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Sinking of MV Sewol

Coordinates: 34°14′23″N 125°51′59″E / 34.239833°N 125.866361°E / 34.239833; 125.866361
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2014 South Korean ferry capsizing
Sinking of MV Sewol is located in South Korea
Sinking location
Sinking location
Point of departure Incheon 　
Point of departure
Incheon 　
Destination Jeju City 　
Destination
Jeju City 　
Sinking of MV Sewol (South Korea)
DateApril 16, 2014 (2014-04-16)
Location2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) off Gwanmae Island, Jindo County, South Jeolla Province, South Korea
Coordinates34°14′23″N 125°51′59″E / 34.239833°N 125.866361°E / 34.239833; 125.866361
Deaths58[1]
Missing244[1]
On board476[2][3]
Survivors174[1][4]

Template:Contains Korean text The South Korean ferry MS Sewol (Korean: 세월호; Hanja: 歲月號) capsized on 16 April 2014. It was carrying 476 people, mostly secondary school students from Danwon High School (Ansan City) who were travelling from Incheon to Jeju.[5] The 6,825-ton vessel sent a distress signal from about 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) off Gwanmaedo Island at 08:58 Korea Standard Time (23:58 UTC, 15 April 2014).

Many passengers were rescued by fishing boats and other commercial vessels, which were first on the scene before the arrival approximately 30 minutes later of Korean Coast Guard and ROK Navy ships, backed by helicopters.[6][7] There are ongoing rescue efforts by the South Korean government, the United States Navy, civilian groups and individuals.

The last major ferry disaster in South Korea was in October 1993, when 292 of the 362 passengers on board died.[8][9]

Background

Ship

MS Sewol
MS Sewol at Incheon in March 2014.
History
Namelist error: <br /> list (help)
Ferry Naminoue (1994–2012)
Sewol (2013–2014)
Ownerlist error: <br /> list (help)
Oshima Unyu, Kagoshima, Japan (1994–2007)
A-Line Ferry Company, Kagoshima, Japan (2007–2012)
Chonghaejin Marine Co., Ltd., Incheon, South Korea (2013–2014)
Port of registrylist error: <br /> list (help)
Japan (1994–2012)
Incheon, South Korea (2013–2014)
BuilderHayashikane Dockyard, Nagasaki, Japan
Yard number1006
LaunchedJune 1994
IdentificationIMO number: 9105205
FateCapsized and sank on 16 April 2014
General characteristics
TypeRoPax ferry
Tonnagelist error: <br /> list (help)
6,835 GT
3,794 DWT
Lengthlist error: <br /> list (help)
146.61 m (481 ft 0 in) (as built)
157.02 m (515.16 ft)
Beam22.00 m (72 ft 2 in)
Height14.00 m (45 ft 11 in)
Draught6.26 m (20 ft 6 in)*
Installed powerlist error: <br /> list (help)
2 × Diesel United-Pielstick 12PC2-6V-400
11,912 kW (15,974 hp) (combined)
Propulsionlist error: <br /> list (help)
Two shafts; fixed pitch propellers
Bow and stern thrusters
Speed21.5 knots (39.8 km/h; 24.7 mph)
Capacitylist error: <br /> list (help)
As Sewol: 960 passengers
88 cars
60 8-ton trucks
Original capacity was 804 passengers, 90 cars and 60 trucks
Crew36

MS Sewol (Korean: MS 세월호; 2013-2014), previously Ferry Naminoue or Naminoue-Maru (Japanese: フェリーなみのうえ; 1994–2012) was built by the Japanese company Hayashikane (Japanese: 林兼船渠).[10] At 146 m (479 ft) in length and 22 m (72 ft) in width,[11] it could carry 921 passengers[12] – a maximum capacity, including the crew, of 956.[10] It was operated by Cheonghaejin Marine Company, Incheon.[13][14] It had been reported to have space for 180[10] or 220 cars[15] and could carry 152 twenty-foot shipping containers.[10] The maximum speed of the ship was 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph).[15]

Sewol operated in Japan for 18 years (from 1994).[11] The ship was brought in from Japan in October 2012. Since then extra passenger cabins have been added on the third, fourth and fifth decks, increasing the passenger capacity by 181, and increasing the weight of the ship by 239 tons. The construction was legal and passed regulatory tests.[16] After regulatory safety checks by the government of South Korea, the ship began its operation in South Korea on 15 March 2013. The ship then made two or three round-trips every week from Incheon to Jeju.[10][13] It was reported that Sewol again passed a vessel safety inspection by the South Korean Coast Guard on 19 February 2014.[10] This inspection was called an “Intermediate Survey” which according to International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), “include examinations and checks as specified in the Rules to determine whether the ship remains in a general condition which satisfies the Rule requirements.”[17]

Passengers

The Ministry of Security and Public Administration vice-minister, Lee Gyeon-og, stated that there were 459 people aboard, the majority of whom were high school students who were on their way to a four day field trip: 30 crew members, 325 high school students of Danwon High School, 15 school teachers and 89 non-student passengers were aboard the ship.[2] Other reports put the number of passengers between 450 and 475.

