侯
|
Translingual
editStroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
Han character
edit侯 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人弓一大 (ONMK), four-corner 27234, composition ⿰亻⿱⿱𠃍一矢 or ⿰亻⿱⿱乛一矢)
Derived characters
edit- 喉, 猴, 堠, 帿, 瘊, 睺, 篌, 糇, 緱/缑, 葔, 鍭/𬭤, 餱/𫗯, 鄇, 㢿, 㬋, 㮢, 䂉, 䗔, 䙈, 䞀/𬥽, 䫛, 翭, 鯸, 䳧/𪃶/𫛺, 𠋫, 𡗁, 𡟑, 𡹵, 𪹍, 𢜵, 𢰡, 𣣠, 𤧝, 𤬈, 𥀃, 𦑤, 𦞈, 𧇹, 𧩨, 𧯁, 𨂸, 𩃺, 𩋴, 𩘋, 𩩵, 𪈱, 𪑻
References
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 103, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 633
- Dae Jaweon: page 218, character 20
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 167, character 1
- Unihan data for U+4FAF
Chinese
edittrad. | 侯 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 侯 | |
2nd round simp. | 𫶬 | |
alternative forms | 矦 ancient form 𥎦 ancient form 𬾗 historical variant 𬾃 historical variant |
Glyph origin
editHistorical forms of the character 侯 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
|
Pictogram (象形) – a target for arrows.
Etymology
edit- "target" > "prince, marquis"
- 侯 (OC *ɡoː)'s connection to archery is noted by Schuessler (2007), Theobald (2017)[1], Goldin (2021), etc. Goldin further relates it to 鍭 (OC *ɡoː, *ɡoːs, “arrow with metal tip”), which Schuessler instead relates to 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs).
- Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic etymology, comparing 侯 (OC *ɡoː) to Khmer គាស់ (kŏəh, “to raise (a crossbow) with a view to aiming”), Khmer [script needed] (kpoḥ, “to be raised up, clearly visible”), & Khmer [script needed] (goḥ, “to hit (squarely)”).
- When meaning "target > prince, marquis", possibly distinct from 后 (OC *ɡoːʔ, *ɡoːs, “(head >) ruler > queen”) (Schuessler, 2007; Goldin, 2021).
- Its derivatives, from sense "target (n.) > to target (v.)", are 候 (OC *ɡoːs) & 觀 (OC *koːn, *koːns), both meaning "to watch" (Schuessler, 2007); contra Lau (1999), who thinks sense "to watch" to be fundamental and "target; lord, marquis" to be derivatives..
- "to be; to have"
- Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Vietic *kɔːʔ (“to have, to be”) and Proto-Monic *gooʔ (“to get, to possess”); compare also Jingpho gu³¹ (“to have”).
Pronunciation 1
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hou2
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): heu2
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): hou1
- Northern Min (KCR): ě
- Eastern Min (BUC): hèu
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 6gheu / 2gheu
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): hou2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄡˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hóu
- Wade–Giles: hou2
- Yale: hóu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hour
- Palladius: хоу (xou)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xoʊ̯³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: hou2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xou
- Sinological IPA (key): /xəu²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hau4
- Yale: hàuh
- Cantonese Pinyin: hau4
- Guangdong Romanization: heo4
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɐu̯²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: heu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /heu²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: heu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɛu²⁴/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hèu
- Hakka Romanization System: heuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: heu2
- Sinological IPA: /heu̯¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: hou1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /xəu¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ě
- Sinological IPA (key): /e²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hèu
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɛu⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiô
- Tâi-lô: hiô
- Phofsit Daibuun: hiooi
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hio²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kâu
- Tâi-lô: kâu
- Phofsit Daibuun: kaau
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /kau²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kau¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâu
- Tâi-lô: hâu
- Phofsit Daibuun: haau
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /hau²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /hau²³/
Note:
- hô͘/hiô - literary (incl. surname in Xiamen and Zhangzhou);
- kâu - vernacular (incl. surname, dated in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou);
- hâu - vernacular (incl. surname in Quanzhou and Taiwan).
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hou5 / gao5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hôu / kâu
- Sinological IPA (key): /hou⁵⁵/, /kau⁵⁵/
Note:
- hou5 - all senses (incl. surname);
- gao5 - surname.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 侯 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /xou³⁵/ |
Harbin | /xou²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /xou⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan | /xou⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /xou⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /xou⁴²/ | |
Xi'an | /xou²⁴/ | |
Xining | /xɯ²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /xəu⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /xou⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | /xɤu⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /xəu²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /xəu³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /xəu²¹/ | |
Kunming | /xəu³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /xəɯ²⁴/ | |
Hefei | /xɯ⁵⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /xəu¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /xəu¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /xəu³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ɦɤ²³/ |
Suzhou | /ɦɤ¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /ɦei²¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /ɦau³¹/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /xiu⁴⁴/ |
Tunxi | ||
Xiang | Changsha | /xəu¹³/ |
Xiangtan | /ɦəɯ¹²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /hɛu²⁴/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /heu¹¹/ |
Taoyuan | /heu¹¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /hɐu²¹/ |
Nanning | /hɐu²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /hɐu²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hɔ³⁵/ /kau³⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hɛu⁵³/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /e²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /hou⁵⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /hɔu³¹/ |
- Middle Chinese: huw
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤ(r)o/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡoː/
Definitions
edit侯
- marquis; lord
- 王者之制:祿爵,公、侯、伯、子、男,凡五等。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Wángzhě zhī zhì: lùjué, gōng, hóu, bó, zǐ, nán, fán wǔděng. [Pinyin]
- According to the regulations of emolument and rank framed by the kings, there were the duke; the marquis; the earl; the count; and the baron - in all, five gradations (of rank).
