Anarchism in Germany
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German individualist philosopher Max Stirner became an important early influence in anarchism. Afterwards Johann Most became an important anarchist propagandist in both Germany and in the United States. In the late 19th century and early 20th century there appeared individualist anarchists influenced by Stirner such as John Henry Mackay, Adolf Brand and Anselm Ruest (Ernst Samuel) and Mynona (Salomo Friedlaender).
The anarchists Gustav Landauer, Silvio Gesell and Erich Mühsam had important leadership positions within the revolutionary councilist structures during the uprising at the late 1910s known as Bavarian Soviet Republic.[1] During the rise of Nazi Germany, Erich Mühsam was assassinated in a Nazi concentration camp both for his anarchist positions and for his Jewish background.[2] The anarcho-syndicalist activist and writer Rudolf Rocker became an influential personality in the establishment of the international federation of anarcho-syndicalist organizations called International Workers' Association as well as the Free Workers' Union of Germany.
Contemporary German anarchist organizations include the anarcho-syndicalist Free Workers' Union and the Federation of German speaking Anarchists (Föderation Deutschsprachiger AnarchistInnen).
History
[edit]Precursors
[edit]Historians often trace the roots of German anarchism back to the 16th century German Peasants' War, though historians of anarchism James Joll and George Woodcock hold that this link is exaggerated. The liberal thinking of Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, and Heinrich Heine is also held as a precursor to German anarchism,[3] as well as the anarchist tendencies of several German socialists of this period. The young Wilhelm Weitling, influenced by both Proudhon and Louis Auguste Blanqui, once wrote that "a perfect society has no government, but only an administration, no laws, but only obligations, no punishment, but means of correction." Moses Hess was also an anarchist until around 1844, disseminating Proudhon's theories in Germany, but would go on to write the anti-anarchist pamphlet Die letzte Philosophie. Karl Grün, well known for his role in the disputes between Marx and Proudhon, held a view historian Max Nettlau would liken to communist anarchism while still living in Cologne and then left for Paris, where he became a disciple of Proudhon. Wilhelm Marr, born in Hamburg but primarily active in the Young Germany clubs in Switzerland, edited several antiauthoritarian periodicals. In his book on anarchism Anarchie oder Autorität, he comes to the conclusion that liberty is found only in anarchy.[4]
German anarchists such as Nettlau and Gustav Landauer credited Edgar Bauer with founding the anarchist tradition in Germany.[5]
Johann Most
[edit]As the 1860s drew to a close, Johann Most was won over to the ideas of the emerging international socialism movement. Most saw in the doctrines of Karl Marx and Ferdinand Lassalle a blueprint for a new egalitarian society and became a fervent supporter of the Social Democracy, as the Marxist movement was known in the day.[6]
After advocating violent action, including the use of explosive bombs, as a mechanism to bring about revolutionary change, Most was forced into exile by the government. He went to France but was forced to leave at the end of 1878, settling in London. There he founded his own newspaper, Freiheit (Freedom), in 1879.[7] Convinced by his own experience of the futility of parliamentary action, Most began to espouse the doctrine of anarchism, which led to his expulsion from the German Social Democratic Party in 1880.[8]
German individualist anarchism
[edit]The philosophy of Max Stirner, a German, is usually called "egoism" and rejects political systems in favor of living without regard to others.[9] Stirner held that the only limitation on the rights of the individual is his power to obtain what he desires[10] without regard for God, state, or morality.[11] He proposes that most commonly accepted social institutions—including the notion of State, property as a right, natural rights in general, and the very notion of society—were figments (spooks) in the mind. Stirner wanted to abolish both state and societal responsibility for its people.[12] Stirner's egoism and The Ego and Its Own (1844) were foundational to the development of individualist anarchism.[13]
The Scottish-born John Henry Mackay became Germany's most important individualist anarchist propagandist. He fused Stirnerist egoism with the positions of Benjamin Tucker and translated Tucker into German. Two semi-fictional writings of his own Die Anarchisten and Der Freiheitsucher contributed to individualist theory, updating egoist themes with respect to the anarchist movement. His writing were translated into English as well.[14]
