Research stations in Antarctica: Difference between revisions

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Multiple governments have set up permanent research stations in Antarctica and these bases are widely distributed. Unlike the drifting ice stations set up in the Arctic, the research stations of the Antarctic are constructed either on rock or on ice that is (for practical purposes) fixed in place.

Many of the stations are staffed throughout the year. A total of 42 countries (as of October 2006), all signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, operate seasonal (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent. The population of people performing and supporting scientific research on the continent and nearby islands varies from approximately 4,000 during the summer season to 1,000 during winter (June).^[1] In addition to these permanent stations, approximately 30 field camps are established each summer to support specific projects.^[2]^{[dubious – discuss]}

History

First bases

During the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration in the late 19th century, the first bases on the continent were established. In 1898, Carsten Borchgrevink, a Norwegian/British explorer, led the British Antarctic Expedition to Cape Adare, where he established the first Antarctic base on Ridley Beach. This expedition is often referred to now as the Southern Cross Expedition, after the expedition's ship name. Most of the staff were Norwegian, but the funds for the expedition were British, provided by Sir George Newnes. The 10 members of the expedition explored Robertson Bay to the west of Cape Adare by dog teams, and later, after being picked up by the ship at the base, went ashore on the Ross Ice Shelf for brief journeys. The expedition hut is still in good condition and visited frequently by tourists.

The hut was later occupied by Scott's Northern Party under the command of Victor Campbell for a year in 1911, after its attempt to explore the eastern end of the ice shelf discovered Roald Amundsen already ashore preparing for his assault on the South Pole.

In 1903, Dr William S. Bruce's Scottish National Antarctic Expedition set off to Antarctica, with one of its aims to establish a meteorological station in the area. After the expedition failed to find land, Bruce decided to head back to the Laurie Island in the South Orkneys and find an anchorage there.^[3] The islands were well-situated as a site for a meteorological station, and their relative proximity to the South American mainland allowed a permanent station to be established.^[4] Bruce instituted a comprehensive programme of work, involving meteorological readings, trawling for marine samples, botanical excursions, and the collection of biological and geological specimens.^[3]

The major task completed during this time was the construction of a stone building, christened "Omond House".^[5] This was to act as living accommodation for the parties that would remain on Laurie Island to operate the proposed meteorological laboratory. The building was constructed from local materials using the dry stone method, with a roof improvised from wood and canvas sheeting. The completed house was 20 feet by 20 feet square (6m × 6m), with two windows, fitted as quarters for six people. Rudmose Brown wrote: "Considering that we had no mortar and no masons' tools it is a wonderfully fine house and very lasting. I should think it will be standing a century hence ..."^[6]

Bruce later offered to Argentina the transfer of the station and instruments on the condition that the government committed itself to the continuation of the scientific mission.^[7] Bruce informed the British officer William Haggard of his intentions in December 1903, and Haggard ratified the terms of Bruce's proposition.^[8]

The Scotia sailed back for Laurie Island on 14 January 1904 carrying on board Argentinean officials from the Ministry of Agriculture, National Meteorological Office, Ministry of Livestock and National Postal and Telegraphs Office. In 1906, Argentina communicated to the international community the establishment of a permanent base on the South Orkney Islands.

WWII and postwar expansion

Little happened for the following forty years until the Second World War, when the British launched Operation Tabarin in 1943, to establish a presence on the continent. The chief reason was to establish solid British claims to various uninhabited islands and parts of Antarctica, reinforced by Argentine sympathies toward Germany.

Prior to the start of the war, German aircraft had dropped markers with swastikas across Queen Maud Land in an attempt to create a territorial claim (New Swabia).^[9] Led by Lieutenant James Marr, the 14-strong team left the Falkland Islands in two ships, HMS William Scoresby (a minesweeping trawler) and HMS Fitzroy, on Saturday January 29, 1944. Marr had accompanied the British explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton on his final Antarctic expedition in 1921–22.

Bases were established during February near the abandoned Norwegian whaling station on Deception Island, where the Union Flag was hoisted in place of Argentine flags, and at Port Lockroy (on February 11) on the coast of Graham Land. A further base was founded at Hope Bay on February 13, 1945, after a failed attempt to unload stores on February 7, 1944. These bases were the first ever to be constructed on the mainland Antarctica.^[10]

The United States starting under the leadership of Admiral Richard E. Byrd constructed a series of five bases near the Bay of Whales named Little America between 1929 and 1958. All of them have now drifted off to sea on icebergs.

