Ravenna
Ravèna, Ravêna (Romagnol) | |
|---|---|
Fontanella Piazza del Popolo | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Ravenna  | |
  Ravenna Location of Ravenna in Emilia-Romagna  Ravenna Ravenna (Emilia-Romagna) | |
| Coordinates: 44°24′58″N 12°12′06″E / 44.41611°N 12.20167°E | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Emilia-Romagna |
| Province | Ravenna (RA) |
| Frazioni | (subdivisions)
|
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Michele De Pascale (PD) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 652.89 km2 (252.08 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 4 m (13 ft) |
| Population (1 January 2014)[2] | |
| • Total | 158,784 |
| • Density | 240/km2 (630/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | Ravennate, Ravennese[3] |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 48100 |
| Dialing code | 0544 |
| Patron saint | Saint Apollinaris |
| Saint day | July 23 |
| Website | Official website |
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
.jpg/220px-Mosaic_of_Justinianus_I_-_Basilica_San_Vitale_(Ravenna).jpg) Mosaic of the Emperor Justinian I from the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna | |
| Criteria | Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv |
| Reference | 788 |
| Inscription | 1996 (20th Session) |
| Area | 1.32 ha |
Ravenna (/rəˈvɛnə/ rə-VEN-ə, Italian: [raˈvenna], also ⓘ; Romagnol: Ravèna, Ravêna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century until its collapse in 476, after which it served as the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom and then the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna.[4]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1861 | 55,973 | — |
| 1871 | 58,544 | +4.6% |
| 1881 | 59,696 | +2.0% |
| 1901 | 62,723 | +5.1% |
| 1911 | 69,802 | +11.3% |
| 1921 | 70,502 | +1.0% |
| 1931 | 76,335 | +8.3% |
| 1936 | 80,658 | +5.7% |
| 1951 | 91,248 | +13.1% |
| 1961 | 114,854 | +25.9% |
| 1971 | 131,176 | +14.2% |
| 1981 | 137,375 | +4.7% |
| 1991 | 135,844 | −1.1% |
| 2001 | 134,631 | −0.9% |
| 2011 | 153,740 | +14.2% |
| 2021 | 155,836 | +1.4% |
| Source: ISTAT | ||
Initially settled by the Umbri people, Ravenna came under Roman Republic control in 89 BC. Octavian built the military harbor of Classis at Ravenna, and the city remained an important seaport on the Adriatic until the early Middle Ages. The city prospered under imperial rule. In 402, Western Roman emperor Honorius moved his court from Mediolanum to Ravenna; it then served as capital of the empire for most of the 5th century.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Ravenna became the capital of Odoacer until he was defeated by the Ostrogoth king Theodoric. In 540 Belisarius conquered Ravenna for the Byzantine Empire, and the city became the capital of Byzantine Italy. After a brief Lombard control, Ravenna came under the authority of the Papacy and, save for minor interruptions, remained part of the Papal States until the mid-19th century when it was incorporated into the newly unified Kingdom of Italy.[5]
Although it is an inland city, Ravenna is connected to the Adriatic Sea by the Candiano Canal. It is known for its well-preserved late Roman and Byzantine architecture, with eight buildings comprising the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna".[6] Because of the high concentration of mosaics, the city has been associated with workshops and schools teaching mosaics, and is often given titles like the "capital of mosaics".[7][8][9]
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Transcription
We're in the so-called mausoleum of Galla Placidia in the city of Ravenna in Italy. When you think about the history of the Roman Empire, you think about the city of Rome. You don't think about Ravenna, but Ravenna played a key role at the end of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was in trouble in the Third and Fourth Centuries, that is, 300 years or so after Christ. It had been split. It had been rejoined and split again. It was a complicated history. And there were migrating peoples coming into the Empire. You might know these as the Ostrogoths, the Visigoths, the Huns. Ultimately, Constantine moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to a strategic location in the East, what is now called Istanbul but which was renamed Constantinople. Before it was Constantinople, it was the Greek town of Byzantium, and that's why we call the culture from the eastern part of the Empire, Byzantine. The Roman Expire was basically split at this time between traditions that began to develop independently in the East and traditions that began to develop independently in the West. So, here we are in the early Fifth Century, and Galla Placidia was the daughter of the Emperor Theodosius. And Galla Placidia's brother moved the capital of the western part of the Roman Empire here to Ravenna. Now, Ravenna had been an important port in ancient Rome. Augustus had half his navy situated here because the city was basically surrounded by marsh on one side and the Adriatic Sea on the other. Let's talk about Galla Placidia for just a moment because she's amazing. She's the daughter of the Emperor who ruled from Constantinople, and she's the sister of the man who would rule the western capital. Her father married her off to the king of the Goths in a political alliance. Ultimately, she would remarry, and her son would become emperor, but he was too