clinics of North America | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=88 | issue=2 | year=2004 | issn=0025-7125 | doi=10.1016/s0025-7125(03)00149-4 | pages=443–466 | ref=none}}
* {{cite journal | last=Takayanagi | first=R. | last2=Miura | first2=K. | last3=Nakagawa | first3=H. | last4=Nawata | first4=H. | title=Epidemiologic study of adrenal gland disorders in Japan | journal=Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=54 | year=2000 | issn=0753-3322 | doi=10.1016/s0753-3322(00)80036-0 | pages=164s–168s | ref=none}}
 
== External links ==
* [https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16717-adrenal-disorders Cleveland Clinic]
* [https://www.mountsinai.org/care/surgery/services/endocrine-surgery/conditions/adrenal-gland Mount Sinai]
 
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{{Adrenal gland disorder}}
 
[[Category:Adrenal gland disorders| ]]
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