A massive expansion in international activity followed the war. Chile organized its First Chilean Antarctic Expedition in 1947–48. Among other accomplishments, it brought the Chilean president Gabriel González Videla to personally inaugurate one of its bases, thereby becoming the first head of state to set foot on the continent.^[11] Signy Research Station (UK) was established in 1947, Australia's Mawson Station in 1954, Dumont d'Urville Station was the first French station in 1956. In that same year, the United States built McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the Soviet Union built Mirny Station.

Permanent active stations

The United States maintains the southernmost base, Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the largest base and research station in Antarctica, McMurdo Station. The second-southernmost base is the Chinese Kunlun Station at 80°25′02″S during the summer season, and the Russian Vostok Station at 78°27′50″S during the winter season.

Station name	Location	Country	Administered by	Year established	Summer population	Winter population	LOCODE	Time zone	Coordinates	Average annual temperature (°C)	Activities
Amundsen–Scott South Pole	Geographical South Pole	United States	United States Antarctic Program	1957	150	45	AQ AMS	UTC+12^[a]	90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0	−49.5
Arctowski	King George Island	Poland	Polish Academy of Sciences	1977	45	12	AQ ARC		62°09′37″S 58°28′24″W / 62.160140°S 58.473247°W / -62.160140; -58.473247
Arrival Heights Laboratory^[12]	Ross Island	New Zealand	Antarctica New Zealand	1959			AQ		77°49′50″S 166°39′40″E / 77.830577°S 166.661174°E / -77.830577; 166.661174
Arrival Heights Satellite Station^[12]	Ross Island	New Zealand	Antarctica New Zealand	1959			AQ		77°49′48″S 166°39′42″E / 77.830016°S 166.661659°E / -77.830016; 166.661659
Artigas	King George Island	Uruguay	Uruguayan Antarctic Institute	1984	60	9	AQ ART	UTC−3	62°11′04″S 58°54′14″W / 62.184444°S 58.903889°W / -62.184444; -58.903889
Belgrano II	Coats Land	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1979	12	12	AQ BEL	UTC−3	77°52′25″S 34°37′39″W / 77.873696°S 34.627588°W / -77.873696; -34.627588	−13.3
Bellingshausen	King George Island	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1968	38	25	AQ BHN		62°11′55″S 58°57′38″W / 62.198591°S 58.960547°W / -62.198591; -58.960547	−2.3
Bharati	Larsemann Hills	India	National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research	2012	72	47	AQ		69°24′29″S 76°11′14″E / 69.408030°S 76.187361°E / -69.408030; 76.187361
Carlini (ex Jubany)	King George Island	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1953	100	20	AQ JUB	UTC−3	62°14′18″S 58°40′04″W / 62.238251°S 58.667764°W / -62.238251; -58.667764
Casey	Vincennes Bay	Australia	Australian Antarctic Division	1957	160	20	AQ CAS	UTC+8	66°16′57″S 110°31′36″E / 66.282514°S 110.526613°E / -66.282514; 110.526613	−8
Comandante Ferraz	King George Island	Brazil	Brazilian Antarctic Program	1984	100	12	AQ CFZ	UTC−3	62°05′07″S 58°23′29″W / 62.085379°S 58.391513°W / -62.085379; -58.391513	−1.8
Concordia	Dome C, Antarctic Plateau	Italy France	National Antarctic Research Program, IPEV	2005	50	13	AQ CON	UTC+10	75°05′59″S 123°19′56″E / 75.099780°S 123.332196°E / -75.099780; 123.332196	−51.7
Davis	Princess Elizabeth Land	Australia	Australian Antarctic Division	1957	120	18	AQ DAV	UTC+7	68°34′36″S 77°58′03″E / 68.576667°S 77.9675°E / -68.576667; 77.9675	−13.0
Dumont d'Urville	Adélie Land	France	IPEV	1956	100	26	AQ DDU	UTC+10	66°39′46″S 140°00′07″E / 66.662778°S 140.001944°E / -66.662778; 140.001944	−11.1
Eco-Nelson	Nelson Island	Czechoslovakia Czech Republic	Private station	1989			AQ		62°14′47″S 58°58′56″W / 62.246312°S 58.982251°W / -62.246312; -58.982251
Eduardo Frei and Villa Las Estrellas	King George Island	Chile	Chilean Air Force	1969	150	80	AQ	UTC−3	62°11′35″S 58°58′55″W / 62.193126°S 58.981986°W / -62.193126; -58.981986	−2.3
Escudero	King George Island	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1994	50	2	AQ ESC	UTC−3	62°12′05″S 58°57′44″W / 62.201382°S 58.962358°W / -62.201382; -58.962358
Esperanza	Hope Bay	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1953	90	55	AQ ESP	UTC−3	63°23′51″S 56°59′52″W / 63.3975°S 56.997778°W / -63.3975; -56.997778	−4.6
