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Mexican drug war

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Mexican Drug War
File:MDW.JPG
Troops after a shootout in Apatzingán, Michoacán.
DateDecember 11, 2006[1] – ongoing
Location
Mexican states of Baja California, Durango, Sonora, Guerrero, Chihuahua, Michoacán, Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa and Quintana Roo
Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Mexico
 Sinaloa Cartel
Gulf Cartel
Tijuana Cartel
Juárez Cartel
Los Zetas
Commanders and leaders

Felipe Calderón

Sergio Aponte[2]

Joaquín Guzmán[3] Ismael Zambada García
Marcos Beltrán Leyva
Vicente Carrillo Fuentes

Fernando Sánchez Arellano
Jorge Eduardo Costilla
Heriberto Lazcano
Strength
50,000 soldiers[4]
10,000 police		 100,000 - 300,000+ [5][6]
Casualties and losses

10,475 Killed (December 2006 - March 2009),[7] including 1000+ government forces & prosecutors[8]
242+ Beheadings [8]
2,477 Killed during 2007[9]
5,630 Killed during 2008[10]
1,642 Killed during 2009[11]


45,000+ Drug cartel members detained[8]

The Mexican Drug War is an armed conflict taking place between rival drug cartels and government forces in Mexico. The crackdown has resulted in the arrest of some high-level figures in the drug trade, but as cartels are dismantled or left without leaders, violent power struggles erupt over who will take their place.

Mexico is the main supply route for cocaine and other illegal drugs entering the United States,[12][13][14] Colombia being the main cocaine producer.[15] The Mexican cartels commonly use automatic and semi-automatic assault rifles, hand grenades, and a variety of other military caliber arms.

Progress & escalation

See also: Timeline of the Mexican Drug War

Historically, Colombian cartels have dominated cocaine trafficking. During the 1980s and early 1990s, Colombia’s Pablo Escobar was the main exporter of cocaine and dealt with organized criminal networks all over the world. When enforcement efforts intensified in South Florida and the Caribbean, the Colombian organizations formed partnerships with the Mexico-based traffickers to transport cocaine through Mexico into the United States.[16] This was easily accomplished because Mexico had long been a major source of heroin and marijuana, and drug traffickers from Mexico had already established an infrastructure that stood ready to serve the Colombia-based traffickers. By the mid-1980s, the organizations from Mexico were well established and reliable transporters of Colombian cocaine.

At first, the Mexican gangs were paid in cash for their transportation services, but in the late 1980s, the Mexican transport organizations and the Colombian drug traffickers settled on a payment-in-product arrangement. Transporters from Mexico usually were given 35 to 50 % of each cocaine shipment. This arrangement meant that organizations from Mexico became involved in the distribution, as well as the transportation of cocaine, and became formidable traffickers in their own right. Currently, the Sinaloa federation and the Gulf cartel have taken over trafficking cocaine from Colombia to the worldwide markets.[17]

While many factors have contributed to the escalating violence, security analysts in Mexico City trace the origins of the rising scourge to the unraveling of a longtime implicit arrangement between narcotics traffickers and governments controlled by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which lost its grip on political power starting in the late 1980s.[18]

The fighting between rival drug cartels began in earnest after the 1989 arrest of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo who ran the cocaine business in Mexico.[19] There was a lull in the fighting during the late 1990s but the violence has steadily worsened since 2000. Former president Vicente Fox sent small numbers of troops to Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, on the US-Mexico border to fight the cartels with little success. It is estimated that about 110 people died in Nuevo Laredo alone during the January-August 2005 period as a result of the fighting between the Gulf and Sinaloa cartels.[20] In 2005 there was a surge in violence as a drug cartel tried to establish itself in Michoacán. Although violence between drug cartels has been occurring long before the war began, the government held a generally passive stance regarding cartel violence in the 1990s and early 2000s. That changed on December 11, 2006, when newly elected President Felipe Calderón sent 6,500 federal troops to the state of Michoacán to put an end to drug violence there. This action is seen as the cause of the Mexican Drug War. As time progressed, Calderón continued to escalate his anti-drug campaign, in which there are now about 45,000 troops involved in addition of state and federal police forces.

In April 2008, General Sergio Aponte, the man in charge of the anti-drug campaign in the state of Baja California, made a number of allegations of corruption against the police forces in the region. Among his allegations, Aponte stated that he believed Baja California's anti-kidnapping squad was actually a kidnapping team working in conjunction with organized crime, and that bribed police units were being used as bodyguards for drug traffickers. [21] These accusations of corruption suggested that the progress against drug cartels in Mexico have been hindered by bribery, intimidation and corruption.

On April 26, 2008, a major battle took place between members of the Tijuana and Sinaloa cartels in the city of Tijuana, Baja California, that left 17 people dead.[22] The battle also brings about concern about the violence spilling into the United States, as Tijuana and a number of other border cities become hotspots for violence in the war.

In September 2008, grenade attacks in Morelia by suspected cartel members killed eight civilians and injured more than 100.

In March 2009, President Calderón called in an additional 5000 Mexican Army troops to Ciudad Juárez. The United States Department of Homeland Security has also said that it is considering using the National Guard as a last resort to counter the threat of drug violence in Mexico from spilling over the border into the US. The governors of Arizona and Texas have asked the federal government to send additional National Guard troops to help those already there supporting local law enforcement efforts against drug trafficking.[23]

According to the National Drug Intelligence Center, Mexican cartels are the predominant smugglers and wholesale distributors of South American cocaine and Mexico-produced marijuana, methamphetamine and heroin. Mexico's cartels have existed for some time, but have become increasingly powerful in recent years with the demise of the Medellín and Cali cartels in Colombia. Closure of the cocaine trafficking route through Florida also pushed cocaine traffic to Mexico, increasing the role of Mexican cartels in cocaine trafficking. The Mexican cartels are expanding their control over the distribution of these drugs in areas controlled by Colombian and Dominican criminal groups, and now believed to include most of the U.S.A.[24]. The East Coast of the United States (mainly New York and New Jersey have seen little dominance of the Mexican drug cartels. No longer just middlemen for Colombian producers, they are now powerful organized-crime syndicates that dominate the drug trade in the Americas. According to the FBI, Mexican cartels focus only on wholesale distribution, leaving retail sales of illicit drugs to street gangs. The Mexican cartels reportedly work with multiple gangs and claim not to take sides in U.S. gang conflicts.

Mexican cartels control large swaths of Mexican territory and dozens of municipalities, and they exercise increasing influence in Mexican electoral politics.[25] The cartels are waging violent turf battle over control of key smuggling corridors from Nuevo Laredo, to San Diego. Mexican cartels employ hitmen and groups of enforcers, known as sicarios. The U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration reports that the Mexican drug cartels operating today along the border are far more sophisticated and dangerous than any other organized criminal group in U.S. law enforcement history.[24] The cartels utilize grenade launchers, automatic weapons, body armor and sometimes, Kevlar helmets.[26][27][28]

Cartel alliances

While in prison, the head of the Tijuana Cartel, Arellano Felix and Gulf Cartel leader Osiel Cardenas, forged an alliance against the Sinaloa Cartel and its ally the Juarez Cartel. As a result, the cartels are now largely aligned into two blocks, some of which support the Gulf Cartel and others which support the Sinaloa Cartel.[24] It is these two blocks that are involved in the massive and violent turf wars which are currently being carried out throughout Mexico.

The Sinaloa Cartel

The Sinaloa Cartel began to contest the Gulf Cartel’s domination of the coveted southwest Texas corridor following the arrest of Gulf Cartel leader Osiel Cardenas in March 2003. The "Federation" is the result of a 2006 accord between several groups located in the Pacific state of Sinaloa. The cartel is led by Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman, Mexico's most-wanted drug trafficker and whose estimated net worth of $1 billion makes him the 701st richest man in the world, according to Forbes Magazine.[29]

The Juarez Cartel

Vicente Carrillo Fuentes heads the Juarez Cartel.

The Tijuana Cartel

The cartel of the Arellano-Felix family, the Tijuana Cartel was once among Mexico's most powerful but has fallen on hard times, thanks to the arrests of several top capos. The cartel entered into a brief partnership with the Gulf Cartel. It has been the frequent target of Mexican military confrontations and might be breaking into smaller groups.

The Gulf Cartel

The Gulf Cartel, based in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, has been one of Mexico's two dominant cartels in recent years. It is strengthened by its armed wing Los Zetas. The cartel leader Osiel Cardenas, was extradited to the U.S. in 2007 and is currently awaiting trial in Houston.

Los Zetas

The Gulf Cartel hired a group of former elite military soldiers known as Los Zetas, who began operations as a private army. The Zetas have been instrumental in the Gulf Cartel’s domination of the drug trade in much of Mexico and have fought to maintain the cartel’s influence in northern cities following the arrest of Osiel Cardenas. It is known that Los Zetas made a deal with the ex-Sinaloa cartel commanders, the Beltran Leyva brothers, and now Los Zetas run the Gulf Cartel.

Smuggling of firearms

File:Merida initiative weapons seized.jpg
Seized weapons: LAW M72A2 Grenade launcher, hand grenades, M4 grenade launcher and machine gun
Colt AR-15
File:Rifle AK47 Olive Drab.gif
AK-47 style rifle (locally called Cuerno de chivo)
M4 Carbine with grenade launcher.

The rival cartels are using not only handguns, but assault rifles such as variants of the AK-47 and AR-15 that the ATF traced back to sellers in the United States.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] According to a Mexican government official and The Brookings Institution, as many as 2,000 weapons enter Mexico daily and fuel an arms race between competing Mexican drug cartels. [39][40][41] Since 1996, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) has traced more than 62,000 firearms smuggled into Mexico from the United States,[40] and ATF officials estimate that 90% of the weapons recovered in Mexico come from U.S. gun dealers;[30][35][42][43] about 55% of these guns are assault rifles.[44][45]

Mexican government officials suspect that corrupt customs officials, on both U.S. and Guatemala borders help smuggle weapons into Mexico; the most common of these firearms now includes AR-15 and AK-47 assault-style rifles,[46][47][48] FN 5.7 caliber semi-automatic pistols and a variety of .50 caliber rifles and machine guns.[35] Also, there are multiple reports where grenade launchers were used against security forces;[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] at least twelve M4 Carbines with M203 grenade launchers have been confiscated.[58] It is believed that some of these high power weapons and related accessories were stolen from U.S. military bases,[59][60] although most military grade weapons such as grenades and light anti-tank rockets are acquired by the cartels through the huge supply of arms left over from the wars in Central America and Asia. (See table below.) An in-depth analysis of firearms trace data by the ATF over the past three years shows that Texas, Arizona and California are the three most prolific source states, respectively, for firearms illegally trafficked to Mexico.[35][61][62][63] The House Foreign Affairs Committee has approved a bill (H.R. 6028) that would authorize $73.5 million to be appropriated over three years to increase ATF resources committed to disrupting the flow of illegal guns into Mexico.[32] Lawmakers included $10 million USD in the economic stimulus package for Project Gunrunner, a federal crackdown on U.S. gun-trafficking networks. U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder promised on March 2009 to enforce a ban on assault weapons (Federal Assault Weapons Ban), many of which are resold illegally and smuggled into Mexico to arm the cartels.[39] The possible reinstatement of the assault rifle ban has upset several gun advocate groups in U.S.[64][65][66]