young to rule. She ruled the western Roman Empire in place of her son until her son was old enough to take over. So, she was a very powerful woman and was responsible for building many buildings here in Ravenna including this mausoleum which was originally attached to a church that she built. Now, we call this the "so-called" mausoleum because art historians used to think that she was buried here. We now believe that she died in Rome and wasn't buried here. From the outside, the so-called mausoleum is quite small. It's made of reused ancient Roman brick. Remember, this had been an important Roman city for the navy, and so the people in the Fifth Century dismantled those older buildings and reused those materials, and that's what we have here. The building used to be taller, but the ground around it rose. But, what everyone comes to see is the interior decorations because outside it really doesn't look like much, but inside it's fabulous. The walls are covered up to about, oh, seven or eight feet with marble, and then above that, amazing mosaics. This is a rare example where the original mosaics are completely intact. Now, the building itself is the shape of a cross, and on each of the four transepts there are barrel vaults. And, then, in the center, there is a shallow dome, and all of that is covered with mosaic. Now, mosaics are small tiles of stone, or, in this case, glass. They're brightly colored in blues and greens and reds and golds. So, in this case, gold was sandwiched between pieces of glass, and these pieces, or tesseraei, are set a little bit on edge. In other words, they're not smooth and flat against the wall, and so they catch the light and glimmer. And that would have been especially true when this room was illuminated not by an electric light with its steady illumination, but instead by the flickering light of lanterns. And, so we really do experience a sense of another world. Let's take a look at a few of the mosaics here. Now, much of the wall is covered with decorative forms. Forms that might remind us of ancient Roman carving. For example, we see acanthus leaves and vines although the vines here are very specifically grape vines, and that refers to the Sacrament of the Eucharist, of taking the bread and wine of the body and blood of Christ. When we first walk into the mausoleum, the first mosaic that we see is one that we don't entirely understand. It shows a saint on the right. He's holding a book. He's holding a cross. He's got a halo in back of him. And, he seems to be running towards a fire directly under a small window. And that fire has a grill on it. We often assume that that's Saint Lawrence because Saint Lawrence was martyred by being burned to death. And he's the saint we most often see in western iconography, but because, on the other side, we see very prominently an opened cabinet revealing four books, the books of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, the four Gospels. And, because the Saint holds the book, one scholar has suggested that this might be Saint Vincent of Saragossa whose legend does involve books, unlike Saint Lawrence. Saint Vincent, or Saint Lawrence, or whoever that is, is also dressed, as are all the figures in this building, looking very much as if you were an ancient Roman. There's this wonderful kind of animation to his figure; the drape flows out in back of him as if he's speeding forward. And the kind of energy that's expressed in that cloth is echoed in the liveliness of the flames themselves. We can see the flames underneath the grill, but we also see their shadow on the wall behind, or what must be the wall behind. It's very difficult to talk about it as a space that makes sense because it's so obviously not very naturalistic. That cabinet doesn't make sense. We have a kind of flat background, and, yet, there are still some naturalistic aspects to it, like the drapery that the saint wears which does have some sense of modeling and three-dimensionality to it. There's also a real specificity. If you look at the grill, it's actually on wheels. There are these decisions to place very specific elements here even if we don't entirely understand them. Now, opposite this mosaic, this lunette, is another, right over the door, and we don't see it until we turn to leave. And here we see Christ as the Good Shepherd. Again, looking very ancient Roman to me, although wearing a halo. But turning his body in a very natural way sitting in a landscape surrounded by sheep. There is that wonderful torsion in that body. It is so classical, and it's such a careful observation of the way that the human body moves. And, yet, at the same time, it has the kind of simplification of the body's forms that clearly locate this in the early Medieval period. And it's also a very symmetrical image with the figure in the center and three sheep on either side. And there's a decorative quality overall. Now, the iconography, or the symbolism, of Christ being shown as a shepherd comes directly out of the Gospel of John. It's the idea that Christ is leading his flock, leading the faithful, taking care of them. Christ looks unusually more young. We normally expect to see him older and with a beard, and here he's young and beardless. It's a beautiful image with those pale greens. There are fronds of a palm that rise up in back of the rocks at the horizon line, and they're flecked with gold. So the entire image has a kind of beauty and a luminosity that's just wonderful.