General Bernardo O'Higgins	Cape Legoupil	Chile	Chilean Army	1948	44	16	AQ OHG	UTC−3	63°19′15″S 57°53′59″W / 63.320947°S 57.899677°W / -63.320947; -57.899677	−3.9	Logistics
German Antarctic Receiving Station	Cape Legoupil	Germany	German Aerospace Center	1991			AQ		63°19′15″S 57°54′02″W / 63.320873°S 57.900615°W / -63.320873; -57.900615
Great Wall	King George Island	China	Polar Research Institute of China	1985	40	14	AQ GWL		62°13′01″S 58°57′43″W / 62.216838°S 58.961855°W / -62.216838; -58.961855
Jang Bogo	Terra Nova Bay	South Korea	Korea Polar Research Institute	2014	60	15	AQ JBS	UTC+11	74°37′26″S 164°13′44″E / 74.624015°S 164.228815°E / -74.624015; 164.228815
King Sejong	King George Island	South Korea	Korea Polar Research Institute	1988	90	17	AQ KSG	UTC−3	62°13′22″S 58°47′18″W / 62.222803°S 58.788256°W / -62.222803; -58.788256
Maitri	Schirmacher Oasis	India	National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research	1989	65	25	AQ MTR		70°46′00″S 11°43′53″E / 70.766632°S 11.731516°E / -70.766632; 11.731516
Marambio	Marambio Island	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1969	200	55	AQ MRB	UTC−3	64°14′28″S 56°37′36″W / 64.241014°S 56.626753°W / -64.241014; -56.626753	−8.1
Mawson	Mac Robertson Land	Australia	Australian Antarctic Division	1954	120	18	AQ MAW	UTC+6	67°36′12″S 62°52′27″E / 67.603232°S 62.874170°E / -67.603232; 62.874170	−8.3
McMurdo	Ross Island	United States	United States Antarctic Program	1956	1258	250	AQ MCM	UTC+12^[a]	77°50′47″S 166°40′06″E / 77.846323°S 166.668235°E / -77.846323; 166.668235	−19.7
Mirny	Davis Sea	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1956	200	50	AQ MIR		66°33′11″S 93°00′35″E / 66.553122°S 93.009724°E / -66.553122; 93.009724	−11.3
Neumayer III	Atka Bay	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	2009	50	9	AQ NEU	UTC	70°40′38″S 8°16′18″W / 70.677250°S 8.271600°W / -70.677250; -8.271600
Novolazarevskaya	Queen Maud Land	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1961	70	30	AQ NOV		70°46′36″S 11°49′20″E / 70.776762°S 11.822356°E / -70.776762; 11.822356	−10.3
Orcadas	Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino, Argentine Navy	1904	45	11	AQ ORC	UTC−3	60°44′17″S 44°44′17″W / 60.738085°S 44.738130°W / -60.738085; -44.738130	−3.0
Palmer	Anvers Island	United States	United States Antarctic Program	1968	40	10	AQ PLM	UTC−3	64°46′27″S 64°03′10″W / 64.774230°S 64.052718°W / -64.774230; -64.052718	−2
Progress	Prydz Bay	Russia Soviet Union	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1988	80	20	AQ PRO		69°22′25″S 76°22′18″E / 69.373575°S 76.371678°E / -69.373575; 76.371678	−9.4
Rothera (ex Station R)^[13]	Adelaide Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1975	100	22	AQ ROT		67°34′06″S 68°07′33″W / 67.568417°S 68.125796°W / -67.568417; -68.125796
San Martín	Barry Island	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1951	14	14	AQ SMT	UTC−3	68°07′48″S 67°06′05″W / 68.130043°S 67.101311°W / -68.130043; -67.101311	−4.6
SANAE IV	Vesleskarvet, Queen Maud Land	South Africa	South African National Antarctic Programme	1997	60	10	AQ SNA	UTC+2	71°40′22″S 2°50′26″W / 71.672650°S 2.840575°W / -71.672650; -2.840575
Scott Base	Ross Island	New Zealand	Antarctica New Zealand	1957	85	12	AQ SBA	UTC+12	77°50′57″S 166°46′06″E / 77.849132°S 166.768196°E / -77.849132; 166.768196	−19.6
Showa	East Ongul Island	Japan	National Institute of Polar Research	1957	110	22	AQ SYW	UTC+3	69°00′25″S 39°35′01″E / 69.00695736°S 39.58374400°E / -69.00695736; 39.58374400	−10.5
Troll	Queen Maud Land	Norway	Norwegian Polar Institute	1990	40	8	AQ TRL		72°00′42″S 2°32′06″E / 72.011662°S 2.535138°E / -72.011662; 2.535138
Vernadsky, (ex Station F)	Galindez Island	Ukraine United Kingdom	National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine	1994	24	12	AQ VKY	UTC−3	65°14′45″S 64°15′28″W / 65.245791°S 64.257786°W / -65.245791; -64.257786	−3.3
Vostok	Antarctic Ice Sheet	Russia Soviet Union	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1957	25	13	AQ VOS	UTC+6	78°27′50″S 106°50′15″E / 78.463889°S 106.83757°E / -78.463889; 106.83757	−55.2
Zhongshan	Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay	China	Polar Research Institute of China	1989	60	25	AQ ZGN		69°22′25″S 76°22′18″E / 69.373587°S 76.371652°E / -69.373587; 76.371652

Subantarctic stations

Station name	Location	Country	Administered by	Year established	Summer population	Winter population	LOCODE	Coordinates	Activities
Alfred Faure	Île de la Possession	France		1963	45	24	TF	46°25′56″S 51°51′30″E / 46.432333°S 51.858217°E / -46.432333; 51.858217	Meteorology, seismology, biology
Bird (ex Station BI)^[14]	Bird Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1957	10	4	GS	54°00′30″S 38°03′04″W / 54.008329°S 38.051132°W / -54.008329; -38.051132	Bird and seal research
Campbell	Campbell Island	New Zealand	MetService	1946			NZ	52°33′04″S 169°09′04″E / 52.550973°S 169.150981°E / -52.550973; 169.150981	Meteorology
Gough	Gough Island	South Africa	South African Weather Service	1956			SH TDC	40°20′58″S 9°52′49″W / 40.349307°S 9.880331°W / -40.349307; -9.880331	Meteorology
King Edward Point (ex Station M)^[15]	King Edward Point	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1950	22	12	GS	54°17′00″S 36°29′36″W / 54.283335°S 36.493196°W / -54.283335; -36.493196	Support sustainable fishing
Macquarie	Macquarie Island	Australia	Australian Antarctic Division	1948	40	16	AUS	54°18′S 158°34′E / 54.30°S 158.57°E / -54.30; 158.57	Meteorology, biology
Marion	Prince Edward Islands	South Africa	South African National Antarctic Programme	1948			ZA	46°52′32″S 37°51′31″E / 46.875460°S 37.858540°E / -46.875460; 37.858540	Meteorology, biology
Port-aux-Français	Kerguelen Islands	France		1963	120	45	TF PFR	49°20′55″S 70°13′10″E / 49.348667°S 70.219306°E / -49.348667; 70.219306	Meteorology, geophysics, biology

Map of permanent active stations

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Indic Ocean

Frei, Carlini, Ferraz, Sejong, Artigas, Escudero, Arctowski, Great Wall, Bellingshausen

Amundsen–Scott

Belgrano II

Progress, Zhongshan, Bharati

Esperanza, Marambio, O'Higgins

Jang Bogo

Novolazarevskaya, Maitri

Permanent research stations in Antarctica

Summer-only active stations

Station name	Location	Country	Administered by	Year established	Summer population	LOCODE	Time zone	Coordinates	Average annual temperature (°C)	Activities
Aboa	Queen Maud Land	Finland	Finnish Antarctic Research Program	1988	12	AQ ABA		73°02′32″S 13°24′26″W / 73.042283°S 13.407350°W / -73.042283; -13.407350
Arturo Prat	Greenwich Island	Chile	Chilean Navy	1947	8	AQ APT	UTC−3	62°28′44″S 59°39′52″W / 62.478889°S 59.664444°W / -62.478889; -59.664444	−2
Beaver Lake^[16]	Beaver Lake	Australia	Australian Antarctic Division	1995		AQ		70°47′42″S 68°10′08″E / 70.795115°S 68.168909°E / -70.795115; 68.168909
Brown	Paradise Harbor	Argentina	Instituto Antártico Argentino	1951	18	AQ	UTC−3	64°53′44″S 62°52′15″W / 64.895476°S 62.870905°W / -64.895476; -62.870905	2
Cámara	Half Moon Island	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1953	36	AQ	UTC−3	62°35′41″S 59°55′07″W / 62.594847°S 59.918558°W / -62.594847; -59.918558
Carvajal (ex Station T)	Adelaide Island	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1984	30	AQ		67°45′40″S 68°54′52″W / 67.761201°S 68.914365°W / -67.761201; -68.914365
Collins	Fildes Peninsula	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	2006	6	AQ		62°10′09″S 58°51′07″W / 62.169250°S 58.851852°W / -62.169250; -58.851852
Dallmann	Carlini Station	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	1994	14	AQ		62°14′18″S 58°40′04″W / 62.238251°S 58.667764°W / -62.238251; -58.667764
Deception	Deception Island	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1948	65	AQ	UTC−3	62°58′31″S 60°41′52″W / 62.975284°S 60.697771°W / -62.975284; -60.697771
Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory	Rothera Station	Netherlands	British Antarctic Survey, Netherlands Polar Programme	2013		AQ		67°34′08″S 68°07′29″W / 67.568979°S 68.124626°W / -67.568979; -68.124626	−5.3
Dobrowolski (ex Oasis)	Wilkes Land	Poland	Polish Academy of Sciences	1959		AQ		66°16′28″S 100°45′00″E / 66.274514°S 100.749889°E / -66.274514; 100.749889
E Base	Fimbul Ice Shelf	South Africa		1985		AQ		70°18′00″S 2°26′00″W / 70.3°S 2.433333°W / -70.3; -2.433333
Elichiribehety (ex Station D)	Hope Bay	Uruguay	Uruguayan Antarctic Institute	1997	7	AQ		63°24′09″S 56°59′27″W / 63.402478°S 56.990707°W / -63.402478; -56.990707
Fossil Bluff (ex Station KG)^[17]	Alexander Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1961	6	AQ		71°19′24″S 68°17′16″W / 71.323389°S 68.287722°W / -71.323389; -68.287722
Gabriel de Castilla	Deception Island	Spain	Spanish National Research Council	1989	36	AQ GDC		62°58′37″S 60°40′31″W / 62.976951°S 60.675305°W / -62.976951; -60.675305		Marine biology^[18]
Gondwana	Transantarctic Mountains	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	1983		AQ		74°38′07″S 164°13′19″E / 74.635399°S 164.222014°E / -74.635399; 164.222014
González Videla	Waterboat Point, Graham Land	Chile	Chilean Air Force	1951	16	AQ		64°49′26″S 62°51′25″W / 64.823954°S 62.857077°W / -64.823954; -62.857077
Guillermo Mann	Cape Shirreff	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1991	6	AQ		62°28′12″S 60°46′17″W / 62.469917°S 60.771250°W / -62.469917; -60.771250
Halley	Brunt Ice Shelf	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey^[19]	1956	70	AQ HLY		75°36′45″S 26°11′52″W / 75.612543°S 26.197797°W / -75.612543; -26.197797, relocated 23 kilometres (14 mi) inland^[20]	−18.5
Jinnah	Sør Rondane Mountains, Queen Maud Land	Pakistan	Pakistan Antarctic Programme	1991		AQ		70°24′00″S 25°45′00″E / 70.3999984°S 25.749997°E / -70.3999984; 25.749997
Juan Carlos Primero	South Bay, Livingston Island	Spain	Spanish National Research Council	1988	50	AQ JCP	UTC−3	62°39′47″S 60°23′17″W / 62.663138°S 60.387992°W / -62.663138; -60.387992
Julio Ripamonti	Ardley Island	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1982	4	AQ	UTC-3	62°12′36″S 58°56′08″W / 62.210106°S 58.935508°W / -62.210106; -58.935508
Kohnen	Queen Maud Land	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	2001	20	AQ KHN		75°00′07″S 0°04′00″E / 75.001882°S 0.066792°E / -75.001882; 0.066792
Kunlun	Dome A	China	Polar Research Institute of China	2009	28	AQ		80°25′02″S 77°06′59″E / 80.417340°S 77.116449°E / -80.417340; 77.116449
Law-Racoviță-Negoiță	Larsemann Hills, Princess Elizabeth Land	Romania	Romanian Polar Research Institute	1986	13	AQ LAW		69°22′25″S 76°22′18″E / 69.373573°S 76.371594°E / -69.373573; 76.371594
Lenie	Admiralty Bay	United States	United States Antarctic Program	1985	2	AQ		62°10′42″S 58°26′46″W / 62.178439°S 58.446158°W / -62.178439; -58.446158
Machu Picchu	Admiralty Bay, King George Island	Peru	Instituto Antártico Peruano ^[21]	1989	28	AQ		62°05′29″S 58°28′12″W / 62.091497°S 58.469905°W / -62.091497; -58.469905
Maldonado	Greenwich Island	Ecuador	Instituto Antártico Ecuatoriano	1990	22	AQ		62°26′57″S 59°44′29″W / 62.449056°S 59.741389°W / -62.449056; -59.741389
Matienzo	Graham Land	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1961	15	AQ	UTC−3	64°58′32″S 60°04′17″W / 64.975659°S 60.071501°W / -64.975659; -60.071501	−11.6
Melchior	Melchior Islands	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1947	36	AQ	UTC−3	64°19′32″S 62°58′34″W / 64.325688°S 62.976063°W / -64.325688; -62.976063	−3.6
Mendel	James Ross Island	Czech Republic	Masaryk University	2006	20	AQ		63°48′02″S 57°52′56″W / 63.800623°S 57.882178°W / -63.800623; -57.882178
Mizuho	Mizuho Plateau	Japan	National Institute of Polar Research	1970		AQ		70°41′57″S 44°16′45″E / 70.699174°S 44.279057°E / -70.699174; 44.279057	−31	Occasionally transhipment
Molodyozhnaya	Thala Hills, East Antarctica	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1962	15	AQ		67°39′55″S 45°50′18″E / 67.665348°S 45.838400°E / -67.665348; 45.838400	−11.0	Meteorology^[22]
Oasis (renamed Dobrowolski)	Bunger Hills	Soviet Union Poland	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1956		AQ		66°16′00″S 100°44′00″E / 66.266667°S 100.733333°E / -66.266667; 100.733333
Petrel	Dundee Island	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1952	55	AQ	UTC−3	63°28′41″S 56°13′44″W / 63.477947°S 56.228753°W / -63.477947; -56.228753	−6
Primavera	Graham Land	Argentina	Instituto Antartico Argentino	1977	17	AQ	UTC−3	64°09′21″S 60°57′19″W / 64.155766°S 60.955183°W / -64.155766; -60.955183
Princess Elisabeth	Queen Maud Land	Belgium	International Polar Foundation	2007	40	AQ		71°57′00″S 23°20′49″E / 71.949944°S 23.347079°E / -71.949944; 23.347079
Risopatrón	Robert Island	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1954	5	AQ		62°22′42″S 59°42′03″W / 62.378333°S 59.700833°W / -62.378333; -59.700833
Shirreff	Cape Shirreff	United States	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration	1996	6	AQ		62°28′13″S 60°46′16″W / 62.470271°S 60.770998°W / -62.470271; -60.770998
Signy (ex Station H)^[23]	Signy Island, South Orkney Islands	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1947	10	AQ SGN		60°42′29″S 45°35′42″W / 60.708137°S 45.594888°W / -60.708137; -45.594888	−3
St. Kliment Ohridski	Emona Anchorage, Livingston Island	Bulgaria	Bulgarian Antarctic Institute	1988	25	AQ	UTC−3	62°38′29″S 60°21′53″W / 62.641389°S 60.364722°W / -62.641389; -60.364722
Station A^[24]	Goudier Island	United Kingdom	United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust	1944	4	AQ		64°49′31″S 63°29′37″W / 64.825276°S 63.493688°W / -64.825276; -63.493688
Svea	Queen Maud Land	Sweden	Swedish Polar Research Secretariat	1988	5	AQ		74°35′00″S 11°13′00″W / 74.583333°S 11.216667°W / -74.583333; -11.216667
Taishan^[25]	Princess Elizabeth Land	China	Polar Research Institute of China	2014	20	AQ		73°51′50″S 76°58′29″E / 73.863883°S 76.974717°E / -73.863883; 76.974717
Tor	Queen Maud Land	Norway	Norwegian Polar Institute	1993	7	AQ TOR		71°53′22″S 5°09′34″E / 71.889477°S 5.159545°E / -71.889477; 5.159545
Union Glacier	Union Glacier	Chile	Chilean Army, Chilean Navy, Chilean Air Force, Instituto Antártico Chileno	2014	70	AQ		79°46′10″S 82°54′26″W / 79.76944°S 82.90722°W / -79.76944; -82.90722
Vanda	Victoria Land	New Zealand	Antarctica New Zealand	1969	8	AQ		77°31′00″S 161°40′00″E / 77.516667°S 161.666667°E / -77.516667; 161.666667	−19.7
Vechernyaya^[26]	Mount Vechernyaya, Thala Hills	Belarus	National Academy of Sciences of Belarus	2007		AQ		67°39′33″S 46°09′29″E / 67.659123°S 46.158125°E / -67.659123; 46.158125
Wasa	Queen Maud Land	Sweden	Swedish Polar Research Secretariat	1989	20	AQ WSA		73°02′24″S 13°23′55″W / 73.039901°S 13.398584°W / -73.039901; -13.398584
Yelcho	South Bay, Doumer Island	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1962	15	AQ		64°52′33″S 63°35′01″W / 64.87591°S 63.583721°W / -64.87591; -63.583721
Zucchelli	Terra Nova Bay	Italy	National Antarctic Research Program, ENEA, CNR	1986	90	AQ MZU	UTC+12^[a]^[27]	74°41′39″S 164°06′50″E / 74.694206°S 164.113869°E / -74.694206; 164.113869

