Sarah Cleveland

For the Latter Day Saint women's leader, see Sarah M. Cleveland.

Sarah Cleveland
Judge of the International Court of Justice
Incumbent
Assumed office February 6, 2024
Preceded by	Joan Donoghue
Personal details
Education	Brown University (BA) Lincoln College, Oxford (MSt) Yale University (JD)

Sarah Hull Cleveland (born September 4, 1965), an American judge, lawyer, law professor, and former State Department official, is a judge on the International Court of Justice and the Louis Henkin Professor of Human and Constitutional Rights at Columbia Law School (currently on leave of absence).

Cleveland is an expert in public international law, international and comparative human rights, international humanitarian law, national security law, constitutional law of U.S. foreign relations, and federal civil procedure. She previously served as the Counselor on International Law in the U.S. State Department, an independent expert on the United Nations Human Rights Committee, the Co-Coordinating Reporter of the American Law Institute's project on the Restatement (Fourth) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States, and the U.S. Independent Member on the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe.

Early life and education

Cleveland grew up in Alabama and earned a Bachelor of Arts with honors from Brown University in 1987 with membership in Phi Beta Kappa; an M.St. in British Imperial and Commonwealth history from Lincoln College, Oxford University, as a Rhodes Scholar, in 1989; and a J.D. from Yale Law School in 1992.

Cleveland litigated her first case when she was a Yale law student in a human rights clinic, suing the U.S. Government on behalf of Haitian refugees detained at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, a case that led to the U.S. Supreme Court's 1993 decision in Sale v. Haitian Centers Council, Inc.

Legal Career

Judicial clerkships and fellowship

Immediately after law school, Cleveland clerked for Judge Louis F. Oberdorfer on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, and then for Justice Harry Blackmun of the Supreme Court of the United States during the 1993-1994 Term.

She represented migrant farmworkers in South Florida, as a Skadden Fellow, from 1994 to 1996.

Academic positions and writing

Cleveland taught at the University of Texas Law School from 1997 to 2007, as (successively) Assistant Professor, Professor of Law, and Marrs McLean Professor in Law.

In 2007 she joined the faculty of Columbia Law School, where she is the Louis Henkin Professor of Human and Constitutional Rights (on leave of absence). She has also served as Faculty Co-Director of the law school's Human Rights Institute.

She has also served as a visiting professor at Harvard Law School, the University of Michigan Law School, the University of Tokyo, Sciences Po University (Paris), Paris-Panthéon-Assas University (Paris II), the University of Oxford (on a George Washington University summer program), the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (in Geneva), Leiden University, and the European University Institute (in Italy).

Cleveland has written widely, including several dozen scholarly articles, on issues of international law, human rights, and U.S. foreign relations law. She is a co-author of Louis Henkin's Human Rights casebook (2nd ed. 2009 and update 2013) and a co-editor of The Restatement and Beyond: The Past, Present, and Future of U.S. Foreign Relations Law (Oxford University Press, 2020).

From 2012 to 2018, as Co-Coordinating Reporter with Professor Paul Stephan of the University of Virginia School of Law, she oversaw the preparation of the American Law Institute's Restatement (Fourth) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States.

She has been involved in international law and human rights litigation in the United States and before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

Other

From 2009 to 2011, Cleveland served as the Counselor on International Law to the Legal Adviser at the U.S. Department of State, where she supervised the office's legal work relating to the law of war, counterterrorism, and Afghanistan and Pakistan, and assisted with its international human rights and international justice work. She continues to serve as a member of the Secretary of State's Advisory Committee on International Law. She is a former member of the Executive Council of the American Society of International Law, and is a Council Member of the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute.

In March 2014, Cleveland was nominated by the U.S. government to serve as an independent expert on the Human Rights Committee, the United Nations treaty body that monitors state implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The committee holds three-month-long meetings each year to review state implementation of the multilateral treaty. The states parties to the multilateral treaty elected her to the committee on June 24, 2014. Her four-year term on the Committee ran for the calendar years 2015-2018.

Cleveland was the U.S. Observer Member and then Member (2010-2019) on the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe. She is a member of the Secretary of State's Advisory Committee on International Law, and of the American Law Institute. She served on the board of directors of Human Rights First.

Biden administration

On August 10, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Cleveland to be the Legal Adviser of the Department of State. In August 2022, the United States National Group to the Permanent Court of Arbitration decided to nominate her to be the U.S. candidate to the International Court of Justice.

Boards of Editors

She served on the board of editors of the Journal of International Economic Law and of the International Review of the Red Cross, and still serves on board of editors of the Columbia Journal of Transnational Law.

Personal life

Cleveland has two children.

Selected publications

• Louis Henkin, Sarah H. Cleveland, Laurence R. Helfer, Gerald L. Neuman, Diane F. Orentlicher, Human Rights (Foundation Press, 2nd ed., 2009, and 2013 update)
• Paul B. Stephan and Sarah H. Cleveland, eds., The Restatement and Beyond: The Past, Present, and Future of U.S. Foreign Relations Law (Oxford University Press, 2020).

See also

• List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)

External links

• Columbia Law School bio