Soyuz-2
![]() A MetOp spacecraft ready for the launch atop a Soyuz-2.1a rocket. | |
Function | Medium-lift launch vehicle |
---|---|
Manufacturer | Progress Rocket Space Centre |
Country of origin | Russia |
Cost per launch | US$35−48.5 million (Roscosmos)[1][2] US$80 million (Arianespace)[3] |
Size | |
Height | 46.3 m (152 ft)[4] |
Diameter | 10.3 m (33 ft 10 in) |
Mass | 312,000 kg (688,000 lb) |
Stages | 3 or 4 |
Capacity | |
Payload to LEO[a] | |
Mass | A: 7,020 kg (15,480 lb) B: 8,200 kg (18,100 lb)[4] |
Payload to SSO[b] | |
Mass | A: 4,230 kg (9,330 lb) B: 4,900 kg (10,800 lb)[5] |
Payload to GTO[c] | |
Mass | A: 2,810 kg (6,190 lb) B: 3,250 kg (7,170 lb)[5] |
Payload to TLI[d] | |
Mass | B: 2,350 kg (5,180 lb)[6] |
Payload to GSO[e] | |
Mass | B: 1,360 kg (3,000 lb)[6] |
Associated rockets | |
Family | R-7 (Soyuz) |
Based on | Soyuz-FG |
Derivative work | Soyuz-2 (CSG) Soyuz-2.1v |
Launch history | |
Status | Active |
Launch sites | |
Total launches |
|
Success(es) |
|
Failure(s) | 4 (A: 2, B: 2) |
Partial failure(s) | 2 (A: 1, B: 1) |
First flight |
|
Last flight |
|
Type of passengers/cargo | |
Boosters (First stage) | |
No. boosters | 4 |
Height | 19.6 m (64 ft) |
Diameter | 2.68 m (8 ft 10 in) |
Empty mass | 3,784 kg (8,342 lb) |
Gross mass | 44,413 kg (97,914 lb) |
Propellant mass | 39,160 kg (86,330 lb) |
Powered by | 1 × RD-107A |
Maximum thrust | SL: 839.48 kN (188,720 lbf) vac: 1,019.93 kN (229,290 lbf) |
Specific impulse | SL: 263.3 s (2.582 km/s) vac: 320.2 s (3.140 km/s) |
Burn time | 118 seconds |
Propellant | LOX / RP-1 |
Second stage (core) | |
Height | 27.10 m (88.9 ft) |
Diameter | 2.95 m (9 ft 8 in) |
Empty mass | 6,545 kg (14,429 lb) |
Gross mass | 99,765 kg (219,944 lb) |
Propellant mass | 90,100 kg (198,600 lb) |
Powered by | 1 × RD-108A |
Maximum thrust | SL: 792.41 kN (178,140 lbf) vac: 921.86 kN (207,240 lbf) |
Specific impulse | SL: 257.7 s (2.527 km/s) vac: 320.6 s (3.144 km/s) |
Burn time | 286 seconds |
Propellant | LOX / RP-1 |
Third stage | |
Height | 6.70 m (22.0 ft) |
Diameter | 2.66 m (8 ft 9 in) |
Empty mass | 2,355 kg (5,192 lb) |
Gross mass | 27,755 kg (61,189 lb) |
Propellant mass | 25,400 kg (56,000 lb) |
Powered by | A: 1 × RD-0110 B: 1 × RD-0124 |
Maximum thrust | A: 298 kN (67,000 lbf) B: 294.3 kN (66,200 lbf) |
Specific impulse | A: 326 s (3.20 km/s) B: 359 s (3.52 km/s) |
Burn time | 270 seconds |
Propellant | LOX / RP-1 |
Fourth stage (optional) – Fregat / Fregat-M / Fregat-MT[7] | |
Height | 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) |
Diameter | Fregat / Fregat-M: 3.35 m (11.0 ft) Fregat-MT: 3.80 m (12.5 ft) |
Empty mass | Fregat: 930 kg (2,050 lb) Fregat-M: 980 kg (2,160 lb) Fregat-MT: 1,050 kg (2,310 lb) |
Propellant mass | Fregat: 5,250 kg (11,570 lb) Fregat-M: 5,600 kg (12,300 lb) Fregat-MT: 7,100 kg (15,700 lb) |
Powered by | 1 × S5.92 |
Maximum thrust | 19.85 kN (4,460 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 333.2 s (3.268 km/s) |
Burn time | Up to 1,100 seconds (up to 20 starts) |
Propellant | N2O4 / UDMH |
Fourth stage (optional) – Volga[8] | |
Height | 1.025 m (3 ft 4.4 in) |
Diameter | 3.2 m (10 ft) |
Empty mass | 840 kg (1,850 lb) |
Propellant mass | 300–900 kg (660–1,980 lb) |
Powered by | 1 × 17D64[9] |
Maximum thrust | 2.94 kN (660 lbf) |
Specific impulse | 307 s (3.01 km/s) |
Propellant | N2O4 / UDMH |
Soyuz-2 (Russian: Союз-2, lit. 'Union-2') (GRAU index 14A14) is a modernized expendable medium-lift launch vehicle and the seventh major version in the Soyuz family. It includes key enhancements over its predecessors including improved engines along with digital flight control and telemetry systems, enabling launches from fixed platforms and the use of large payload fairings.
In its standard configuration, Soyuz-2 is a three-stage launch vehicle designed for low Earth orbit missions. Notably, its stage numbering differs from some rockets. The boosters are considered its the first stage, while the central core is the second. For higher orbits like Molniya or geosynchronous, an optional upper stage can be added. The most common upper stage is the Fregat, but the Volga is also an option. These upper stages have their own independent flight control and telemetry systems.