Inactive stations

Station name	Location	Country	Administered by	Year established	Type	LOCODE	Time zone	Coordinates	Average annual temperature (°C)	Year deactivated	Status
Aguirre Cerda	Deception Island	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1955	Summer	AQ		62°56′01″S 60°35′45″W / 62.933704°S 60.5958931°W / -62.933704; -60.5958931		1967	Closed
Arturo Parodi	Ellsworth Land	Chile	Instituto Antártico Chileno	1999	Summer	AQ		80°18′15″S 81°23′13″W / 80.304170°S 81.3870573°W / -80.304170; -81.3870573		2014	Relocated to Union Glacier
Asuka	Queen Maud Land	Japan	National Institute of Polar Research	1985	Summer	AQ		71°31′33″S 24°06′41″E / 71.525950°S 24.111409°E / -71.525950; 24.111409		1991	Unmanned activity
Belgrano I	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Argentina	Instituto Antártico Argentino	1955	Permanent	AQ	UTC−3	77°46′S 38°11′W / 77.767°S 38.183°W / -77.767; -38.183		1980	Abandoned
Belgrano III	Berkner Island	Argentina	Instituto Antártico Argentino	1980	Permanent	AQ	UTC−3	77°54′02″S 45°47′01″W / 77.900556°S 45.783611°W / -77.900556; -45.783611		1984	Abandoned
Borga	Borg Massif	South Africa	South African National Antarctic Programme	1969	Summer	AQ		72°58′00″S 3°48′00″W / 72.966667°S 3.8°W / -72.966667; -3.8		1976	Closed
Brockton	Ross Ice Shelf	United States	United States Navy	1965	Summer	AQ		80°02′00″S 178°42′00″W / 80.033333°S 178.7°W / -80.033333; -178.7		1972	Abandoned
Byrd	Marie Byrd Land	United States	United States Antarctic Program	1957	Summer	AQ		80°00′53″S 119°33′56″W / 80.01472°S 119.56556°W / -80.01472; -119.56556	−28.1	2005	Closed
Charcot^[28]	Adélie Land	France	French Polar Institute	1957	Permanent	AQ		69°22′30″S 139°01′00″E / 69.375°S 139.016667°E / -69.375; 139.016667		1959	Closed, abandoned
Dakshin Gangotri	Dakshin Gangotri Glacier	India	National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research	1984	Permanent	AQ		69°24′24″S 76°11′36″E / 69.406752°S 76.193379°E / -69.406752; 76.193379		1990	Closed, support base
Dome Fuji	Queen Maud Land	Japan	National Institute of Polar Research	1995	Summer	AQ DMF		77°18′59″S 39°42′04″E / 77.316285°S 39.701049°E / -77.316285; 39.701049	−54.3	2019	Closed
Drescher	Queen Maud Land	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	1986	Summer	AQ		72°50′00″S 19°02′00″W / 72.833333°S 19.033333°W / -72.833333; -19.033333		2016	Closed
Druzhba	Zavadovskiy Island	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1960	Summer	AQ		66°43′00″S 86°24′00″E / 66.716667°S 86.4°E / -66.716667; 86.4		1960	Closed
Druzhnaya I	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1975	Summer	AQ		77°34′00″S 40°13′00″W / 77.566667°S 40.216667°W / -77.566667; -40.216667		1986	Closed, lost
Druzhnaya II	Lassiter Coast	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1982	Summer	AQ		75°36′00″S 57°52′00″W / 75.6°S 57.866667°W / -75.6; -57.866667		1986	Closed
Druzhnaya III	Queen Maud Land	Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition	1982	Summer	AQ		71°06′00″S 10°49′00″W / 71.1°S 10.816667°W / -71.1; -10.816667		1991	Closed
Druzhnaya IV [ru]	Princess Elizabeth Land	Russia Soviet Union	Soviet Antarctic Expedition, Russian Antarctic Expedition	1987	Summer	AQ DRZ		69°44′00″S 73°42′00″E / 69.7333333°S 73.7°E / -69.7333333; 73.7		2013	Closed
East Base	Stonington Island	United States	United States Antarctic Service Expedition	1941	Permanent	AQ		68°11′02″S 66°59′53″W / 68.183841°S 66.998158°W / -68.183841; -66.998158		1948	Closed
Eights	Ellsworth Land^[29]	United States	National Science Foundation	1963	Permanent	AQ		75°14′00″S 77°10′00″W / 75.233333°S 77.166667°W / -75.233333; -77.166667		1965	Closed
