Renewable energy in Italy
Renewable Energy in Italy | |
---|---|
Renewable Energy (RE) | |
RE as % of Gross Final energy consumption | 17.1% (2014) |
Target for above | 17.0% (2020) |
Renewable Electricity | |
Percentage of electricity generated by RE | (est) 43.1% (2014) |
RE generated / Total electricity generation | 120,677 / 279,829 GWh (2014) |
Record % RE covered electricity consumption | 100% (June16th 2013) |
Installed capacity (2015)[1] | |
Wind Power | 9.1 GW |
Bio Energy | 4.1 GW |
Solar Power | 18.9 GW |
Hydro Power | 18.5 GW |
Geothermal | 0.8 GW |
Total | 51.5 GW |
Country Notes | |
|
Renewable energy has developed rapidly in Italy over the past decade and provided the country a means of diversifying from its historical dependency on imported fuels. Solar power accounted for around 8% of the total electric production in the country in 2014, making Italy the country with the highest contribution from solar energy in the world that year.[2] Rapid growth in the deployment of solar, wind and bio energy in recent years lead to Italy producing over 40% of its electricity from renewable sources in 2014.
The share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption (all energy uses) had risen to 17.1% in 2014.[3] This number has been growing steadily and today accounts for one of the principal components of national energy consumption. In 2014, 38.2% of the national electric energy consumption came from renewable sources (in 2005 this value was 15.4%), covering 16% of the total energy consumption of the country (5.3% in 2005).[2] The corresponding figure for electricity generation was even higher as consumption figures are reduced by electricity imports (13.6% of the total in 2014).[1] Imported electricity may also contain a high proportion of electricity generated from renewable sources but these are not accounted for in consumption figures.
All 8,047 Italian municipalities (comune) have deployed some source of renewable energy, with hydroelectric power being the leading renewable energy source in terms of production. Bio energy, wind power and geothermal power also make an important contribution to national energy demands. By 2013, renewable energy primary consumption in Italy had grown to 14.6 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe).
Italy has implemented generous incentive schemes to encourage the development of renewable energy production. Its largest scheme incentivised solar PV production and lead Italy from a low base of installed PV in 2010 to become the world's fourth largest country by installations by the end of 2014, ahead of the US at that time. All sources of renewable energy have grown in Italy during recent years and many continue to receive incentives. In the last decade, Italy has become one of the world's largest producers of renewable energy, ranking as the second largest producer in the European Union and the ninth in the world.
History[edit]
The urge to produce exclusively green energy in Italy came from the need to reduce the country's historical heavy dependence on fossil fuels and supply flows of hydrocarbons coming from Eastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa,[4] and to comply with the binding international agreements of the Kyoto Protocol (signed in 1997 and implemented in 2005).
During the twentieth century, Italy was at the forefront of technological development and the production of energy from renewable sources. In the field of geothermal energy, the first plant dates back to 1904, at Larderello in Tuscany, where in 1913 the first geothermal power plant was also built, and remained the only one in the world until 1958.[5] With regards to hydropower, the first plant in Europe was built in Paderno d'Adda in Lombardy between 1895 and 1898.[6] In the solar energy industry, the first power plant (that could produce steam at 450 °C) was built in Genoa in 1963, and in 1980 the first solar power tower that uses mirrors was built at Adrano in Sicily.[7] As for the production of wind power, the first experimental projects (sponsored by the National Research Council and in collaboration with Enel) were started in the second half of the seventies as part of the restructuring of the entire system of production and supply of energy that followed the 1973 and 1979 energy crisis.[8]
During the eighties and the nineties renewable energy projects drew new life from three co-occurring factors: the rapid price increase of crude oil (caused by the tension and armed conflicts in the Middle East and Persian Gulf); a new public awareness of environmentalism (fuelled by the Chernobyl disaster in 1986[9]); and the interruption of all construction of nuclear power plants in Italy and the ban on Enel on the participating in the construction or management of nuclear power plants beyond national borders (following the referendum of 1987).