History
The origin of the name Ravenna is unclear. Some have speculated that "Ravenna" is related to "Rasenna" (or "Rasna"), the term that the Etruscans used for themselves, but there is no agreement on this point.[10][11]
Ancient era
The origins of Ravenna are uncertain.[12] The oldest archaeological evidence found dates the Umbri presence in Ravenna at least to the 5th century BC, where it was undisturbed until the 3rd century BC, when first contact with Roman civilization began.[13] Its territory was settled also by the Senones, especially the southern countryside of the city (that was not part of the lagoon), the Ager Decimanus. Ravenna consisted of houses built on piles on a series of small islands in a marshy lagoon – a situation similar to Venice several centuries later. The Romans ignored it during their conquest of the Po River Delta, but later accepted it into the Roman Republic as a federated town in 89 BC.[5]
In 49 BC, it was where Julius Caesar gathered his forces before crossing the Rubicon. Later Octavian, after his battle against Mark Antony in 31 BC, founded the military harbor of Classis.[14] This harbor, protected at first by its own walls, was an important station of the Roman Imperial Fleet. Nowadays the city is landlocked, but Ravenna remained an important seaport on the Adriatic until the early Middle Ages. During the Germanic campaigns, Thusnelda, widow of Arminius, and Marbod, King of the Marcomanni, were confined at Ravenna.[5]
.png/220px-Ravenna(Peutinger_Map).png)
Ravenna greatly prospered under Roman rule. Emperor Trajan built a 70 km (43.50 mi) long aqueduct at the beginning of the 2nd century. During the Marcomannic Wars, Germanic settlers in Ravenna revolted and managed to seize possession of the city. For this reason, Marcus Aurelius decided not only against bringing more barbarians into Italy, but even banished those who had previously been brought there.[15] In AD 402, Emperor Honorius transferred the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Mediolanum (current Milan) to Ravenna; it subsequently served as the capital of the empire for most of the 5th century and the last de facto western emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed there in AD 476. At that time it was home to 50,000 people.[16] The transfer was made partly for defensive purposes: Ravenna was surrounded by swamps and marshes, and was perceived to be easily defensible (although in fact the city fell to opposing forces numerous times in its history); it is also likely that the move to Ravenna was due to the city's port and good sea-borne connections to the Eastern Roman Empire. In 409, King Alaric I of the Visigoths simply bypassed Ravenna, and went on to sack Rome in 410 and to take Galla Placidia, daughter of Emperor Theodosius I, hostage.
After many vicissitudes, Galla Placidia returned to Ravenna with her son, Emperor Valentinian III, due to the support of her nephew Theodosius II. Ravenna enjoyed a period of peace, during which time the Christian religion was favoured by the imperial court, and the city gained some of its most famous monuments, including the Orthodox Baptistry, the misnamed Mausoleum of Galla Placidia (she was not actually buried there), and San Giovanni Evangelista.
Ostrogothic Kingdom
The late 5th century saw the dissolution of Roman authority in the west, and Romulus Augustulus was deposed in 476 by the general Odoacer. Odoacer ruled as King of Italy for 13 years, but in 489 the Eastern Emperor Zeno sent the Ostrogoth King Theodoric the Great to re-take the Italian peninsula. After losing the Battle of Verona, Odoacer retreated to Ravenna, where he withstood a siege of three years by Theodoric, until the taking of Rimini deprived Ravenna of supplies. Theodoric took Ravenna in 493, supposedly slew Odoacer with his own hands, and Ravenna became the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy. Theodoric, following his imperial predecessors, also built many splendid buildings in and around Ravenna, including his palace church Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, an Arian cathedral (now Santo Spirito) and Baptistery, and his own Mausoleum just outside the walls.
Both Odoacer and Theodoric and their followers were Arian Christians, but co-existed peacefully with the Latins, who were largely Catholic Orthodox. Ravenna's Orthodox bishops carried out notable building projects, of which the sole surviving one is the Cappella Arcivescovile. Theodoric allowed Roman citizens within his kingdom to be subject to Roman law and the Roman judicial system. The Goths, meanwhile, lived under their own laws and customs. In 519, when a mob had burned down the synagogues of Ravenna, Theodoric ordered the town to rebuild them at its own expense.
Theodoric died in 526 and was succeeded by his young grandson Athalaric under the authority of his daughter Amalasunta, but by 535 both were dead and Theodoric's line was represented only by Amalasuntha's daughter Matasuntha. Various Ostrogothic military leaders took the Kingdom of Italy, but none were as successful as Theodoric had been. Meanwhile, the orthodox Christian Byzantine Emperor Justinian I opposed both Ostrogoth rule and the Arian variety of Christianity. In 535 his general Belisarius invaded Italy and in 540 conquered Ravenna. After the conquest of Italy was completed in 554, Ravenna became the seat of Byzantine government in Italy.
From 540 to 600, Ravenna's bishops embarked upon a notable building program of churches in Ravenna and in and around the port city of Classe. Surviving monuments include the Basilica of San Vitale and the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe, as well as the partially surviving San Michele in Africisco.
Exarchate of Ravenna
Following the conquests of Belisarius for Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century, Ravenna became the seat of the Byzantine governor of Italy, the Exarch, and was known as the Exarchate of Ravenna. It was at this time that the Ravenna Cosmography was written.[17]
Under Byzantine rule, the archbishop of the Archdiocese of Ravenna was temporarily granted autocephaly from the Roman Church by the emperor, in 666, but this was soon revoked. Nevertheless, the archbishop of Ravenna held the second place in Italy after the pope, and played an important role in many theological controversies during this period.
Middle Ages and Renaissance
The Lombards, under King Liutprand, occupied Ravenna in 712, but were forced to return it to the Byzantines.[18] In 751, the Lombard king, Aistulf, conquered Ravenna, thus ending Byzantine rule in northern Italy.
King Pepin of the Franks attacked the Lombards under orders of Pope Stephen II. Ravenna then gradually came under the direct authority of the Popes, although this was contested by the archbishops at various times. Pope Adrian I authorized Charlemagne to take away anything from Ravenna that he liked, and an unknown quantity of Roman columns, mosaics, statues, and other portable items were taken north to enrich his capital of Aachen.
In 1198 Ravenna led a league of Romagna cities against the Emperor, and the Pope was able to subdue it. After the war of 1218 the Traversari family was able to impose its rule in the city, which lasted until 1240. After a short period under an Imperial vicar, Ravenna was returned to the Papal States in 1248 and again to the Traversari until, in 1275, the Da Polenta established their long-lasting seigniory. One of the most illustrious residents of Ravenna at this time was the exiled Florentine poet Dante. The last of the Da Polenta, Ostasio III, was ousted by the Republic of Venice in February 1441, and the city was annexed to the Venetian territories in the Treaty of Cremona.
Ravenna was ruled by Venice until 1509, when the area was invaded in the course of the Italian Wars. In 1512, during the Holy League wars, Ravenna was sacked by the French following the Battle of Ravenna. Ravenna was also known during the Renaissance as the birthplace of the Monster of Ravenna.
After the Venetian withdrawal, Ravenna was again ruled by legates of the Pope as part of the Papal States. The city was damaged in a tremendous flood in May 1636. Over the next 300 years, a network of canals diverted nearby rivers and drained nearby swamps, thus reducing the possibility of flooding and creating a large belt of agricultural land around the city.
Modern age
Apart from another short occupation by Venice (1527–1529), Ravenna was part of the Papal States until 1796, when it was annexed to the French puppet state of the Cisalpine Republic (Italian Republic from 1802, and Kingdom of Italy from 1805). It was returned to the Papal States in 1814. Occupied by Piedmontese troops in 1859, Ravenna and the surrounding Romagna area became part of the new unified Kingdom of Italy in 1861.
During World War II, the town suffered severe damage. Fifty-two Allied bombing raids during the course of the Second World War had taken their toll, destroying some of Ravenna's noteworthy, unequalled early Christian art. Bombs intended for the railway station and its sidings had pulverised the Basilica of San Giovanni Evangelista in August 1944.[19] On 5 November 1944 troops of 4th Princess Louise Dragoon Guards, 5th Canadian Armoured Division and the British 27th Lancers entered and liberated Ravenna. A total of 937 Commonwealth soldiers who died in the winter of 1944–45 are buried in Ravenna War Cemetery, including 438 Canadians.[20]
Government
Major monuments
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.jpg/110px-Dante_Alieghri_tomb_in_Ravenna_(interior).jpg)
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Eight early Christian buildings of Ravenna are inscribed on the World Heritage List. These are
- Orthodox Baptistery also called Baptistery of Neon (c. 430)
- Mausoleum of Galla Placidia (c. 430)
- Arian Baptistery (c. 500)
- Archiepiscopal Chapel (c. 500)
- Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo (c. 500)
- Mausoleum of Theodoric (520)
- Basilica of San Vitale (548)
- Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe (549)
Other historic sites include:
- The church of San Giovanni Evangelista is from the 5th century, erected by Galla Placidia after she survived a storm at sea. It was restored after the World War II bombings. The belltower contains four bells, the two majors dating back to 1208.
- The 6th-century church of the Spirito Santo, which has been quite drastically altered since the 6th century. It was originally the Arian cathedral. The façade has a 16th-century portico with five arcades.
- The Basilica of San Francesco, rebuilt in the 10th–11th centuries over a precedent edifice dedicated to the Apostles and later to St. Peter. Behind the humble brick façade, it has a nave and two aisles. Fragments of mosaics from the first church are visible on the floor, which is usually covered by water after heavy rains (together with the crypt). Here the funeral ceremony of Dante Alighieri was held in 1321. The poet is buried in a tomb annexed to the church, the local authorities having resisted for centuries all demands by Florence for the return of the remains of its most famous exile.
- The Baroque church of Santa Maria Maggiore (525–532, rebuilt in 1671). It houses a picture by Luca Longhi.
- The church of San Giovanni Battista (1683), also in Baroque style, with a Middle Ages campanile.
- The basilica of Santa Maria in Porto (16th century), with a rich façade from the 18th century. It has a nave and two aisles, with a high cupola. It houses the image of famous Greek Madonna, which was allegedly brought to Ravenna from Constantinople.
- The nearby Communal Gallery has various works from Romagnoli painters.
- The Rocca Brancaleone (Brancaleone Castle), built by the Venetians in 1457. Once part of the city walls, it is now a public park. It is divided into two parts: the true Castle and the Citadel, the latter having an extent of 14,000 m2 (150,694.75 sq ft).
- The "so-called Palace of Theodoric", in fact the entrance to the former church of San Salvatore. It includes mosaics from the true palace of the Ostrogoth king.
- The church of Sant'Eufemia (18th century), gives access to the so-called Stone Carpets Domus (6th–7th century): this houses splendid mosaics from a Byzantine palace.
- The National Museum
- The Archiepiscopal Museum
- The Capanno Garibaldi, a hunting cabin on the road to Porto Corsini known for having sheltered Giuseppe Garibaldi on the night of 6–7 August 1849[21][22]
Music
The city annually hosts the Ravenna Festival, one of Italy's prominent classical music gatherings. Opera performances are held at the Teatro Alighieri while concerts take place at the Palazzo Mauro de André as well as in the ancient Basilica of San Vitale and Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe. Chicago Symphony Orchestra music director Riccardo Muti, a longtime resident of the city, regularly participates in the festival, which invites orchestras and other performers from around the world.
In literature
- After his banishment from his native Florence, Dante spent most of the rest of his life in Ravenna, and he mentions the city in Canto V of his Inferno.
- Also in the 16th century, Nostradamus provides four prophecies:
- "The Magnavacca (canal) at Ravenna in great trouble, Canals by fifteen shut up at Fornase", in reference to fifteen French saboteurs.[23]
- As the place of a battle extending to Perugia and a sacred escape in its aftermath, leaving rotting horses left to eat.
- In relation to the snatching of a lady "near Ravenna" and then the legate of Lisbon seizing 70 souls at sea.
- Ravenna is one of three-similarly named contenders for the birth of the third and final Antichrist who enslaves Slovenia (see Ravne na Koroškem).[24]
- Ravenna is the setting for The Witch, a play by Thomas Middleton.