王者之制:禄爵,公、侯、伯、子、男,凡五等。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (obsolete) target
- 終日射侯 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zhōngrì shè hóu [Pinyin]
- Shooting all day at the target
终日射侯 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (obsolete) to be, to have
- 山有嘉卉、侯栗侯梅。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Shān yǒu jiāhuì, hóu lì hóu méi. [Pinyin]
- On the mountains are fine trees, - there are chestnut trees and there are plum trees.
- a surname
- 侯孝賢/侯孝贤 ― Hóu Xiàoxián ― Hou Hsiao-hsien (Taiwanese film director)
Compounds
edit- 三侯之章
- 五侯鯖/五侯鲭
- 侯伯
- 侯景之亂/侯景之乱
- 侯服
- 侯服玉食
- 侯栗
- 侯營/侯营 (Hóuyíng)
- 侯爵 (hóujué)
- 侯王
- 侯生
- 侯甸
- 侯白
- 侯萬戶/侯万户
- 侯門/侯门
- 侯門如海/侯门如海
- 侯馬盟書/侯马盟书
- 列侯 (lièhóu)
- 博望侯
- 即墨侯
- 名號侯/名号侯
- 君侯 (jūnhóu)
- 夏侯 (Xiàhóu)
- 宜侯夨簋
- 富比王侯
- 封侯
- 封侯拜相
- 封侯萬里
- 封侯賜爵/封侯赐爵
- 射侯 (shèhóu)
- 彭侯
- 徹侯/彻侯
- 拜將封侯/拜将封侯
- 拜相封侯
- 摩侯羅/摩侯罗
- 故侯
- 故侯瓜
- 敝屣王侯
- 淮陰侯/淮阴侯
- 漢壽亭侯/汉寿亭侯
- 王侯 (wánghóu)
- 王侯將相/王侯将相 (wánghóujiàngxiàng)
- 留侯
- 留侯論/留侯论
- 百里侯
- 萬戶侯/万户侯 (wànhùhóu)
- 萬里侯
- 萬里封侯
- 粉侯
- 縣侯/县侯
- 蔡侯紙/蔡侯纸
- 蕃侯
- 褒成侯
- 覓封侯/觅封侯
- 談笑封侯/谈笑封侯
- 諸侯/诸侯 (zhūhóu)
- 邑侯
- 郡侯
- 鄉侯/乡侯
- 關內侯/关内侯
- 陽侯/阳侯
- 陽侯之患/阳侯之患
- 隋侯之珠
- 隋侯明月
- 隨侯之珠/随侯之珠
- 雍齒封侯
- 魏文侯
Descendants
editSino-Xenic (侯):
Others:
- → Manchu: ᡥᡝᠣ (heo)
Pronunciation 2
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hau6
- Eastern Min (BUC): âu
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄡˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hòu
- Wade–Giles: hou4
- Yale: hòu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: how
- Palladius: хоу (xou)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xoʊ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hau6
- Yale: hauh
- Cantonese Pinyin: hau6
- Guangdong Romanization: heo6
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɐu̯²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: âu
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɑu²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô͘
- Tâi-lô: hôo
- Phofsit Daibuun: hoo
- IPA (Xiamen): /hɔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘
- Tâi-lô: hōo
- Phofsit Daibuun: ho
- IPA (Xiamen): /hɔ²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāu
- Tâi-lô: hāu
- Phofsit Daibuun: hau
- IPA (Xiamen): /hau²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
Note:
- hô͘ - literary (common);
- hō͘ - literary (rare);
- hāu - vernacular (rare).
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hao7
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hāu
- Sinological IPA (key): /hau¹¹/
Definitions
edit侯
Japanese
editKanji
edit侯
Readings
editKorean
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Chinese 侯 (MC huw).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅮᇢ (Yale: hhwuw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean ⿰亻𫶬/후 (hwu) (Yale: hwu) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Pronunciation
edit- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸʷu]
- Phonetic hangul: [후]
Hanja
editCompounds
editCompounds
References
edit- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
References
editCategories:
- CJK Unified Ideographs block
- Han script characters
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han pictograms
- Chinese terms derived from Austroasiatic languages
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Sichuanese lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Taishanese lemmas
- Gan lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Jin lemmas
- Northern Min lemmas
- Eastern Min lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Xiang lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese hanzi
- Mandarin hanzi
- Sichuanese hanzi
- Cantonese hanzi
- Taishanese hanzi
- Gan hanzi
- Hakka hanzi
- Jin hanzi
- Northern Min hanzi
- Eastern Min hanzi
- Hokkien hanzi
- Teochew hanzi
- Wu hanzi
- Xiang hanzi
- Middle Chinese hanzi
- Old Chinese hanzi
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Sichuanese nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Taishanese nouns
- Gan nouns
- Hakka nouns
- Jin nouns
- Northern Min nouns
- Eastern Min nouns
- Hokkien nouns
- Teochew nouns
- Wu nouns
- Xiang nouns
- Middle Chinese nouns
- Old Chinese nouns
- Chinese proper nouns
- Mandarin proper nouns
- Sichuanese proper nouns
- Cantonese proper nouns
- Taishanese proper nouns
- Gan proper nouns
- Hakka proper nouns
- Jin proper nouns
- Northern Min proper nouns
- Eastern Min proper nouns
- Hokkien proper nouns
- Teochew proper nouns
- Wu proper nouns
- Xiang proper nouns
- Middle Chinese proper nouns
- Old Chinese proper nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 侯
- Literary Chinese terms with quotations
- Chinese terms with obsolete senses
- Chinese surnames
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading ぐ
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading こう
- Japanese kanji with kun reading まと
- Japanese kanji with kun reading きみ
- Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Middle Korean hanja
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters