barr

See also: Barr, Bärr, barr-, bàrr, and bárr

English

Etymology 1

From French barrir (“to trumpet; to make the sound of an elephant”), from Old French barrire, from Late Latin barriō, from Latin barrus (“elephant”).

Verb

barr (third-person singular simple present barrs, present participle barring, simple past and past participle barred)

(obsolete) To make the sound of an elephant.
- 1737, François Rabelais, translated by Thomas Urquhart, The Complete Works of Doctor François Rabelais:
  He gave us also the example of the Philosopher, who, when he thought most seriously to have withdrawn himself unto a solitary Privacy, far from the rufling Clutterments of the tumultuous and confused World, the better to improve his Theory, to contrive, comment, and ratiocinate, was, notwithstanding his uttermost Endeavours to free himself from all untowards Noises, surrounded and environ'd about so with the barking of Curs, howling of Wolves, neighing of Horses, bleating of Sheep, barring of Elephants, hissing of Serpents, braying of Asses, chirping of Grasshoppers, cooing of Turtles […]

Etymology 2

See bar.

Noun

barr (countable and uncountable, plural barrs)

Obsolete spelling of bar.

Verb

barr (third-person singular simple present barrs, present participle barring, simple past and past participle barred)

Obsolete spelling of bar.

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse barr, from Proto-Germanic *baraz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /parː/
Rhymes: -arː

Noun

barr n (genitive singular barrs, no plural)

pine needles

Declension

declension of barr

	indefinite	definite
n-s	singular
nominative	barr	barrið
accusative	barr	barrið
dative	barri	barrinu
genitive	barrs	barrsins

Derived terms

barrfinka (“siskin”)
barrskógur
barrspæta (“great spotted woodpecker”)
barrtré (“conifer”)
barrviður

Irish

Alternative forms

bárr (obsolete)

Pronunciation

(Munster, Connacht) IPA^(key): /bˠɑːɾˠ/^[1]
(Ulster) IPA^(key): /bˠaːɾˠ/^[2]

Etymology 1

From Old Irish barr (“top”),^[3] from Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Middle Welsh barr), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-.

Noun

barr m (genitive singular bairr or barr, nominative plural barra)

Declension

Declension of barr

First declension

Bare forms:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	barr	barra
Vocative	a bhairr	a bharra
Genitive	bairr	barr
Dative	barr	barra

Forms with the definite article:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	an barr	na barra
Genitive	an bhairr	na mbarr
Dative	leis an mbarr don bharr	leis na barra

Alternative declension

Declension of barr

Fourth declension

Bare forms

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	barr	barra
Vocative	a bharr	a bharra
Genitive	barr	barra
Dative	barr	barra

Forms with the definite article

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	an barr	na barra
Genitive	an bharr	na mbarra
Dative	leis an mbarr don bharr	leis na barra

Derived terms

ar barr do ghoib (“on the tip of one’s tongue”)
ar barr do theanga
ar bharr (“on top of; completely”)
bain barr de (“vie with”)
barr ar (“in excess of”)
barr bua (“supremacy, victory”)
barr cátha (“oat-husk tea”)
barr láin
barr margaidh (“cash crop”)
barr taoide (“high tide”)
barr- (“topped”)
barraicín- (“tiptoe”)
beir barr (“surpass, overcome”)
bun agus barr (“the whole essence”)
bun barr (“completely”)
cé dhá bharr (“why?”)
dá bharr (“gained”)
dá bharr sin (“consequently”)
de bharr (“because of”)
de bharr ar (“in addition to; in preference to”)
de bharr go (“because”)
dul i mbarr (“deprive”)
i mbarr d'anama (“with all one’s strength”)
i mbarr do chéille (“out of one’s senses”)
ó bhun go barr (“completely, from top to bottom”)
príomhbharr (“main crop”)
tabhair ar barr (“bring up, mention”)
tabhair barr (“surpass, excel”)
thar barr (“excellent, exceedingly”)
thar barr amach (“outright, completely”)
uchtbharr (“parapet”)

Related terms

cafarr (“helmet, headpiece; kerchief”)

Verb

barr (present analytic barrann, future analytic barrfaidh, verbal noun barradh, past participle barrtha)

(transitive) top

Conjugation

conjugation of barr (first conjugation – A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third	relative	autonomous
indicative	present	barraim	barrann tú; barrair^†	barrann sé, sí	barraimid	barrann sibh	barrann siad; barraid^†	a bharrann; a bharras / a mbarrann; a mbarras	barrtar
	past	bharr mé; bharras	bharr tú; bharrais	bharr sé, sí	bharramar; bharr muid	bharr sibh; bharrabhair	bharr siad; bharradar	a bharr / ar bharr*	barradh
	past habitual	bharrainn / mbarrainn‡‡	bharrtá / mbarrtá‡‡	bharradh sé, sí / mbarradh sé, sí‡‡	bharraimis; bharradh muid / mbarraimis‡‡; mbarradh muid‡‡	bharradh sibh / mbarradh sibh‡‡	bharraidís; bharradh siad / mbarraidís‡‡; mbarradh siad‡‡	a bharradh / a mbarradh*	bharrtaí / mbarrtaí‡‡
future		barrfaidh mé; barrfad	barrfaidh tú; barrfair^†	barrfaidh sé, sí	barrfaimid; barrfaidh muid	barrfaidh sibh	barrfaidh siad; barrfaid^†	a bharrfaidh; a bharrfas / a mbarrfaidh; a mbarrfas	barrfar
conditional		bharrfainn / mbarrfainn‡‡	bharrfá / mbarrfá‡‡	bharrfadh sé, sí / mbarrfadh sé, sí‡‡	bharrfaimis; bharrfadh muid / mbarrfaimis‡‡; mbarrfadh muid‡‡	bharrfadh sibh / mbarrfadh sibh‡‡	bharrfaidís; bharrfadh siad / mbarrfaidís‡‡; mbarrfadh siad‡‡	a bharrfadh / a mbarrfadh*	bharrfaí / mbarrfaí‡‡
subjunctive	present	go mbarra mé; go mbarrad^†	go mbarra tú; go mbarrair^†	go mbarra sé, sí	go mbarraimid; go mbarra muid	go mbarra sibh	go mbarra siad; go mbarraid^†	—	go mbarrtar
subjunctive	past	dá mbarrainn	dá mbarrtá	dá mbarradh sé, sí	dá mbarraimis; dá mbarradh muid	dá mbarradh sibh	dá mbarraidís; dá mbarradh siad	—	dá mbarrtaí
imperative		barraim	barr	barradh sé, sí	barraimis	barraigí; barraidh^†	barraidís	—	barrtar
verbal noun		barradh
past participle		barrtha

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Etymology 2

From Old French barre, barrer. Compare English bar.

Noun

barr m (genitive singular bairr)

bar, hindrance

Declension

Declension of barr

First declension

Bare forms (no plural of this noun)

Case	Singular
Nominative	barr
Vocative	a bhairr
Genitive	bairr
Dative	barr

Forms with the definite article:

Case	Singular
Nominative	an barr
Genitive	an bhairr
Dative	leis an mbarr don bharr

Verb

barr (present analytic barrann, future analytic barrfaidh, verbal noun barradh, past participle barrtha)

(transitive) bar, hinder

Conjugation

conjugation of barr (first conjugation – A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third	relative	autonomous
indicative	present	barraim	barrann tú; barrair^†	barrann sé, sí	barraimid	barrann sibh	barrann siad; barraid^†	a bharrann; a bharras / a mbarrann; a mbarras	barrtar
	past	bharr mé; bharras	bharr tú; bharrais	bharr sé, sí	bharramar; bharr muid	bharr sibh; bharrabhair	bharr siad; bharradar	a bharr / ar bharr*	barradh
	past habitual	bharrainn / mbarrainn‡‡	bharrtá / mbarrtá‡‡	bharradh sé, sí / mbarradh sé, sí‡‡	bharraimis; bharradh muid / mbarraimis‡‡; mbarradh muid‡‡	bharradh sibh / mbarradh sibh‡‡	bharraidís; bharradh siad / mbarraidís‡‡; mbarradh siad‡‡	a bharradh / a mbarradh*	bharrtaí / mbarrtaí‡‡
future		barrfaidh mé; barrfad	barrfaidh tú; barrfair^†	barrfaidh sé, sí	barrfaimid; barrfaidh muid	barrfaidh sibh	barrfaidh siad; barrfaid^†	a bharrfaidh; a bharrfas / a mbarrfaidh; a mbarrfas	barrfar
conditional		bharrfainn / mbarrfainn‡‡	bharrfá / mbarrfá‡‡	bharrfadh sé, sí / mbarrfadh sé, sí‡‡	bharrfaimis; bharrfadh muid / mbarrfaimis‡‡; mbarrfadh muid‡‡	bharrfadh sibh / mbarrfadh sibh‡‡	bharrfaidís; bharrfadh siad / mbarrfaidís‡‡; mbarrfadh siad‡‡	a bharrfadh / a mbarrfadh*	bharrfaí / mbarrfaí‡‡
subjunctive	present	go mbarra mé; go mbarrad^†	go mbarra tú; go mbarrair^†	go mbarra sé, sí	go mbarraimid; go mbarra muid	go mbarra sibh	go mbarra siad; go mbarraid^†	—	go mbarrtar
subjunctive	past	dá mbarrainn	dá mbarrtá	dá mbarradh sé, sí	dá mbarraimis; dá mbarradh muid	dá mbarradh sibh	dá mbarraidís; dá mbarradh siad	—	dá mbarrtaí
imperative		barraim	barr	barradh sé, sí	barraimis	barraigí; barraidh^†	barraidís	—	barrtar
verbal noun		barradh
past participle		barrtha

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
barr	bharr	mbarr
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

^ Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 101, page 56
^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 267, page 95
^ Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 barr”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Maltese

Root
b-r-r
3 terms

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /barr/

Etymology 1

From Arabic بَرّ (barr).

Noun

barr m

wilderness

Etymology 2

Onomatopoeic.

Verb

barr (imperfect jborr)

to coo (make a coo sound)

Conjugation

Conjugation of barr
		singular			plural
		1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person
perfect	m	barrejt	barrejt	barr	barrejna	barrejtu	barrew
perfect	f	barrejt	barrejt	barret	barrejna	barrejtu	barrew
imperfect	m	nborr	tborr	jborr	nborru	tborru	jborru
imperfect	f	nborr	tborr	tborr	nborru	tborru	jborru
imperative			borr			borru

Middle Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *barros (compare Irish barr), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰers-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /bar/

Noun

barr m (plural barriau)

top
summit, crest

Descendants

Welsh: bar

Mutation

Middle Welsh mutation
Radical	Soft	Nasal	Aspirate
barr	uarr / varr	marr	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *baraz.

Noun

barr n

acicular leaves, needles (of the fir or pine)
barley

Derived terms

barraxlaðr (“high-shouldered, with sharp, prominent shoulderbones”)
barrviðr (“pine-forest; the wood of the fir”)

Descendants

Icelandic: barr
Faroese: barr
Norwegian Nynorsk: bar
Old Swedish: bar
- Swedish: barr

References

“barr”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Entry "barr" on page 43 in: Geir T. Zoëga "A Concise Dictionary of Old Islandic", Oxford at the Claredon Press (1910).

Romani

Alternative forms

bar
bař (Pan-Vlax)

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit *वर्त (varta, “round stone”).^[1]^[2]

Noun

barr m (nominative plural barra)

(International Standard) stone,^[2]^[3] rock^[3]

Derived terms

References

^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*varta3”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 661
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Boretzky, Norbert, Igla, Birgit (1994) “bař”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 22b
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Marcel Courthiade (2009) “o barr, -es- m. -a, -en-”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 75ab

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse barr.

Pronunciation

Hyphenation: barr

Noun

barr n

needle; leaf of a coniferous tree
(dated, slang, uncountable) hair

Declension

Declension of barr
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	barr	barret	barr	barren
Genitive	barrs	barrets	barrs	barrens

Hyponyms

granbarr, tallbarr

Related terms

barra

Noun

barr c

(gymnastics) parallel bars

Declension

Declension of barr
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	barr	barren	barrar	barrarna
Genitive	barrs	barrens	barrars	barrarnas

References

barr in Svensk ordbok.

[1] Sjoestedt, M. L. (1931) Phonétique d’un parler irlandais de Kerry (in French), Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux, § 101, page 56

[2] Quiggin, E. C. (1906) A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 267, page 95

[3] Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 barr”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

[4] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*varta3”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 661

[bi-5] 2.0 ^2.1 Boretzky, Norbert, Igla, Birgit (1994) “bař”, in Wörterbuch Romani-Deutsch-Englisch für den südosteuropäischen Raum : mit einer Grammatik der Dialektvarianten [Romani-German-English dictionary for the Southern European region] (in German), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, →ISBN, page 22b

[c-6] 3.0 ^3.1 Marcel Courthiade (2009) “o barr, -es- m. -a, -en-”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög [My First European-Romani Dictionary: Romani, Hungarian, English, French, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Romanian, Croatian, Slovak, Greek] (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 75ab

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barr

English

Etymology 1

Verb

Etymology 2

Noun

Verb

Icelandic

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Irish

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Verb

Conjugation

Etymology 2

Noun

Declension

Verb

Conjugation

Mutation

References

Further reading

Maltese

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Etymology 2

Verb

Conjugation

Middle Welsh

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Descendants

Mutation

Old Norse

Etymology

Noun

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Romani

Alternative forms

Etymology

Noun

Derived terms

References

Swedish

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Hyponyms

Related terms

See also

Further reading

Noun

Declension

References