The German Stirnerite and pioneer campaigner for male bisexuality and homosexuality, Adolf Brand, published the world's first ongoing homosexual publication, Der Eigene, in 1896.[15]
20th century
[edit]In the German uprising known as the Bavarian Soviet Republic the anarchists Gustav Landauer, Silvio Gesell and Erich Mühsam had important leadership positions within the revolutionary councilist structures.[1]
Rudolf Rocker returned to Germany in November 1918 upon an invitation from Fritz Kater to re-build the Free Association of German Trade Unions (FVdG). The FVdG was a radical labor federation that quit the SPD in 1908 and became increasingly syndicalist and anarchist. During World War I, it had been unable to continue its activities for fear of government repression, but remained in existence as an underground organization.[16] Rocker was opposed to the FVdG's alliance with the communists during and immediately after the November Revolution, as he rejected Marxism, especially the concept of the dictatorship of the proletariat. The FVdG grew rapidly and the coalition with the communists soon began to crumble. Syndicalist members of the Communist Party were expelled. The organization became the Free Workers' Union of Germany (FAUD) in 1919 under a new platform written by Rocker—the Prinzipienerklärung des Syndikalismus (Declaration of Syndicalist Principles)—that rejected political parties, nationalization, the dictatorship of the proletariat, and the communist state. The program only recognized de-centralized, purely economic organizations.[17]
On Gustav Landauer's death during the Munich Soviet Republic uprising, Rocker took over the work of editing the German publications of Kropotkin's writings. In 1920, the social democratic Defense Minister Gustav Noske started the suppression of the revolutionary left, which led to the imprisonment of Rocker and Fritz Kater. During their mutual detainment, Rocker convinced Kater, who had still held some social democratic ideals, completely of anarchism.[18] In the following years, Rocker became one of the most regular writers in the FAUD organ Der Syndikalist. The FAUD hosted an international syndicalist conference in 1920 that led to the founding of the International Workers' Association (IWA) in December 1922. Augustin Souchy, Alexander Schapiro, and Rocker became the organization's secretaries and Rocker wrote its platform. [19][20]
Germany's syndicalist movement declined in the mid-1920s. The FAUD reached its peak of around 150,000 members in 1921 before losing members to both the Communist and the Social Democratic Party. In the 1930 elections, the Nazi Party received 18.3% of all votes, a total of 6 million. Rocker was worried: "Once the Nazis get to power, we'll all go the way of Landauer and Eisner" (who were killed by reactionaries in the course of the Munich Soviet Republic uprising).[21] Rocker left Germany after the Reichstag fire, receiving news of Erich Mühsam's arrest as they left.[22]
After World War II, an appeal in the Fraye Arbeter Shtime detailed the plight of German anarchists and called for Americans to support them. By February 1946, the sending of aid parcels to anarchists in Germany was a large-scale operation. In 1947, Rocker published Zur Betrachting der Lage in Deutschland (Regarding the Portrayal of the Situation in Germany) about the impossibility of another anarchist movement in Germany. It became the first post-World War II anarchist writing to be distributed in Germany. Rocker thought young Germans were all either totally cynical or inclined to fascism and awaited a new generation to grow up before anarchism could bloom once again in the country. Nevertheless, the Federation of Libertarian Socialists (FFS) was founded in 1947 by former FAUD members. Rocker wrote for its organ, Die Freie Gesellschaft, which survived until 1953.[23]
Contemporary
[edit]German authorities have tried to evict anarchist communities and squats that are the base of anarchist support. During the 2020 pandemic German authorities forcefully evicted Liebig 34, an anarchist autonomous zone. This resulted in clashes with police and riots, as well as large demonstrations in support of Liebig 34. Residents of Liebig 34 were later forcefully removed by German police.[24]
Timeline
[edit]- 1844: Max Stirner writes The Ego and Its Own
- 1878: Max Hödel attempts to shoot and kill the Kaiser.
- 1878: Karl Nobiling attempts to assassinate the Kaiser.
- 1883: August Reinsdorf attempts to assassinate the Kaiser.
- 1896: Der Eigene begins publication as the first consistent gay rights magazine in the world. It publishes until 1932.
- 1900: Neue Gemeinschaft begins publication, lasting until 1904.
- 1917: The magazine Der Ziegelbrenner begins publication, lasting until 1921.
- 1919: Der Einzige begins publication, lasting until 1925.
- 1919: The Free Workers' Union of Germany is established.