There have been some speculation by the U.S. and Mexican public media that Islamic terror groups may be supporting drug cartels in Mexico,[67][68][69][70] however, the former Mexican national security adviser and former ambassador to the United Nations, Adolfo Aguilar Zínser, as well as Eduardo Medina-Mora Icaza, the director of Mexico’s Center for Intelligence and National Security (CISEN) and now Attorney-General, noted that there are no indications that foreign terrorist organizations may have established contact with Mexican organizations and had no reason to believe that there was Islamic terror groups presence in Mexico.[71]

Weapon Primary Source
AK rifle variants (semi-automatic) United States[72][73]
AK rifle variants (select-fire AK-47, AKM) Central America, South America, Middle East, Africa, Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia[74][75]
AR-15 rifle (semi-automatic) United States[76]
M16/M4 rifles (select-fire) Mexican Military
Fragmentation grenades M61/M67/MK 2/K400 Mexican Military,[77] United States, Central America, South Korea,[78] Israel, Spain, Soviet bloc, Guatemala,[79] Vietnam, [80] Unknown [79][81]
RPG-7 /M72 LAW // M203 Grenade launchers Asia, Central America/Guatemala,[79] Unknown[81][82][83][84]
.50 caliber Barrett M82 United States,[79][81][84][85][86][87][88] Mexico.[citation needed]
Improvised Explosive Devices United States[82]
M2 Browning machine gun Vietnam[80]

Effects in Mexico

Many people in Mexico have suffered the violence of the conflict, although it is not present all over the country. The states that suffer the conflict mostly are Baja California, Guerrero, Chihuahua, Michoacán, Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, and Sinaloa (highlighted red on image right). President Calderón's government is currently fighting the drug-dealers especially in his home state of Michoacán, but there are more operations going on in the states of Jalisco and Guerrero.

The states where most of the conflict takes place, marked in red.

On December 24, 2006, the governor of Baja California Eugenio Elorduy announced a similar operation in his state with cooperation of state and federal governments. This operation started in late December 2006 in the border city of Tijuana. As of early as of 2007, these operations extended to the states of Guerrero, and the so called "Golden Triangle States": Chihuahua, Durango, and Sinaloa. In February 2007, the federal government extended these operations to two more states: Nuevo León and Tamaulipas. In response to these operations, organized crime tried to assassinate the federal deputy representing Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas.

As of early October 2007, the war appears to have had an effect on the drugs trade in the United States. In 37 states the price of cocaine has gone up by as much as 24%, while the average purity has dropped by 11%.[89][90]

Seizures and arrests have jumped since Calderón took office in December 2006. Calderón has also extradited more than 100 people wanted in the U.S., including Oziel Cárdenas Guillén, a former agent of the Federal Judicial Police and the head of the Gulf cartel, who is waiting trial on drug trafficking charges in Brownsville, Texas.[91] A new rule that forces all private airplanes to stop for inspection at either the Cozumel airport on the Caribbean coast or Tapachula on the Guatemala border is credited, in part, for leading to confiscations of more than 270 planes in the past 1½ years.

File:Mexican submarine 2008.jpg
A narco submarine being seized by a Mexican Navy helicopter unit. July 16, 2008

On July 10, 2008, the Mexican government announced plans to nearly double the size of its Federal Police force in order to reduce the role of the military in combating drug trafficking.[92] The plan, known as the Comprehensive Strategy Against Drug Trafficking, also involves purging local police forces of corrupt officers. Elements of the plan have already been set in motion, including a massive police recruiting and training effort intended to reduce the country's dependence in the drug war on the military.