Renewable energy by sector[edit]
All EU countries as well as Iceland and Norway submitted National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs)[10] to outline the steps taken, and projected progress by each country between 2010 and 2020 to meet the Renewable Energy Directive. Each plan contains a detailed breakdown of each country's current renewable energy usage and plans for future developments. According to projections by the Italian submission by 2020 the gross final energy consumption in Italy by sector breaks down as follows.
Sector | Projected energy use
in 2020 (ktoe)[11] |
Renewable share
target for 2020 |
---|---|---|
Heating and cooling | 61,185 | 17.09% |
Electricity | 32,227 | 26.39% |
Transport | 33,972 | 10.14% |
Gross final energy consumption* | 133,042 | 17.00% |
* Including losses and adjustments |
Excluding losses and adjustments almost half of energy consumption (48%) is used in the heating and cooling sector. The heating and cooling sector (also known as the thermal sector) includes domestic heating and air conditioning, industrial processes such as furnaces and any use of heat generally. The next largest share is the transport sector at 26.7%, followed closely by the electricity sector at 25.3%. The proportion of energy use in each sector is similar to that of 2016. In order to meet Italy's overall target for 17% use of renewable energy in Gross final energy consumption (22,617 ktoes) by 2020 targets have been set for each sector as follows: 17% renewable energy use in the heating and cooling sector, 26% in the electricity sector and 10% in the transport sector[11] (see targets below for further details). Total annual energy consumption is projected to be 133,042 ktoe (133 million tonnes of oil equivalent) by 2020.
The energy measures above are gross final energy consumption. Another broader measure, primary energy consumption also includes energy used in the extraction of fuels (the energy sector) and energy lost in transformation (the transformation sector, i.e. converting heat to electricity in power plants or fuel energy to heat in heating plants) as well as gross final energy consumption for end users. Under the European Union Energy Efficiency Directive,[12] EU countries submit their Energy Efficiency Plans[13] every three years. According to Italy's submission in 2014 the country's total final energy consumption in 2012 was 119.01 Mtoes whilst its primary energy consumption was 163.05 Mtoes.[14] Most of the approximately 37% difference is accounted for in losses in the transformation sector. These losses are likely to be most prevalent in thermal electricity sectors, thus the use of renewable electricity will reduce CO2 emissions and fuels lost in the energy and transformation sectors as well as those in final consumption.
Electricity sector[edit]
Renewable electricity by source[edit]
Share of total gross electricity production in Italy in 2015 | |
---|---|
Hydroelectric | 15.6% |
Solar | 8.1% |
Bio energy | 6.7% |
Wind | 5.3% |
Geothermal | 2.2% |
Total renewable | 37.9% |
In 2015 renewable electricity provided around 37.9% of Italy's total gross electricity production, a fall from around 43.1% in the previous year due to large yearly variations in hydroelectric production. Hydroelectric power continued to provide the largest single source of renewable energy generated electricity in 2015 at around 15.6% of national production. Solar generation provided the next largest share at around 8.1%, a figure which is remarkable given that most solar installations have occurred since 2010. Bioenergy provided around 6.7% followed closely by wind power at 5.3%. Geothermal power provided the smallest share at an estimated 2.2%.
Growth of renewable electricity[edit]
Between 2005 and 2011 a surge in renewable energy investments and production took place in Italy, particularly in wind and solar energy during the latter years. Total electricity produced from solar PV quintupled in 2011 compared to the previous year.[15] This was mainly due to a drop in costs and to high incentives introduced since 2005.[16] The Italian fossil fuel electricity generation sector underwent a profound crisis.[17] Many Italian power plants burning fossil fuels were running at half capacity and others were in the process of being shut down.[18]
Total Gross Generation** | Hydro | Solar | Wind | Geothermal | Bio energy | Total Renewable | % of Total Gross Generation (est) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 278,196 | 51,117 | 1,906 | 9,126 | 5,376 | 9,440 | 76,965 | 27.7% |
2011 | 279,009 | 45,823 | 10,796 | 9,856 | 5,654 | 10,832 | 82,961 | 29.7% |
2012 | 283,220 | 41,875 | 18,862 | 13,407 | 5,592 | 12,487 | 92,223 | 32.6% |
2013 | 289,803 | 52,773 | 21,589 | 14,897 | 5,659 | 17,090 | 112,008 | 38.6% |
2014 | 279,829 | 58,545 | 22,306 | 15,178 | 5,916 | 18,732 | 120,677 | 43.1% |
2015 | ***281,354 | 43,902 | 22,847 | 14,883 | 6,160 | 18,894 | 106,686 | 37.9% |
* Figures in italics represent near estimates. Data for Hydro, Solar, Wind, Geothermal and Bio Energy 2010-2015 from GSE.it, figures for 2015 preliminary estimates.[1] ** Data for Gross generation for years 2010-2014, from Terna.it, General Data 2010,2011,2012,2013,2014[19] *** Gross generation for 2015 estimated from Net generation figures[20] (and using same ratio between gross and net generation as 2013 figures).[19] |
Generation by renewables grew from 76,965 GWh in 2010 to 106,686 GWh by 2015. Non hydroelectric renewable electricity more than doubled during the period growing from 25,848 GWh in 2010 to 62,748 GWh in 2015, a rise from around 9.3% to 22.3% of total gross generation. The largest increase in production took place in solar generated electricity followed by bio energy production. Wind power rose by a little over 60% during the period whilst geothermal production rose by a little under 15%. Normalised (averaged) hydroelectric statistics suggest a slight upward trend in generation despite wet and dry years influencing the overall production in any given year. Bio energy includes production from biomass, biogas, bioliquids and the renewable share of municipal waste used as fuel in waste-to-energy generation. Further information on bioenergy production is available under the heading "Sources" below.
Electricity production potential from renewables has been rising, however hydroelectric production figures vary considerably from one year to the next and accounts for the fall in 2015. Production of electricity from renewable sources reached a record in 2014 of around 43% of total gross electricity generation. In 2015 production from Wind, Photovoltaic and Geothermal sources almost matched Hydroelectric production for the first time.
Installed Capacity[edit]
Hydro | Wind | Solar | Geothermal | Bio energy | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 17,876 | 5,814 | 3,470 | 772 | 2,352 | 30,284 |
2011 | 18,092 | 6,936 | 12,773 | 772 | 2,825 | 41,398 |
2012 | 18,232 | 8,119 | 16,690 | 772 | 3,802 | 47,614 |
2013 | 18,366 | 8,561 | 18,185 | 773 | 4,033 | 49,919 |
2014 | 18,418 | 8,703 | 18,609 | 821 | 4,044 | 50,595 |
2015 | 18,543 | 9,162 | 18,892 | 821 | 4,057 | 51,475 |
2016 | 18,641 | 9,410 | 19,269 | 815 | 4,124 | 52,258 |
2017 | 18,862 | 9,766 | 19,682 | 813 | 4,135 | 53,259 |
2018 | 21,900 | 10,300 | 20,100 | 4400 | 56,700 | |
2019 | 21,900 | 10,800 | 20,900 | 4800 | 58,400 |
The total installed capacity of renewable electricity sources grew from 30,284 MW in 2010 to 53,259 MW by 2017. The greatest increase was in solar power which has been strongly supported by government incentives. Wind power grew fairly strongly over the period but was over taken by solar in 2011. Bio energy has also grown significantly from a low base in 2010 almost doubling in capacity by 2015. Hydroelectricity is a mature technology in Italy and already highly developed yet its capacity still grew by 3.6% during the period.
Heating and cooling sector[edit]
Source. | (ktoe). | Estimated share of total
sector (all sources). |
---|---|---|
Biomass | 7,045 | 13.4% |
of which: -solid biomass | 6,646 | - 12.6 % |
-biogas | 283 | -0.5 % |
-bio liquids | 31 | - 0.1 % |
Municipal share of renewable waste | 85 | 0.2% |
RE from heat pumps | 2,580 | 4.9% |
Solar | 180 | 0.3% |
Geothermal | 130 | 0.2% |
Total | 9,934 | 18.89% |
2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RE share of sector | 16.43% | 15.64% | 13.82% | 16.98% | 18.10% | 18.89% |
Every two years all EU countries as well as Iceland and Norway submit Progress Reports[23] outlining their renewable energy development and movement towards meeting their 2020 renewable energy targets. Between 2009 and 2014 renewable energy share in the heating and cooling sector grew from 16.43% to 18.89%. In 2014 Biomass provided the largest share of RE in the heating and cooling sector at 13.4% of the total, equating to just over 7 million tonnes of oil equivalent. RE from heat pumps provided almost 5% of the total sector, an area in which Italy is more developed than most countries. Solar and geothermal power provided a contribution of 0.3% and 0.2% respectively.
The Italian government has identified measures to increase the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency in the heating and cooling sector as outlined in the 2009 Italian National Renewable Energy Action Plan.[11] These include an energy efficiency credits scheme which was expected to save 6 Mtoe by 2012. A 55% tax relief for building and refurbishment projects due to be reviewed by 2010. The report outlined a plan for regulating a minimum quota of 50% (20% for buildings in historic centres) of domestic hot water being produced by renewable energy targeting newly constructed buildings or buildings to be refurbished. From 1999 tax credits were made available for district heating using either geothermal or biomass energy. Tax relief for specific measures is included to encourage the replacement of old boilers and chimneys with high energy efficiency and low-emission biomass boilers. Legislation in Italy allows biogas to be injected into the natural gas system where there are no technical issues.
The report identified the possibility of boosting the development of district heating and cooling by making use of biomass from agriculture and forestry, through heat extracted from cogeneration, and utilizing sorted waste. It also seeks to promote the use of biomass in agricultural and industrial areas and the provision for geothermal heat transport networks serving manufacturing and residential areas.
Renewable energy use in the heating and cooling sector 2010-2015 (Mtoe)[1]
2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | *2015 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Geothermal | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
Solar thermal | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.19 |
Bio energy | 7.65 | 5.55 | 7.52 | 7.78 | 7.04 | 7.69 |
Renewable energy from heat pumps | 2.09 | 2.27 | 2.42 | 2.52 | 2.58 | 2.58 |
Thermal Sector Total | 10.02 | 8.10 | 10.23 | 10.60 | 9.93 | 10.59 |
- Provisional data.
Total renewable energy use grew in the thermal sector by just a little over 5% between 2010 and 2015 from 10.02 Mtoe to 10.59 Mtoe. The main areas of growth were in solar thermal and renewable energy from heat pumps.
Transport sector[edit]
Source | ktoe | Estimated share of total
sector (all sources). |
---|---|---|
Biodiesels | 1,055 | 4.00% |
Bioethanol | 8 | 0.03% |
Renewable electricity | 119 | 0.45% |
Hydrogen | 0 | 0.00% |
Total | *1,310 | 4.48% |
* Adjusted figure, after multiplier adjustment figure is 1,498 for Nreap transport target |
Years 2009-2014 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RE share of sector | 3.68% | 4.57% | 4.66% | 5.68% | 4.93% | 4.48% |
According to the Italian Progress Report submitted to the European Commission between 2009 and 2014 renewable energy share in the transport sector grew slightly from 3.68% in 2009 to 4.48% in 2014. As of 2016 the use of renewable energy in the transport sector remains well behind the other energy sectors in most countries. Biodiesels provided the largest share of RE in the transport sector at 4% of the total. Renewable electricity provided 0.45% of the sector's requirements, most of it in public transport uses. Bioethanol also provided a small contribution at 0.03% of the total.
The 2009 Italian National Renewable Energy Action Plan[11] outlined existing and planned developments for encouraging renewable energy use in the transport sector. From 2007 Italy introduced a minimum quota of 4.5% of biofuels to be fed into the network by 2012. A reduction in the tax on biofuels was also introduced prior to 2010. Plans were also outlined to increase the minimum quota and to promote second and third generation biofuels and to make use of biofuels obtained from waste and raw material of non-food origin. Promoting biomethane and electricity to power transport is also included in the report. Biodiesel in Italy is produced from rape seed, soy beans and sunflower seeds.