- Lord Byron lived in Ravenna between 1819 and 1821, led by the love for a local aristocratic and married young woman, Teresa Guiccioli. Here he continued Don Juan and wrote Ravenna Diary, My Dictionary and Recollections.[25]
- Ravenna is the location where Lionel, the protagonist of Mary Shelley's post-apocalyptic novel The Last Man, comes ashore after losing his companions to a howling storm in the Aegean Sea.
- Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) wrote a poem Ravenna in 1878.[26]
- Symbolist, lyrical poet Alexander Blok (1880–1921) wrote a poem entitled Ravenna (May–June 1909) inspired by his Italian journey (spring 1909).
- During his travels, German poet and philosopher Hermann Hesse (1877–1962) came across Ravenna and was inspired to write two poems of the city. They are entitled Ravenna (1) and Ravenna (2).
- T. S. Eliot's (1888–1965) poem "Lune de Miel" (written in French) describes a honeymooning couple from Indiana sleeping not far from the ancient Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe (just outside Ravenna), famous for the carved capitals of its columns, which depict acanthus leaves buffeted by the wind, unlike the leaves in repose on similar columns elsewhere.
- J.R.R. Tolkien (1892–1973) may have based his city of Minas Tirith at least in part on Ravenna.[27]
In film
Michelangelo Antonioni filmed his 1964 movie Red Desert (Deserto Rosso) within the industrialised areas of the Pialassa valley.
Transport
Ravenna has an important commercial and tourist port.
Ravenna railway station has direct Trenitalia service to Bologna, Ferrara, Lecce, Milan, Parma, Rimini, and Verona.
Ravenna Airport is located in Ravenna. The nearest commercial airports are those of Forlì, Rimini and Bologna.
Freeways crossing Ravenna include: A14-bis from the hub of Bologna; on the north–south axis of EU routes E45 (from Rome) and E55 (SS-309 "Romea" from Venice); and on the regional Ferrara-Rimini axis of SS-16 (partially called "Adriatica").
Amusement parks
Twin towns – sister cities
Chichester, United Kingdom, since 1996
Speyer, Germany, since 1989
Chartres, France, since 1957
Sports
The traditional football club of the city is Ravenna F.C. Currently it plays in the fourth tier of Italian football, Serie D.
A.P.D. Ribelle 1927 is the football club of Castiglione di Ravenna, a town to the south of Ravenna.
The beaches of Ravenna hosted the 2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup, in September 2011.
People
- Valentinian III (419–455), Roman Emperor
- Matteo Plazzi, Italian sailor
- Giacomo Anziani (1681–1723), Italian architect, painter, and engraver
- Laura Pausini (born 1974), Italian pop singer-songwriter, record producer and television personality
- Raul Gardini (1933–1993), Italian businessman
- Franco Manzecchi (1931–1979), Jazz drummer
- Andrea Montanari (born 1965), Italian sprinter
- Arcangelo Corelli (1653–1713), Baroque violinist and composer
- Luigi Legnani (1790–1877), guitarist and luthier
- Tullio Bassi (born 1937), Italian violin maker
- Peter Damian (c. 988 – 1072 or 1073), Catholic Saint and Cardinal
- Francesco Ingoli (1578–1649), Theatine scientist, lawyer, and disputer of Galileo
- Francesca da Rimini (1255 – c. 1285), historical person
- Guido I da Polenta (died 1310), lord of Ravenna
- Francesco Baracca (1888–1918), Italy's top fighter ace of World War I
- Federico Caricasulo (born 1996), motorcycle road racer
- Marco Melandri (born 1982), motorcycle road racer
- Davide Tardozzi (born 1959), Superbike racer and team manager
- Ivano Marescotti (1946–2023), actor
- Amadeus (presenter) (born 1962), presenter
- Romolo Gessi (1831–1881), explorer
- Romuald (c. 951 – c. 1025/27), abbot, founder of the Camaldolese order
- Marco Dente (1493–1527), engraver
- Paolo Roversi (born 1947), fashion photographer
- Angelo Mariani (conductor) (1821–1873), conductor
- Giuseppe Vitali (1875–1932), mathematician
- Evangelista Torricelli (1606–1647), physicist and mathematician
- Federico Marchetti (businessman) (born 1969), founder of YOOX
- Gianluca Costantini (born 1971), artist
- Luigi Legnani (1790–1877), musician and composer
- Luigi Rossini (1790–1857), artist
- Alex Majoli (born 1971), photographer
- Gianluca de Lorenzi (born 1972), racing driver and team owner
- Fabio Fabiani (born 1974), racing driver
- Eugenio Pisani (born 1991), racing driver
See also
References
- ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ GeoDemo - Istat.it
- ^ Generally speaking, adjectival "Ravenna" and "Ravennate" are more common for most adjectival uses—the Ravenna Cosmography, Ravenna grass, the Ravennate fleet—while "Ravennese" is more common in reference to people. The neologism "Ravennan" is also encountered. The Italian form is ravennate; in Latin, Ravennatus, Ravennatis, and Ravennatensis are all encountered.