Capsizing

Sailing route

Accident

The ship was on a 400 kilometres (250 mi) frequently traveled route from Incheon to Jeju[18] when water began to be taken on by the ship on the morning of 16 April.[19] The capsizing began to occur about 25 kilometres (16 mi) of the southwest coast.[20] The cause has been officially attributed to a sharp turn,[21] which was made between 8:48 and 8:49 am, KST.[22] At the time of the accident, the conditions were calm and the area did not contain rocks or reefs.[18] Passengers reported feeling a tilt of the ship.[23]

Immediately after the accident, the captain is reported to have returned to the steering wheel and attempted to re-balance the ship.[18] At 8:55 am KST, the ferry established contact with the Jindo vessel traffic service(VTS) and asked VTS to notify the coast guard that the ship was rolling and in danger.[24] At 8:58 KST, the ferry was reported to the coast guard to be capsizing[25] by a parent whose child had asked for a rescue.[26] Soon afterwards, a loud 'bang' was reported and the passengers were repeatedly ordered not to move over the intercom[23] by the communications officer.[27] At 9:06 am KST, the VTS attempted to establish contact with Sewol, which it did at 9:07 am KST. At this point, the ship confirmed that it was capsizing. At 9:14 am the crew stated that the ship's tilting made evacuation impossible. At 9:18 am the crew reported that the ferry had tilted more than 50 degrees to the left.[28] At 9:23 am, VTS ordered the crew to broadcast the passengers to wear personal flotation device over a broadcast, and told the crew to personally order the passengers to wear thick clothes or lifebuoys when the crew replied that the broadcasting equipment was out of order.[28]


At 9:30 am KST, the ferry was reported to have listed 20 degrees to port.[29] By around 11:18 am KST, the bow of the ship was submerged, with a section about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) high and 20 to 30 metres (66 to 98 ft) in length showing above the water. At 8 am KST on 18 April, only 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) of the bow was above water.[30] As of 1:03 pm KST, the ship was completely submerged.[31]

Rescued passengers reported hearing a loud noise and the ferry coming to a shuddering halt – indicating it may have run aground[6] although the water is reportedly 37 metres (121 ft) deep at the place where the ship capsized.[32] Rescued passengers also reported that they were told "don't move" by an announcement over the ship's intercom system, while the ship was sinking.[23]

During the capsizing, it was at first believed that passengers trapped in the vessel were able to send text messages to friends and family as the vessel sank.[33] However, subsequent investigations by the Cyber Terror Response Center reported that survivors had not used their phones from noon on the 16th to 10 am (KST) on the 17th and determined that all reported text messages were fake.[34]

Ocean temperatures in the area where the ship capsized were around 12 °C (54 °F), and at that temperature the length of time before symptoms of hypothermia appear is approximately 90 minutes.[32]

Causes

The ROK Coast Guard has reached the provisional conclusion that a sudden turn and the consequent shift of the cargo was the cause of the accident.[21] However, other sources have commented on the causes of the accident.

Sudden-turn theory

A sudden turn of the ship (Korean: 변침; Hanja: 變針) was suspected as the cause since the onset of the investigation.[35][36] The analysis of the Automatic Identification System of the ship confirmed a sudden turn and supported the theory.[35] As of 17 April, the sudden turn is officially determined by the ROK Coast Guard as the cause.[21]

Lee Sang-Yun (Korean: 이상윤), a professor and head of the environment/maritime technology institute of the Pukyong National University also advocated that there were multiple causes, but put forward a theory of a progression of the capsizing through 6 steps. The steps are: 1. Abnormal speeds during traveling (contradicts the fact that Automatic Identification System (AIS) showed that it had been traveling at around 17 to 18 knots before slowing to 5 to 6 knots) ; 2. Passing quickly in a section in which the flow velocity has an average of 8 km/hr and an appearance of an obstacle (such as a wave); 3. A sudden turn to avoid this obstacle; 4. The initial sideways flop; 5. Flooding of the ship; 6. Consequent capsizing. Lee argues against the "explosion theory" by attributing the sounds of the "explosion" to the fourth step and the sound of the cargo shifting.[37]

Kim Gill-Soo (Korean: 김길수), a professor of maritime transport technological department in the Korea Maritime University argued that the construction was the main cause behind the accident and that the ship capsized when forces from inside and the outside were applied.[16]