The country has planned to subsidize electric cars.[24] Transport accounts for a large amount of fossil fuel use so a quick transition to electric cars and public transport will be a key element of transition to renewable energy use.[25]
Sales of electric and hybrid cars in Italy totalled 1,110 units in 2014 and 1,460 units in 2015 corresponding to just 0.1% of total car sales in each year.[26] Incentives for electric vehicles have been criticised for being ineffective and many Italian households still have electricity contracts that stipulate peak consumption limits.
Italy's biodiesel production totalled approximately 2.5 Million Metric Tons in 2015.[27] Biodiesel is produced mainly from imported rape seed (40%), soybean (30%) and palm oil (25%). The small amount remaining is made from recycled vegetable oils, sunflower oil and vegetable fat. Rapeseed oil is mostly imported from EU countries, and soybean oil is imported from the EU or made from imported beans. Palm oil is mainly imported from Malaysia and Indonesia. Biodiesel is blended with standard diesel for transport use or used for heating.
Italy also produces bioethanol and production in 2014 was approximately 215,000 Metric Tons per year.[27] Bioethanol is made from corn and wheat, wine and wine by-products. Most of the bioethanol is used for industrial chemicals but a small portion is used for transport use.
Sources[edit]
Hydroelectricity[edit]
- Production of Electricity (GWh) from Hydroelectricity 2010-2015[1]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Installed capacity of Hydroelectricity in 2015 was 18,531 MW. Hydroelectric production varies considerably from year to year. 2014 saw a record year in production at 58,545 GWh. From the turn of the century to the beginning of the 1960s hydroelectricity dominated the share of electricity production in Italy and this source has a long history in the peninsula and reflects Italy's mountainous geography and high water runoff. Some of Italy's largest hydroelectric plants operate pumped storage providing the country with a means of balancing and storing the variable output from the countries growing solar and wind power facilities.
Solar power[edit]
- Production of Electricity (GWh) from Solar Power 2010-2015[1]
The installed capacity of solar PV power was 18,910 MW in 2015 having risen from just 1,906 MW in 2010. In 2014 Italy was the world's leading country in terms of solar power coverage of domestic electricity supply, with around 8% of total electricity generation being sourced from solar. With an installed capacity of 18,609 MW the country was second only to Germany (38,301 MW[28]) in the EU in terms of total capacity and fourth in the world behind the other leading countries China and Japan. Its capacity was greater than the United States in 2014 (18,280 MW) ranked fifth in the world at that time. The speed of development of solar power in Italy has been influenced by a government incentive scheme, the "Conto Energia", designed as a feed in tariff for solar PV generated electricity. Since the ending of the Conto Energia incentive scheme in 2013 installations of solar PV have continued but at a slower rate. The government has indicated that it intends to focus funding incentives more on other sources of renewable energy in the future. Several sources believe that solar power has reached grid parity in Italy.
Wind power[edit]
- Production of Electricity (GWh) from Wind Power 2010-2015[1]
The installed capacity of wind power was 9,126 MW in 2015. Growth in windpower has not been at the breakneck speed of solar power and the developed potential in Italy remains somewhat moderate. It is far behind its western Mediterranean neighbour Spain ( 23,003 MW) and behind other wind pioneering countries such as Germany and record breaking Denmark in terms of realised potential. Installed capacity grew in 2015 whilst production fell slightly in that year, demonstrating that wind power can vary somewhat from year to year but not as dramatically as hydroelectric power.
Geothermal power[edit]
- Production of Electricity (GWh) from Geothermal Power 2010-2015[1]
Italy was the first country in the world to exploit geothermal energy to produce electricity.[29] The high geothermal gradient that forms part of the peninsula makes it potentially exploitable also in other regions; research carried out in the 1960s and 1970s identified potential geothermal fields in Lazio and Tuscany, as well as in most volcanic islands.[29] Production is based in Central Italy particularly around the iconic city of Pisa. Installed capacity grew from 772 MW in 2010 to 824 MW by 2015. Geothermal power production has been on a slow upward trend since 2010 and produced an estimated 6,160 GWh of electricity in 2015. According to industry sources Italy was the world's sixth largest producer of geothermal electricity.
Bio energy[edit]
- Production of Electricity (GWh) from Bio Energy 2010-2015[1]