The Soyuz-2 rocket utilizes the existing facilities as its R-7 derived predecessors, Site 31 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and Site 43 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in northwestern Russia. Additional launch locations opened at the Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz at the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana in 2011 and the Site 1S at the Vostochny Cosmodrome in eastern Russia in 2016. However, Soyuz-2 launches from Guiana were suspended in 2022 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[10]
The Soyuz-2 family has two major variants, with the Soyuz-2.1a being the base version that first launched on 8 November 2004. The Soyuz-2.1b, with a 15 percent more powerful third stage, followed on 27 December 2006. Soyuz rockets that use a larger payload fairing are called the Soyuz ST-A or Soyuz ST-B. The derivative Soyuz-2.1v with a more powerful core stage and no boosters was introduced in December 2013.
The Soyuz-2 has replaced the Molniya-M, Soyuz-U and Soyuz-FG since 2010, 2017 and 2019 respectively.[11][12][13]
Variants
[edit]Soyuz-2.1a
[edit]The Soyuz-2.1a incorporates upgraded RD-107A engines on both booster and core stages, that have improved injection systems, to enhance overall performance.
The 2.1a also has a digital flight control system, replacing the analog system used on prior Soyuz models. This system allows the vehicle to adjust its trajectory in-flight (a capability the analog system lacked) eliminating the requirement for a complex rotating launchpad. The digital flight control system also unlocks the potential for deploying larger commercial satellites housed within wider and longer payload fairings. These fairings introduce too much aerodynamic instability for the old analog system to handle. The RD-110 engine remains in use for the third stage. When configured with the larger ST fairing, the Soyuz 2.1a is sometimes called Soyuz ST-A.
The first launch of a Soyuz-2.1a took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 8 November 2004 with a boilerplate payload, simulating the size and weight of a Zenit-8 spy satellite. The first launch of a Soyuz ST-A took place from Guiana Space Centre on 17 December 2011 carrying four satellites (including Pléiades-HR 1A, SSOT and ELISA).
Soyuz-2.1b
[edit]The Soyuz-2.1b has all the same features as the Soyuz-2.1a, but uses an upgraded engine (RD-0124) on the third stage, which greatly increases specific impulse (326 to 359 seconds), improving payload capability to LEO from 7,200 kilograms (15,900 lb) to 8,200 kilograms (18,100 lb). When configured with the larger ST fairing, the Soyuz 2.1b is sometimes called Soyuz ST-B.
The first launch of a Soyuz-2.1b took place from Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 on 26 July 2008 with a classified military payload.[14] The first launch of a Soyuz ST-B took place from Guiana Space Centre on 21 October 2011 carrying two Galileo satellites.
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Soyuz-2.1b (2018)
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From left Soyuz-2.1v, Soyuz-2.1a, Soyuz-2.1b and Soyuz-5)
Modifications for various launch sites
[edit]Guiana Space Centre
[edit]To accommodate the conditions and requirements of the Guiana Space Centre (CSG), Soyuz rockets underwent several key modifications. These adaptations ensure the vehicle's optimal performance and safety within the tropical environment.
Launch Infrastructure and Payload Integration
[edit]- Mobile Service Tower: Unlike other Soyuz launch complexes, the ELS employed a mobile service tower that enabled vertical payload integration directly on the launchpad.[15]
- European Payload Adapters: Launch vehicles used European-supplied payload adapters, enhancing compatibility with a broader range of spacecraft.[15]
- Engine Ignition: At the ELS, the engines of the boosters and first stage were pyrotechnically ignited. At other Soyuz launch complexes, engines are chemically ignited.[16]
Enhanced Safety Systems
[edit]- European Safeguard Kit (French: Kit de Sauvegarde Européenne): This system can locate the rocket in real-time and, if necessary, transmit a flight termination signal, ensuring the safe destruction of the vehicle in the event of an anomaly.[15][16]
- Destruct System for Boosters and Core Stage: Boosters and core stage are equipped with pyrotechnic devices to ensure they sink in the ocean for disposal after flight.[16]
- S-Band Telemetry System Adaptation: The S band telemetry system is modified to operate on the Inter-Range Instrumentation Group standard used at the CSG.[15]
Environmental Adaptation
[edit]- Tropical Climate Adaptation: The air conditioning system is adapted to keep the payload cool inside the faring, and protective measures are added to reduce icing when loading cryogenic fluids in the humid environment.[15]
- Pest Control: To avoid potential wildlife intrusions, all cavities and openings within the rocket were studied and certified to be adequately sealed against insects and rodents.[16]
Vostochny Cosmodrome
[edit]Modifications for the Vostochny Cosmodrome version includes:[17]
- New and upgraded computer, N.A.Semikhatov NPO Automatika's Malachite-7, with six times more performance, better obsolescence protection, reduced weight.[18][19][20]
- The new computer enabled a significant reduction on the cable network complexity thanks to multiplexing lines and using common buses.[17][20][21]
- New nickel-cadmium batteries that eliminate the need for a dedicated battery charging station.[18]
- The inclusion of on-board video system, that will enable real-time views of the launch.[18]
- Since the launch pad at Vostochny also has a mobile gantry for vertical payload integration, similar to the ELS at Guiana, it has the necessary piping to direct the oxygen purges outside the gantry.[17]
On 1 October 2015, it was announced that parts of the assembly complex for the Soyuz-2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome were designed for a different modification of the rocket and are too small, so that the planned first launch in December 2015 was under question.[22] The first launch occurred on 28 April 2016 at 02:01:21 UTC.[23]
Notable missions
[edit]Suborbital test flight
[edit]On 8 November 2004, at 18:30 UTC, the first Soyuz-2 carrier rocket, in the Soyuz-2.1a configuration, was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia. The rocket followed a sub-orbital trajectory, with the third stage and boilerplate payload re-entering over the Pacific Ocean.
Maiden launch
[edit]The first attempt at launching a Soyuz-2 to orbit, with the MetOp-A satellite, occurred on 17 July 2006. It was scrubbed two hours before the launch by an automatic sequence, after the onboard computer failed to check the launch azimuth. Fuelling of the rocket was underway at the time, and all launch complex equipment and on-board preliminary checks had proceeded without incident. The rocket was left fuelled on the launch pad, for the next attempt on 18 July 2006. Launch was eventually conducted on 19 October 2006.
First crewed mission
[edit]First crewed launch of Soyuz-2 took place at 9 April 2020, carrying Soyuz MS-16 to the ISS.
Naphthyl fuel
[edit]Following successful ground testing, a naphthyl fueled Soyuz-2.1b launch took place on 22 October 2022 at Vostochny. Naphthyl is an environmentally safe hydrocarbon fuel with fewer aromatic compounds than kerosene, that also slightly improves engine performance. There are only minor differences in thermal properties, viscosity, and surface tension, so this did not require significant engine changes.[24]
Launch statistics
[edit]Since 2006, Soyuz-2 rockets have accumulated a total of 178 launches, 171 of which were successful, yielding a 96.1% success rate.
Launch outcomes
[edit]- Failure
- Partial failure
- Success
- Scheduled
List of launches
[edit]# | Launch date Time (UTC) |
Configuration | Spaceport | Result | Payload | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
— | 8 November 2004 18:30 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Zenit-8 (boilerplate) | Suborbital test flight |
1 | 19 October 2006 16:28 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat |
Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | MetOp-A | Weather satellite |
2 | 24 December 2006 08:34 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Meridian 1 | Military communications satellite |
3 | 27 December 2006 14:28 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat |
Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | CoRoT | Astronomy satellite |
4 | 26 July 2008 18:31 |
Soyuz-2.1b | Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success[25] | Kosmos 2441 (Persona No.1) | Reconnaissance satellite |
Launch was successful but satellite failed after a few months of operations due to an electrical fault. | ||||||
5 | 21 May 2009 21:53 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Failure [26] | Meridian 2 | Military communications satellite |
Bulging of third-stage combustion chamber led to fuel leak and automatic deactivation; satellite in unusable orbit after failed correction attempt. | ||||||
6 | 17 September 2009 15:55 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat |
Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | Meteor-M No.1 |
Weather satellite + 6 piggyback satellites |
7 | 19 October 2010 17:11 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | Globalstar-2 F1 (6 satellites) | Communications satellite |
8 | 2 November 2010 00:59 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Meridian 3 | Military communications satellite |
9 | 26 February 2011 03:07 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Kosmos 2471 (GLONASS-K 11L) | Navigation satellite |
10 | 4 May 2011 17:41 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Meridian 4 | Military communications satellite |
11 | 13 July 2011 02:27 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | Globalstar-2 F2 (6 satellites) | Communications satellite |
12 | 2 October 2011 20:15 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Kosmos 2474 (GLONASS-M 742) | Navigation satellite |
13 | 21 October 2011 10:30 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-M |
Guiana, ELS | Success [27] | Galileo IOV-1/2 | Navigation satellite First launch from Guiana Space Centre. |
14 | 28 November 2011 08:25 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success [28] | Kosmos 2478 (GLONASS-M 746) | Navigation satellite |
15 | 17 December 2011 02:03 |
Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M |
Guiana, ELS | Success [29] | Pléiades 1A SSOT ELISA 1/2/3/4 |
Remote sensing satellite Earth observation satellite for Chile Signals intelligence satellite |
16 | 23 December 2011 12:08 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Failure [30] | Meridian 5 | Military communications satellite |
Anomaly led to premature third-stage engine deactivation followed by an explosion which caused it to veer off course; satellite not deployed. | ||||||
17 | 28 December 2011 17:09 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Baikonur, Site 31 | Success [31] | Globalstar-2 F3 (6 satellites) | Communications satellite |
18 | 17 September 2012 16:28 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat |
Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | MetOp-B | Weather satellite |
19 | 12 October 2012 18:15 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guiana, ELS | Success [32] | Galileo IOV-3/4 | Navigation satellite |
20 | 14 November 2012 11:42 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Meridian 6 | Military communications satellite |
21 | 2 December 2012 02:02 |
Soyuz ST-A Fregat |
Guiana, ELS | Success [33] | Pléiades 1B | Remote sensing satellite |
22 | 6 February 2013 16:04:24 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | Globalstar-2 F4 (6 satellites) | Communications satellite |
23 | 19 April 2013 10:00:00 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | Bion-M No.1 |
Biological science satellite + 5 piggyback satellites |
24 | 26 April 2013 05:23:46 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success [34] | Kosmos 2485 (GLONASS-M 747) | Navigation satellite |
25 | 7 June 2013 18:37:59 |
Soyuz-2.1b | Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success[35] | Kosmos 2486 (Persona No.2) | Reconnaissance satellite |
26 | 25 June 2013 17:28:48 |
Soyuz-2.1b | Baikonur, Site 31 | Success [36] | Resurs-P No.1 | Earth observation satellite |
27 | 25 June 2013 19:27:03 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guiana, ELS | Success [37] | O3b-1/2/3/4 | Communications satellites |
28 | 19 December 2013 09:12:19 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guiana, ELS | Success [38] | Gaia | Space telescope |
29 | 28 December 2013 12:30 |
Soyuz-2.1v Volga |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success [citation needed] | Aist 1, SKRL-756 #1/2 | Maiden flight of Soyuz-2.1v |
30 | 23 March 2014 22:54:03 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success [39] | Kosmos 2494 (GLONASS-M 754) | Navigation satellite |
31 | 3 April 2014 21:02:26 |
Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M |
Guiana, ELS | Success [40] | Sentinel-1A | Earth observation satellite |
32 | 6 May 2014 13:49:35 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success [41] | Kosmos 2495 (Kobalt-M) | Reconnaissance satellite |
33 | 14 June 2014 17:16:48 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success [42] | Kosmos 2500 (GLONASS-M 755) | Navigation satellite |
34 | 8 July 2014 15:58:28 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Baikonur, Site 31 | Success [43] | Meteor-M No.2
|
Weather satellite + 6 piggyback satellites |
35 | 10 July 2014 18:55:56 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guiana, ELS | Success [44] | O3b-5/6/7/8 | Communications satellites |
36 | 18 July 2014 20:50:00 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31 |
Success | Foton-M No.4 | Microgravity and biology research satellite |
37 | 22 August 2014 12:27:11 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guiana, ELS | Partial success [45] | Galileo FOC-1/2 | Navigation satellite |
Fregat upper stage guidance problem left the satellites in an incorrect elliptical orbit. Traced to a flaw in the Fregat thermal design with a heat bridge from the coolant line to fuel line causing freezing of fuel line. | ||||||
38 | 29 October 2014 07:09:43 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | Progress M-25M | ISS cargo spacecraft. This was the first time Soyuz 2.1a rocket was used for an ISS mission launch. |
39 | 30 October 2014 01:42:52 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Meridian 7 | Military communications satellite |
40 | 30 November 2014 21:52:26 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Kosmos 2501 (GLONASS-K 12L) | Navigation satellite |
41 | 18 December 2014 18:37:00 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guiana, ELS | Success | O3b-9/10/11/12 | Communications satellite |
Although the mission successfully placed the O3b constellation into the correct orbit, the telemetry system ceased to send telemetry data to ground controllers moments before third Fregat burn. Mission control afterwards directly relied to the satellites to confirm their condition and their position.[46] | ||||||
42 | 25 December 2014 03:01:13 |
Soyuz-2.1b | Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Kosmos 2502 (Lotos-S1 No.1) | ELINT |
43 | 26 December 2014 18:55:50 |
Soyuz-2.1b | Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | Resurs-P No.2 | Earth observation satellite |
44 | 27 February 2015 11:01:35 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Kosmos 2503 (Bars-M 1L) | Reconnaissance |
45 | 27 March 2015 21:46:18 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guiana, ELS | Success | Galileo FOC-3/4 | Navigation |
46 | 28 April 2015 07:09:50 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31 | Failure | Progress M-27M | ISS logistics |
Spacecraft lost communications and attitude control soon after separation after damaged by vibration issues during launch.[47] International Space Station docking attempt cancelled.[48] Mission declared a total loss.[49] | ||||||
47 | 5 June 2015 15:23:54 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Kosmos 2505 (Kobalt-M) | Reconnaissance |
48 | 23 June 2015 16:44:00 |
Soyuz-2.1b | Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Kosmos 2506 (Persona No.3) | Reconnaissance |
49 | 11 September 2015 02:08:10 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guiana, ELS | Success[50] | Galileo FOC-5/6 | Navigation |
50 | 17 November 2015 06:33:41 |
Soyuz-2.1b | Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Kosmos 2510 (EKS) |
Missile early warning |
51 | 5 December 2015 14:09:00 |
Soyuz-2.1v Volga |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Partial success [51] | Kanopus-ST 1 (Kosmos 2511) KYuA 1 (Kosmos 2512) |
Earth observation Radar calibration |
Soyuz-2.1v booster performed properly, however Kanopus-ST 1 satellite failed to detach from the satellite carrier atop the Volga upper stage. The KYuA-1 radar calibration sphere was mounted in the side of the satellite carrier and was able to successfully deploy. | ||||||
52 | 17 December 2015 11:51:56 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guiana, ELS | Success [52] | Galileo FOC-8/9 | Navigation |
53 | 21 December 2015 08:44:39 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | Progress MS-01 | ISS logistics |
54 | 7 February 2016 00:21:07 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Kosmos 2514 (GLONASS-M 751) | Navigation |
55 | 13 March 2016 18:56:00 |
Soyuz-2.1b | Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | Resurs-P No.3 | Earth observation |
56 | 24 March 2016 09:42 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Kosmos 2515 (Bars-M 2L) | Reconnaissance |
57 | 31 March 2016 16:23:57 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | Progress MS-02 | ISS logistics |
58 | 25 April 2016 21:02:13 |
Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M |
Guiana, ELS | Success [53] | Sentinel-1B[54] MICROSCOPE[55] |
Earth observation Astrophysics research Technology |
59 | 28 April 2016 02:01:21 |
Soyuz-2.1a Volga |
Vostochny, Site 1S | Success [23] | Mikhailo Lomonosov [56]
|
Gamma-ray astronomy Technology demonstrations |
60 | 24 May 2016 08:48:43 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guiana, ELS | Success [58] | Galileo FOC-10/11 | Navigation |
61 | 29 May 2016 08:44:37 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success [59] | Kosmos 2516 (GLONASS-M 760) | Navigation |
Third stage shut down prematurely during the launch. Fregat upper stage detected the problem and compensated with an extended firing, delivering the satellite to the correct orbit.[60] | ||||||
62 | 28 January 2017 01:03:34 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guiana, ELS | Success [61] | Hispasat 36W-1 a.k.a. Hispasat AG1 Small GEO |
Communications |
63 | 18 May 2017 11:54:53 |
Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M |
Guiana, ELS | Success [62] | SES-15[63] | Communications |
64 | 25 May 2017 06:33 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success [64] | EKS-2 | Missile early warning |
65 | 14 June 2017 09:20 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | Progress MS-06 | ISS logistics |
66 | 23 June 2017 18:04 |
Soyuz-2.1v Volga |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success [65] | Kosmos 2519 | Military satellite, possibly geodesy project Nivelir-ZU |
67 | 14 July 2017 06:36:49 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Baikonur, Site 31 | Partial success | Kanopus-V-IK Many cubesats |
Earth observation Heliophysics |
At least 9 of the 72 cubesats were reported to have failed, possibly due to an issue with the Fregat upper stage.[66] Glavkosmos, the cubesat launch provider, has later confirmed upper stage anomaly.[67] | ||||||
68 | 22 September 2017 00:02:32 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Kosmos 2522 (GLONASS-M 752) | Navigation |
69 | 14 October 2017 08:46:53 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31 | Success | Progress MS-07 | ISS logistics |
70 | 28 November 2017 05:41:46 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Vostochny, Site 1S[68] | Failure [69] | Meteor-M No.2-1 Ionosfera Baumanets Several cubesats |
Weather Ionospheric research |
The orbital insertion burn was conducted while upper stage was oriented in the wrong direction sending it back in to the atmosphere. Roscosmos investigation found 20 years earlier Baikonur co-ordinates had mistakenly been hardcoded in a Fregat subroutine, and the mistake only manifested itself for the first time due to launching from Vostochny. The Russian Government and independent experts however consider the conclusion as a way of escaping individual blame.[70] | ||||||
71 | 2 December 2017 10:43:26 |
Soyuz-2.1b | Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success [71] | Kosmos 2524 (Lotos S1 No.2) | ELINT |
72 | 1 February 2018 02:07:18 [72] |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Vostochny, Site 1S[68] | Success [73][74] | Kanopus-V No.3, No.4 Lemur-2 74, 75, 76, 77 S-Net 1, 2, 3, 4 D-Star One v.1.1 [75] |
Earth observation Technology demonstrations |
73 | 13 February 2018 08:13:33 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31 | Success [76] | Progress MS-08 | ISS logistics |
74 | 9 March 2018 17:10:06 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guiana, ELS | Success | O3b-13/14/15/16 | Communications |
75 | 28 March 2018 17:38:42 |
Soyuz-2.1v | Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success [77] | Kosmos 2525 (EMKA) | Military satellite |
76 | 16 June 2018 21:30 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | Kosmos 2527 (GLONASS-M 756) | Navigation |
77 | 9 July 2018 21:51 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31 | Success[78] | Progress MS-09 | ISS logistics |
78 | 25 October 2018 00:15 |
Soyuz-2.1b | Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success [79] | Kosmos 2528 (Lotos-S1 No.3) | ELINT |
79 | 3 November 2018 20:17 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success[80] | Kosmos 2529 (GLONASS-M 757) | Navigation |
80 | 7 November 2018 00:47:27 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-M |
Guiana, ELS | Success | MetOp-C | Weather |
81 | 19 December 2018 13:37 |
Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M |
Guiana, ELS | Success [81] | CSO 1 | Reconnaissance for the French Armed Forces |
82 | 27 December 2018 02:07 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Vostochny, Site 1S | Success [81] | Kanopus-V No.5 and Kanopus-V No.6 Dove Flock-w × 12 |
Earth observation satellites. |
83 | 21 February 2019 19:47 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Baikonur, Site 31 | Success [82] | EgyptSat A | Earth observation |
84 | 27 February 2019 21:37 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guiana, ELS | Success [83] | OneWeb-1 (6 satellites) + mockups × 4 (pilot flight) [84] |
Communications |
85 | 4 April 2019 11:01 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31 | Success [85] | Progress MS-11 | ISS logistics |
86 | 4 April 2019 17:03:37 |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
ELS Guiana |
Success | O3b (x4) | Low Earth orbit communication satellites |
87 | 27 May 2019 09:23 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success [86] | GLONASS-M 758 | Navigation. A lightning struck the rocket 14 seconds after start, without affecting its performance.[86] |
88 | 5 July 2019 05:41 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Vostochny, Site 1S | Success [87] | Meteor-M No.2-2 Microsputnik | Weather |
89 | 10 July 2019 17:14 [88] |
Soyuz-2.1v Volga |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | 14F150 No.2 / Nivelir-L [89] | Geodesy |
Launch of four classified military satellites, designated Kosmos 2535–2538, speculated to be part of the Nivelir series of Russian surveillance satellites. | ||||||
90 | 30 July 2019 05:56 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success[90] | Meridian 8 | Communications |
91 | 31 July 2019 12:10 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31 | Success [91] | Progress MS-12 | ISS logistics |
92 | 22 August 2019 03:38 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31 | Success [92] | Soyuz MS-14 (uncrewed flight test) | ISS crew transport |
93 | 26 September 2019 07:46 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success [93] | Kosmos 2541 | Military reconnaissance |
94 | 25 November 2019 17:52 |
Soyuz-2.1v Volga |
Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success [94] | Kosmos 2542 | Satellite inspection [95] |
95 | 6 December 2019 09:34 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-13 / 74P | ISS logistics |
96 | 11 December 2019 | Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | GLONASS-M 759 | Navigation |
97 | 18 December 2019 | Soyuz ST-A Fregat-MT |
Guiana, ELS | Success | CHEOPS COSMO-SkyMed (CSG 1) OPS-SAT |
Space telescope Earth observation (radar) Technical demonstration |
98 | 6 February 2020 21:42:41 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | OneWeb-2 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 1)[84] |
Communications |
99 | 20 February 2020 08:24:54 |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43/3 | Success | Meridian M-9 (19L) | Military comsat[96] |
100 | 16 March 2020 18:28:00 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43/3 | Success [69] | GLONASS-M No.760 (Kosmos 2545) |
Navigation |
101 | 21 March 2020 17:06:58 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success [69][97] | OneWeb-3 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 2) |
Communications |
102 | 9 April 2020 08:05:06 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success[69] | Soyuz MS-16 | ISS crew transport |
103 | 25 April 2020 01:51:41 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success [98] | Progress MS-14 | ISS logistics |
104 | 22 May 2020 06:45[99] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43 | Success | EKS-4 (Tundra 14L)[100] | Early warning |
105 | 23 July 2020 14:26:22 |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-15 | ISS logistics |
106 | 28 September 2020 11:20:00 |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Gonets-M (17/18/19) GEN-1 (Antilles and Amidala) (Canada), Lemur-2 (4) (United States), MeznSat (United Arab Emirates), SALSAT (Germany), NetSat-1 to 4 (Germany), ICEYE-X6 and X7 (Finland), LacunaSat-3 (Lithuania), Yarilo-1 and 2 (Russia), Norbi (Russia) and Dekart (Descartes) (Russia) [101] |
Communications |
107 | 14 October 2020 05:45:04 [102] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Soyuz MS-17 | ISS crew transport |
108 | 25 October 2020 19:08:42 [103] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2547 (GLONASS-K 15L) | Navigation |
109 | 2 December 2020 01:33:28 [104] |
Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M |
Guiana, ELS | Success | FalconEye 2 | Reconnaissance |
110 | 3 December 2020 01:14 [105] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat |
Plesetsk, Site 43/3 | Success | Gonets-M 20/21/22 ERA-1 (Kosmos-2548) (nanosatellite) |
Communication Technology - Russian Ministry of Defense |
111 | 18 December 2020 12:26:26 [106] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat |
Vostochny, Site 1S | Success | OneWeb-4 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 1) |
Communications |
112 | 20 December 2020 16:42:07 [107] |
Soyuz ST-A Fregat-M |
Guiana, ELS | Success | CSO-2 | Reconnaissance |
113 | 2 February 2021 20:45:28 [108] |
Soyuz-2.1b | Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2549 (Lotos-S1 No.4) | ELINT |
114 | 15 February 2021 04:45:05 [109] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-16 | ISS logistics |
115 | 28 February 2021 06:55:01 [110] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Arktika-M No.1 | Weather satellite |
116 | 22 March 2021 06:07:12 [111] |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | CAS500-1 A cluster of secondary commercial payloads (+37 satellites). |
Earth observation |
117 | 25 March 2021 02:47:33[112] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat |
Vostochny, Site 1S | Success | OneWeb-5 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 2) |
Communications |
118 | 9 April 2021 07:42:40[113] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Soyuz MS-18 | ISS crew transport |
119 | 25 April 2021 22:14:08[114] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat |
Vostochny, Site 1S | Success | OneWeb-6 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 3) |
Communications |
120 | 28 May 2021 17:38:39[115] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat |
Vostochny, Site 1S | Success | OneWeb-7 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 4) |
Communications |
121 | 25 June 2021 19:50:00[116] |
Soyuz-2.1b | Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2550 (Pion-NKS No.1) | SIGINT |
122 | 29 June 2021 23:27:20[117] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-17 | ISS logistics |
123 | 1 July 2021 12:48:33[118] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat |
Vostochny, Site 1S | Success | OneWeb-8 (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 5) |
Communications |
124 | 21 August 2021 22:13:40[119] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat |
Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | OneWeb-9 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 3) |
Communications |
125 | 9 September 2021 19:59:47[120] |
Soyuz-2.1v | Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2551 (EMKA No.2) | Reconnaissance |
126 | 14 September 2021 18:07:19[121] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat |
Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | OneWeb-10 (34 satellites) (Baikonur flight 4) |
Communications |
127 | 5 October 2021 08:55:02[122] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Soyuz MS-19 | ISS crew transport |
128 | 14 October 2021 09:40:10[123] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat |
Vostochny, Site 1S | Success | OneWeb (36 satellites) (Vostochny flight 6) |
Communications |
129 | 28 October 2021 00:00:32[124] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-18 | ISS logistics |
130 | 24 November 2021 13:06:35[125] |
Soyuz-2.1b | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Prichal | ISS assembly |
131 | 25 November 2021 01:09:13[126] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat |
Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2552 (EKS-5, Tundra 15L) | Early warning |
132 | 5 December 2021 00:19:20[127] |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guyana, ELS | Success | Galileo FOC FM23 Galileo FOC FM24 |
Navigation |
133 | 8 December 2021 07:38:15[128] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Soyuz MS-20 | ISS crew transport and space tourism |
134 | 27 December 2021 13:10:37[129] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat |
Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | OneWeb (36 satellites) (Baikonur flight 5) |
Communications |
135 | 5 February 2022 07:00:00[130] |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat |
Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Neitron №1 | Reconnaissance |
136 | 10 February 2022 18:09:37[131] |
Soyuz ST-B Fregat-MT |
Guyana, ELS | Success | OneWeb (34 satellites) | Communications |
137 | 15 February 2022 04:25:39[132] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-19 | ISS logistics |
138 | 18 March 2022 15:55:18[133] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Soyuz MS-21 | ISS crew transport |
139 | 22 March 2022 12:48:22[134] |
Soyuz-2.1a Fregat |
Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Meridian-M 10 (20L) | Military communications |
140 | 7 April 2022 11:20:18[135] |
Soyuz-2.1b | Plesetsk, Site 43/3 | Success | Kosmos 2554 (Lotos-S1 No.5) | ELINT |
141 | 19 May 2022 08:03:32[136] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2556 (Bars-M 3L) | Reconnaissance |
142 | 3 June 2022 09:32:16[137] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-20 | ISS logistics |
143 | 7 July 2022 09:18:06[138] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2557 (GLONASS-K 16L) | Navigation |
144 | 1 August 2022 20:25:48[139] |
Soyuz-2.1v Volga |
Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2558 (Nivelir No.3) | Surveillance |
145 | 9 August 2022 05:52:38[140] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Khayyam 16 rideshare cubesats |
Earth observation |
146 | 21 September 2022 13:54:49[141] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Soyuz MS-22 | ISS crew transport |
147 | 10 October 2022 02:52:32[142] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43/3 | Success | Kosmos 2559 (GLONASS-K 17L) | Navigation |
148 | 21 October 2022 19:20:15[143] |
Soyuz-2.1v Volga |
Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2561 & Kosmos 2562 | Surveillance |
149 | 22 October 2022 19:57:09[144] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Vostochny, Site 1S | Success | Gonets-M 23/24/25 (33L/34L/35L), Skif-D | Communications |
150 | 26 October 2022 00:20:09[145] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-21 | ISS logistics |
151 | 2 November 2022 06:47:48[146] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2563 (EKS-6, Tundra 16L) | Early warning |
152 | 28 November 2022 15:13:50[147] |
Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43/3 | Success | Kosmos 2564 (GLONASS-M 761) | Navigation |
153 | 30 November 2022 21:10:25[148] |
Soyuz-2.1b | Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2565 (Lotos-S1 No.6) Kosmos 2566 |
ELINT |
154 | 9 February 2023 06:15:36[149] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-22 | ISS logistics |
155 | 24 February 2023 00:24:29[150] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Soyuz MS-23 | ISS crew transport |
156 | 23 March 2023 06:40:11[151] |
Soyuz-2.1a | Plesetsk, Site 43/3 | Success | Kosmos 2567 (Bars-M 4L) | Reconnaissance |
157 | 29 March 2023 19:57:02[152] | Soyuz-2.1v | Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2568 (EO MKA №4) | Reconnaissance |
158 | 24 May 2023 12:56:07[153] | Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-23 | ISS logistics |
159 | 26 May 2023 21:14:51[154] | Soyuz-2.1a Fregat-M |
Vostochny, Site 1S | Success | Kondor-FKA No.1 | Reconnaissance |
160 | 27 June 2023 11:34:49[155] | Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Vostochny, Site 1S | Success | Meteor-M No.2-3 42 rideshare satellites |
Weather Various uses |
161 | 7 August 2023 13:19:25[156] | Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43/3 | Success | Kosmos 2569 (GLONASS-K2 13L) | Navigation |
162 | 10 August 2023 23:10:57[157] | Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Vostochny, Site 1S | Success | Luna 25 (Luna-Glob lander) | Lunar exploration |
163 | 23 August 2023 01:08:10[158] | Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-24 | ISS logistics |
164 | 15 September 2023 15:44:35[159] | Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Soyuz MS-24 | ISS crew transport |
165 | 27 October 2023 06:04:43[160] | Soyuz-2.1b | Plesetsk, Site 43/3 | Success | Kosmos 2570 (Lotos-S1 No.7) Kosmos 2571 |
ELINT |
166 | 25 November 2023 20:58:06[161] | Soyuz-2.1b | Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2572 (Razdan 1) | Reconnaissance |
167 | 1 December 2023 09:25:11[162] | Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-25 | ISS logistics |
168 | 16 December 2023 09:17:48[163] | Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Arktika-M No.2 | Meteorology |
169 | 21 December 2023 08:48:39[164] | Soyuz-2.1b | Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2573 (Bars-M 5L) | Reconnaissance |
170 | 27 December 2023 07:03:44[165] | Soyuz-2.1v | Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2574 (Razbeg No.1) | Reconnaissance |
171 | 9 February 2024 07:03:44[166] | Soyuz-2.1v | Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2575 (Razbeg No.2) | Reconnaissance |
172 | 15 February 2024 03:25:05[167] | Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-26 | ISS logistics |
173 | 29 February 2024 05:43:26[168] | Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Vostochny, Site 1S | Success | Meteor-M No.2-4 18 rideshare satellites |
Weather Various uses |
174 | 23 March 2024 12:36:10[169] | Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Soyuz MS-25 | ISS crew transport |
175 | 31 March 2024 09:36:45[170] | Soyuz-2.1b | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Resurs-P No.4 | Earth observation |
176 | 16 May 2024 21:21:29[171] | Soyuz-2.1b Fregat-M |
Plesetsk, Site 43/4 | Success | Kosmos 2576 (Nivelir-L №4) 9 rideshare satellites |
Reconnaissance Various uses |
177 | 30 May 2024 09:42:59[172] | Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-27 | ISS logistics |
178 | 15 August 2024 03:20:18[173] | Soyuz-2.1a | Baikonur, Site 31/6 | Success | Progress MS-28 | ISS logistics |
Planned launches
[edit]![]() |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Russian launch service provider reveals cost of Soyuz-2.1 rocket launch". Russian Aviation. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ "The Soyuz-2 rocket series". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ Office, U. S. Government Accountability. "Surplus Missile Motors: Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers". www.gao.gov. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
- ^ a b "SOYUZ-2 Launch Vehicle/Power Characteristics". Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
- ^ a b "SOYUZ-ST Launch Vehicle / Power Characteristics". Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
- ^ a b "The Soyuz-2 rocket series". Russianspaceweb.