Explosion theory

Gong Gil-Young (Korean: 공길영), a professor of aviation engineering in the Korea Maritime University, has commented that the sudden turn was simply the 'first cause' and that there were secondary causes to the incident. He advocated an explosion as the most probable secondary cause.[38]

Reef collision theory

At the beginning of the investigation, the ROK Coast Guard believed that the cause was due to a collision with a reef, especially since the area was foggy.[39] However, this cause has been denied by the captain[40] and has been discarded by a consensus among the various experts.[41] The theory is also not currently advocated by the Coast Guard.[21]

Rescue operations

  • 17 April - As of 6 am KST, 171 ships, 29 aircraft and 30 divers were involved in the rescue effort.[44] The Korea Coast Guard had assigned 20 divers in teams of two. The Republic of Korea Navy had also assigned 8 divers. There were also civilian efforts.[44] By 3:32 pm KST, the number of divers had increased to 555.[45][46]
  • 18 April - At 10:50 am divers had entered the capsized ship's hull despite strong tides, darkness and presence of silt in water,[47] but they could not reach the passenger area,[48] though they were trying to pump oxygen at high pressure in the hope that some of the missing passengers might have survived in the air pocket inside the vessel.[49]
  • 19 April - At 5:40 three bodies were recovered from the passenger cabins on the fourth floor of the ship by divers for the first time.[50] The coast guard plan to lift the boat by two to three meters on consent of the divers if they found it safe, for which three cranes have arrived at the spot.[51]

Survivors

Initial reports stated that rescuers retrieved 368 people from cold waters as the passengers, mostly school students, had jumped overboard when the vessel started sinking, but the South Korean government later corrected this statement, saying 295 passengers remained missing.[52]

Early in the rescue efforts, a 27-year-old female crew member was found dead inside the sinking vessel and a male high school student died shortly after arriving at hospital.[53][54]

In its 17 April morning edition, The Chosun Ilbo reported that 174 people had been rescued, 4 had died, and 284 were missing.[25] According to CNN and its affiliate YTN, six people died.[3] News1 Korea reported that, as of 8 am KST on 17 April, 179 people had been rescued, 6 had died and 290 were missing.[44] Three more people were found dead at 11 am KST and the confirmed death toll rose to 9.[55] At 10 pm KST, Yonhap news confirmed that the death toll had risen to 14.[56] By the morning of 18 April, the death toll had risen to 28.[57] On 19th April, the death toll rose to 36.[58] By 20th April, the death toll reached 46.[59]

Foreign response

U.S. Marines assigned to the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit responding to the scene of Korean passenger ship Sewol that sank 16 April 2014.
  • The Japan Coast Guard offered support with a message of sympathy and condolences from the Japanese government, but the Republic of Korea Coast Guard declined the offer, saying that while the offer was welcome, special assistance was not needed on this occasion.[63]

Investigation

The ROK Coast Guard launched an investigation on the events of the day of the accident, mostly centered around the captain,[35] Lee Joon-seok. Prosecutors sought to arrest Lee after state prosecutor Park Jae-Eok said that he was not present in charge of the ship at the time of the incidents and that the third mate was at the helm.[64][65]

Reactions

South Korean President Park Geun-hye ordered maximum efforts to rescue as many survivors as possible.[66] On 17 April, Park visited the accident site.[35] Political candidates for local offices temporarily stopped campaigns.[35] Lee Gyeong-og added that the immediate focus was on rescue measures.

On 17 April, Barack Obama, President of the United States, sent his condolences and stated that the United States would help in the search for survivors. Truong Tan Sang, the president of Vietnam, as well as the deputy prime minister and the minister of foreign affairs sent their condolences to Yun Byung-se, Korea's Minister of Foreign Affairs.[67] Xi Jinping, the president of China, sent his condolences to Park Geun-hye, South Korean president.[68] Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong was saddened to learn about the tragedy and has sent his condolences to the president of South Korea, Park Geun-hye.[69]

Aftermath

On 17 April, a representative of the Cheonghaejin Marine Company apologised for the incident.[70]

Kang Min-kyu, 52, the vice principal of the Danwon High School which many of the victims attended, was rescued from the ship but was later found hanging from a tree in Jindo, near to the gymnasium where relatives of the victims were housed. He is believed to have committed suicide after writing a note police found in his wallet. According to the two-page note, he had organized the field trip that had brought the high school party aboard the doomed ship. "Surviving alone is too painful when 200 lives are unaccounted for... I take full responsibility."[65][71] The note ends with a request that his body be cremated and the ashes scattered over the site of the accident, "that I might be a teacher in heaven to those kids whose bodies have not been found." [72]

See also

References

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External links

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