- 1919: Gustav Landauer is murdered by right-wing paramilitaries.
- 1933: The Nazis repress the Free Workers' Union of Germany.
- 1934: Erich Mühsam is murdered by the Nazis.
- 1940: Carl Einstein commits suicide at the French-Spain border to evade capture by fascists.
- 1945: Adolf Brand is killed by Allied bombing.
- 1971: Georg von Rauch is killed in a shootout with police.
- 1972: Graswurzelrevolution begins publication.
- 1972: The 2 June Movement begins operations. It ceases operations in 1980.
- 1977: The Free Workers' Union is formed.
- 1980: The magazine Schwarzer Faden begins publication.
- 1981: The Anarchist Pogo Party of Germany is founded.
- 1989: The social centre Rote Flora is formed.
- 1990: The squat is Liebig 34 is formed.
- 1993: Die Unregierbaren – Autonome Liste is formed, lasting until 2000.
- 1999: The social centre Trotz Allem is formed.
- 2001: Abolishing the Borders from Below begins publication, ceasing in 2010.
- 2011: Bergpartei, die ÜberPartei is formed.
- 2019: The Platform is established.
- 2020: The squat is Liebig 34 is evicted.
References
[edit]- ^ a b "The Munich Soviet (or "Council Republic") of 1919 exhibited certain features of the TAZ, even though – like most revolutions – its stated goals were not exactly "temporary." Gustav Landauer's participation as Minister of Culture along with Silvio Gesell as Minister of Economics and other anti-authoritarian and extreme libertarian socialists such as the poet/playwrights Erich Mªhsam and Ernst Toller, and Ret Marut (the novelist B. Traven), gave the Soviet a distinct anarchist flavor." Hakim Bey. "T.A.Z.: The Temporary Autonomous Zone, Ontological Anarchy, Poetic Terrorism"
- ^ Mühsam, Erich (2001). David A. Shepherd (ed.). Thunderation!/Alle Wetter!: Folk Play With Song and Dance/Volksstuck Mit Gesang Und Tanz. Bucknell University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8387-5416-0.
- ^ Carlson 1972, p. 13.
- ^ Carlson 1972, pp. 22–30.
- ^ Cp. Nettlau, M., Der Vorfrühling der Anarchie. Berlin, 1925, p. 178. Landauer, G., "Zur Geschichte des Wortes Anarchie." In: Der Sozialist, 1 June 1909.
- ^ Trautmann, The Voice of Terror, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Kunina and Pospelova with Kalennikova (eds.), Marx Engels Collected Works, vol. 45, pg. 508, footnote 466.
- ^ Natalia Kalennikova, "Johann Joseph Most," in Marx Engels Collected Works, vol. 45, pg. 545.
- ^ Moggach, Douglas. The New Hegelians. Cambridge University Press, 2006 p. 183
- ^ The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge. Encyclopedia Corporation. p. 176
- ^ Miller, David. "Anarchism." 1987. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p. 11.
- ^ Heider, Ulrike. Anarchism: Left, Right and Green, San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1994, pp. 95–96
- ^ Leopold, David (4 August 2006). "Max Stirner". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- ^ Riley, Thomas A. (1945). "New England Anarchism in Germany". The New England Quarterly. 18 (1): 25–38. doi:10.2307/361389. ISSN 0028-4866. JSTOR 361389.
- ^ Karl Heinrich Ulrichs had begun a journal called Prometheus in 1870, but only one issue was published. Kennedy, Hubert, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs: First Theorist of Homosexuality, In: 'Science and Homosexualities', ed. Vernon Rosario (pp. 26–45). New York: Routledge, 1997.
- ^ Vallance 1973, pp. 77–78.
- ^ Vallance 1973, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Vallance 1973, p. 80.
- ^ Vallance 1973, pp. 81–85.
- ^ Rübner 2007.
- ^ Vallance 1973, pp. 82–83, 88–89
- ^ Vallance 1973, pp. 90–91.
- ^ Vallance 1973, pp. 94–95
- ^ "Berlin police clear anarchist-occupied house Liebig 34 | DW | 09.10.2020". Deutsche Welle.
Bibliography
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- Bartsch, Günter (1973). Anarchismus in Deutschland: 1965–1973 (in German). Hanover: Fackelträger-Verlag. ISBN 3-7716-1351-5.
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