- ^ Конструкция разгонного блока "Фрегат" (in Russian). NPO Lavochkin. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
- ^ "Volga upper stage". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
- ^ "Soyuz 2-1 launches maiden mission from Vostochny | NASASpaceFlight.com". nasaspaceflight.com. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
- ^ Berger, Eric (26 February 2022). "Russia pulls out of European spaceport, abandoning a planned launch". Ars Technica. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ Zak, Anatoly (30 September 2010). "Last launch of the Molniya-M on 30 September 2010". RussianSpaceWeb.com.
- ^ Zak, Anatoly (1 June 2011). "Soyuz-2 to replace its predecessors". RussianSpaceWeb.com.
- ^ "Alexander Kirilin: "We are working on three rocket"". Volzkhskaya Kommuna. 1 June 2011. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
- ^ Stephen Clark (26 July 2008). "Soyuz 2-1b rocket launches classified military payload". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
- ^ a b c d e "Soyuz from the Guiana Space Centre – User's manual" (PDF). Arianespace. March 2012. p. 43. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
- ^ a b c d Zak, Anatoly (23 August 2015). "Soyuz-2 launch vehicle (14A14)". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 24 August 2015. Cite error: The named reference "rsw-soyuz2st" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c В РКЦ «Прогресс» завершены испытания ракеты-носителя для первого запуска с «Восточного» [JSC SRC Progress completes testing on the launch vehicle for the first Vostochny launch] (in Russian). Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center. 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
- ^ a b c Обновлённые «Союзы» для Восточного [Updated Soyuz for Vostochny] (in Russian). 4 November 2014. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
- ^ «Союз-2» приспособят к запуску с «Восточного» [Soyuz-2 to be adapted to Vostochny] (in Russian). lenta.ru. 7 January 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
- ^ a b Системы управления ракет-носителей Союз-2, Союз-СТ, Союз-2-1В [Control systems of launch vehicles Soyuz-2, Soyuz-ST, Soyuz 2-1V] (in Russian). N.A.Semikhatov NPO Automatika. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
- ^ V. M. Antimirov; A. B. Umansky; L. N. Shalimov (2013). Бортовые цифровые вычислительные системы семейства «Малахит» для работы в экстремальных условиях [Onboard digital computer systems of the "Malachite" family for extreme conditions.]. Vestnik Samara State Aerospace University (in Russian) (4 (42) UDC 629.7.05:004.3): 1. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
- ^ Размещение ракеты-носителя «Союз-2» на космодроме „Восточный“ пока остается под вопросом [The placement of Soyuz-2 at Vostochny Cosmodrome remains under question] (in Russian). Radio Ekho Moskvy. 1 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
- ^ a b Zak, Anatoly. "Soyuz historic first mission from Vostochny". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
- ^ Clark, Stephen (22 October 2022). "Soyuz rocket launches with demo satellite for Russian internet constellation". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^ "Soyuz 2-1b rocket launches classified military payload". Spaceflight Now. 26 July 2008.
- ^ Zak, Anatoly. "The Meridian satellite (14F112)". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
- ^ Soyuz flight VS01 Lifts Off From French Guiana.
- ^ Glonass-M satellite launched into orbit. Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine(in Russian)
- ^ Six defense satellites launched by Soyuz rocket
- ^ Russian satellite crashes into Siberia after launch
- ^ "Globalstar satellites "flawlessly" orbited by Soyuz". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ Soyuz ST-B launches Galileo twins successfully to orbit.
- ^ "Soyuz VS-04 Pleiades 1B Launch Updates - SPACEFLIGHT101". Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
- ^ Third Soyuz launch in a week bolsters Glonass system
- ^ Graham, William (7 June 2013). "Russian spy satellite launched via Soyuz 2-1B". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
- ^ Graham, William (25 June 2013). "Soyuz 2-1B successfully launches with Resurs-P". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ "Arianespace launch VS05 > Soyuz ST-B – O3b: Mission accomplished!" (Press release). Arianespace. 25 June 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
- ^ Soyuz ST-B successfully launches Gaia space observatory
- ^ Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia
- ^ Graham, William; Bergin, Chris (3 April 2014). "Arianespace Soyuz ST-A launches Sentinel-1A mission". Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- ^ Soyuz-2-1A launches Kobalt-M reconnaissance satellite
- ^ Fresh Glonass navigation satellite launched by Russia
- ^ Lift-off for British demo satellites
- ^ "Arianespace advances O3b Networks' revolutionary vision with another Soyuz launch success". Arianespace. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
- ^ "Inquiry into Galileo launch anomaly to focus on Fregat".
- ^ de Selding, Peter (15 January 2015). "Soyuz Glitches Shake EC's Confidence in Vehicle". SpaceNews.com. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
- ^ "РОСКОСМОС: "ПРОГРЕСС М-27М" – ОПРЕДЕЛЕНА ПРИЧИНА АВАРИИ (ROSCOSMOS: "Progress M-27M" – cause of accident determined)" (in Russian). Roscosmos. 1 June 2015. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- ^ "Progress M-27M". www.russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
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The long-delayed flight of the first Glonass-K2 (serial number 13L) is now set for the first quarter of next year, with a second satellite (nr. 14L) expected to follow later in 2023.
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External links
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