On July 16, 2008, the Mexican Navy intercepted a 10 meter long narco submarine travelling about 200 kilometers off the southwest of Oaxaca; in a raid, Special Forces rappelled from a helicopter on to the deck of the narco submarine and arrested four smugglers before they could scuttle their vessel. The vessel was found to be loaded with 5.8 tons of cocaine and was towed to Huatulco, Oaxaca, by a Mexican Navy patrol boat.[93][94][95][96][97]

The death toll during 2008 alone was 5,630 killed[98][99] making a total of about 7,882 drug cartel related deaths since December 2006.[100] The extreme violence is jeopardizing foreign investment in Mexico, and the Finance Minister, Agustin Carstens, said that the deteriorating security is reducing gross domestic product annually by 1% in Mexico, Latin America's second-largest economy.[101]

Police corruption

Mexican cartels advance their operations, in part, by corrupting or intimidating law enforcement officials.[21][90][102] The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) reports that although Mexico has made concerted efforts to reduce corruption in recent years, it remains a serious problem.[103][104] Some agents of the Federal Investigations Agency (AFI) are believed to work as enforcers for the Sinaloa cartel, and the Attorney General (PGR) reported in December 2005 that one-fifth of its officers are under investigation for criminal activity. The PGR reported in late 2005 that nearly 1,500 of AFI's 7,000 agents were under investigation for suspected criminal activity and 457 were facing charges.[90]

In recent years, the federal government conducted purges and prosecution of police forces in Nuevo Laredo, Michoacán, Baja California and Mexico City.[90] The anti-cartel operations begun by President Calderón in December 2006 includes ballistic checks of police weapons in places where there is concern that police are also working for the cartels. In June 2007, President Calderón purged 284 federal police commanders, including federal commanders of all 31 states and the Federal District.[90]

Under the 'Cleanup Operation' performed in 2008, several agents and high ranking officials have been arrested and charged with selling information or protection to drug cartels;[105][106] some high profile arrests were: Gerardo Garay Cadena, ex-chief of the federal police, Noé Ramírez Mandujano, ex-chief of the Organized Crime Division (SIEDO), José Luis Santiago Vasconcelos, ex-chief of the Organized Crime Division (SIEDO), and Ricardo Gutiérrez Vargas, ex-director of Mexico's Interpol office. In January 2009, Rodolfo de la Guardia García, ex-director of Mexico's Interpol office, was arrested.[107]

Effects internationally

North America

The Mexican Army has severely curtailed the ability of the Mexican drug cartels to move cocaine inside U.S.A. and Canada, prompting an upsurge in gang violence in Vancouver, where the cocaine price has increased from $23,300 to almost $39,000 per kilo as both the U.S. and Canadian drug markets are experiencing prolonged shortages of cocaine.[108] As evidence of this pressure, the U.S. government says the amount of cocaine seized on U.S. soil dropped by 41 percent between early 2007 and mid-2008. [108]

Europe

Improved cooperation of Mexico with the U.S. led to the recent arrests of 755 Sinaloa cartel suspects in U.S. cities and towns, but the U.S. market is being eclipsed by booming demand for cocaine in Europe, where users now pay twice the going U.S. rate, and Colombian gangs don't need Mexican middlemen when shipping across the Atlantic.[108] U.S. Attorney General announced September 17, 2008 that an international drug interdiction operation, Project Reckoning, involving law enforcement in the United States, Italy, Canada, Mexico and Guatemala had netted more than 500 organized crime members involved in the cocaine trade. The announcement highlighted the Italian-Mexican cocaine connection.[109]

Guatemala

The Mexican Army crackdown has driven some cartels to seek a safer location for their operations across the border in Guatemala, attracted by corruption, weak policing and its position on the overland smuggling route.[110] The smugglers pick up drugs from small planes that land at private airstrips hidden in Guatemalan jungle. The cargo is then moved up through Mexico to the U.S. border. Guatemala has also arrested dozens of drug suspects and torched huge marijuana and poppy fields, but is struggling. The U.S. government has sent speedboats and night-vision goggles under a regional drug aid package, but much more is needed. In February 2009, the powerful Los Zetas gang threatened to kill the President of Guatemala, Álvaro Colom.[111]