- ^ "Storia dell'Esarcato d'Italia". www.homolaicus.com. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ a b c "Ravenna - Treccani". Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ "Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna".
- ^ "Day Trip to Ravenna: What to See in Italy's Mosaic Capital". ITALY Magazine. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
- ^ Franceschini |, Giulia (2023-04-24). "Ravenna, the capital of Italian mosaic". L'Italo-Americano – Italian American bilingual news source. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
- ^ Fiorentino, Sara; Chinni, Tania; Vandini, Mariangela (2020-11-01). "Ravenna, its mosaics and the contribution of archaeometry. A systematic reassessment on literature data related to glass tesserae and new considerations". Journal of Cultural Heritage. 46: 335–349. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2020.06.003. hdl:11585/764608. ISSN 1296-2074. S2CID 225764842.
- ^ Names, All Things Baby (2019-05-31). "Ravenna Name Meaning, Origin, Popularity, and More". All Things Baby Names. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
- ^ Tourism in Ravenna – Official site – History. Turismo.ravenna.it (2010-06-20). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.
- ^ Deborah M. Deliyannis, Ravenna in Late Antiquity (Cambridge University Press, 2010), for this and much of the information that follows
- ^ Mascanzoni, Leardo (1990). Ravenna: Una storia millenaria (in Italian). Giunti Barbera Editore. pp. 3–50.
- ^ From the Latin for "fleet".
- ^ Dio 72.11.4-5; Birley, Marcus Aurelius
- ^ Fischer, Svante; Victor, Helena. "The Fall and Decline of the Roman Urban Mind". Academia.
- ^ "Storia di Ravenna. Dalla preistoria all'anno Duemila". ilpontevecchio (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-01-05.
- ^ Noble, Thomas F. X. (1984). The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680–825. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1239-8.
- ^ "The riches of Ravenna". 10 December 2020.
- ^ "Canada - Italy 1943-1945 - the Second World War - History - Remembrance - Veterans Affairs Canada". 23 June 2021.
- ^ "La storia del capanno Garibaldi, in vetrina al Private Banking foto d'epoca e dipinti" [The history of the Garibaldi hut on display at Private Banking: Vintage photos and paintings]. Il Resto del Carlino (in Italian). 21 May 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
- ^ "Al "Private Banking" de La Cassa di Ravenna una nuova mostra dedicata al Capanno Garibaldi" [At the “Private Banking” of La Cassa di Ravenna, a new exhibition dedicated to the Capanno Garibaldi]. ravennanotizie.it (in Italian). 20 May 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
- ^ Jones, Tom (2012). Nostradamus. Pittsburgh, PA: Dorrance Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4349-1823-9.
- ^ Reading, Mario (2009). The Complete Prophesies of Nostradamus. London: Watkins Publishing. ISBN 978-1-906787-39-4.
- ^ "Sito Ufficiale – Ufficio Turismo del Comune di Ravenna – I grandi scrittori". Turismo.ra.it. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
- ^ Ravenna
- ^ "Tolkien's annotated map of Middle-earth discovered inside copy of Lord of the Rings". TheGuardian.com. 23 October 2015.
- ^ "Città gemellate". comune.ra.it (in Italian). Ravenna. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
Sources
- Cameron, Averil. "Ravenna: Capital of Empire, Crucible of Europe". History Today (September 2020) pp 94–97.
- Janet Nelson, Judith Herrin, Ravenna: its role in earlier medieval change and exchange, London, Institute of Historical Research, 2016, ISBN 978-1-909646-14-8
External links
- Ravenna - Catholic encyclopedia
- Tourism and culture Official website (in Italian and English)
- Ravenna, A Study (1913) by Edward Hutton, from Project Gutenberg
- Ravenna's early history and its monuments - Catholic Encyclopedia
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