United States

The U.S. Justice Department considers the Mexican drug cartels are the greatest organized crime threat to the United States.[112] During the first 18 months of Calderón's presidency, the Mexican government has spent about $7 billion USD in the war against drugs.[113] In seeking partnership from the United States, Mexican officials point out that the illicit drug trade is a shared problem in need of a shared solution, and remark that most of the financing for the Mexican traffickers comes from American drug consumers.[114] U.S. State Department officials are aware that Mexican president, Felipe Calderón’s willingness to work with the United States is unprecedented on issues of security, crime and drugs, so the U.S. Congress passed legislation in late June 2008 to provide Mexico and Central American countries with $1.6 billion USD for the Mérida Initiative, a three-year international assistance plan. The Mérida Initiative provides Mexico and Central American countries with law enforcement training and equipment, as well as technical advice to strengthen the national justice systems. The Mérida Initiative does not include cash or weapons. In January 2009, a U.S. military assessment expressed some concern that if the war is extended 25 years, it could cause a collapse of the Mexican government due to the military strength of organized crime.[115] [116][117]

Multiple researchers propose focusing on prevention, treatment and education programs to curb demand rather than the continued support of combating the supply of drugs. Studies show that military interdiction efforts fail because they ignore the root cause of the problem: U.S. demand. During the early to mid-1990s, the Clinton administration ordered and funded a major cocaine policy study by the Rand Drug Policy Research Center; the study concluded that $3 billion USD should be switched from federal and local law enforcement to treatment. The report said that treatment is the cheapest and most effective way to cut drug use. President Clinton's drug czar's office rejected slashing law enforcement spending.[118] The Bush administration proposed cutting spending on drug treatment and prevention programs by $73 million, or 1.5%, in the 2009 budget, which hasn't been approved yet.[101]

On March 2009, the Obama administration outlined plans to redeploy more than 500 federal agents to border posts and redirect $200 million to combat smuggling of illegal drugs, money and weapons.[119]

See also: Mérida Initiative
U.S. death toll and national security

U.S. authorities are reporting a spike in killings, kidnappings and home invasions connected to Mexico's cartels, and at least 19 Americans were killed in 2008.[120][121]
For the U.S. Joint Forces Command, in terms of worst-case scenarios, Mexico bears some consideration for a rapid and sudden collapse as the government, its politicians, police, and judicial infrastructure are all under sustained assault and pressure by criminal gangs and drug cartels.[122] The Joint Forces Command are concerned that this internal conflict over the next several years, will have a major impact on the stability of the Mexican state, and therefore would demand an American response based on the implications for homeland security alone.[122] In March 2009, the United States Department of Homeland Security said that it is considering using the National Guard as a last resort to counter the threat of drug violence in Mexico from spilling over the border into the US. The governors of Arizona and Texas have asked the federal government to send additional National Guard troops to help those already there supporting local law enforcement efforts against drug trafficking.[123] On March 26, 2009, the body of a U.S. marshal, who was the subject of an arrest warrant, was discovered in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua.[124]

Controversy

According to former presidents Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil, Ernesto Zedillo of Mexico and César Gaviria of Colombia, the United States-led drug war is pushing Latin America into a downward spiral; Mr. Cardoso said in a conference that "the available evidence indicates that the war on drugs is a failed war".[125] The panel of the Latin American Commission on Drugs and Democracy commission, headed by Cardoso, stated that the countries involved in this war should remove the "taboos" and re-examine the anti-drug programs. Latin American governments have followed the advice of the U.S. in order to combat the drug war, but the policies had little effect. The commission made some recommendations to President Barack Obama to consider new policies, such as decriminalization of cannabis (marijuana) and to treat drug use as a public health problem and not as a security problem.[126]

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  54. ^ Le disparan con bazuca!
  55. ^ Disparan bazuca y escapan
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  93. ^ Secretaría de Marina - Noticias
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  111. ^ Mexican cartel threatens Guatemala President
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  120. ^ American Death toll
  121. ^ Mexican Drug Violence Spills Over Into US
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See also

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