Ellsworth	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	United States Argentina	United States Navy, Instituto Antártico Argentino	1957	Permanent	AQ		77°39′00″S 41°02′00″W / 77.65°S 41.033333°W / -77.65; -41.033333	−22	1962	Closed
Faraday (ex Station F)^[30]	Galindez Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1947	Permanent	AQ		65°14′45″S 64°15′28″W / 65.245791°S 64.257786°W / -65.245791; -64.257786	−3.3	1996	Closed
Filchner	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	1982	Summer	AQ		77°06′00″S 50°24′00″W / 77.10000°S 50.4000°W / -77.10000; -50.4000		1999	Abandoned, lost
Georg Forster	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	East Germany Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	1976	Permanent	AQ		70°46′39″S 11°50′56″E / 70.777493°S 11.848847°E / -70.777493; 11.848847		1993	Closed
Giacomo Bove^[31]	Italia Valley	Italy	Private station	1976	Summer	AQ BGB		62°10′05″S 58°30′18″W / 62.168055°S 58.505071°W / -62.168055; -58.505071		1976	Dismantled by the Argentine Navy
Hallett	Hallett Peninsula	United States New Zealand	International Geophysical Year	1956	Summer	AQ		72°19′00″S 170°16′00″E / 72.316667°S 170.266667°E / -72.316667; 170.266667		1973	Closed
King Baudouin (first station)	Princess Ragnhild Coast	Belgium	National Center for Polar Research	1957	Permanent	AQ		70°25′33″S 24°19′00″E / 70.425833°S 24.316667°E / -70.425833; 24.316667		1961	Closed, abandoned
King Baudouin (second station)	Princess Ragnhild Coast	Belgium Netherlands	National Center for Polar Research	1964	Permanent	AQ		70°25′33″S 24°19′00″E / 70.425833°S 24.316667°E / -70.425833; 24.316667		1967	Closed, abandoned
Komsomolskaya	Queen Mary Land	Soviet Union	Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute	1957	Permanent	AQ		74°06′S 94°30′E / 74.1°S 94.5°E / -74.1; 94.5	−52	1962	Closed
Lázarev	Lazarev Ice Shelf	Soviet Union	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1959	Permanent	AQ		69°58′00″S 12°55′00″E / 69.966667°S 12.916667°E / -69.966667; 12.916667		1961	Closed, abandoned
Leningradskaya	Oates Coast, Victoria Land	Russia	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1971	Summer	AQ		69°30′05″S 159°23′31″E / 69.501333°S 159.391840°E / -69.501333; 159.391840	−13	1991	Closed
Little America	Ross Ice Shelf	United States	United States Navy	1929	Permanent	AQ		78°12′S 162°12′W / 78.2°S 162.2°W / -78.2; -162.2	−22	1987	Lost
Little Rockford	Marie Byrd Land	United States	United States Navy	1958	Summer	AQ		79°30′00″S 147°19′00″W / 79.5°S 147.316667°W / -79.5; -147.316667		1965	Closed, abandoned
Maudheim	Queen Maud Land	Norway Sweden United Kingdom	Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition	1949	Permanent	AQ		71°03′00″S 10°56′00″W / 71.05°S 10.933333°W / -71.05; -10.933333		1952	Closed
Mir	Drygalski Island	Soviet Union	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1958	Summer	AQ		65°45′S 92°30′E / 65.75°S 92.5°E / -65.75; 92.5		1960	Closed
Neumayer I	Princess Martha Coast	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	1981	Permanent	AQ NEU		70°39′05″S 8°15′47″W / 70.651509°S 8.263172°W / -70.651509; -8.263172		1993	Closed
Neumayer II	Queen Maud Land	Germany	Alfred Wegener Institute	1992	Permanent	AQ NEU		70°38′16″S 8°15′42″W / 70.637847°S 8.261744°W / -70.637847; -8.261744		2009	Closed
Norway	Fimbul Ice Shelf	Norway	Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition	1957	Permanent	AQ		70°30′S 2°30′W / 70.5°S 2.5°W / -70.5; -2.5		1960	Closed
Oazis 2	Bunger Hills	Soviet Union	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1987	Summer	AQ		66°16′28″S 100°45′00″E / 66.274514°S 100.749889°E / -66.274514; 100.749889		1995	Closed
Pionérskaya	Queen Mary Land	Soviet Union	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1956	Permanent	AQ		69°44′00″S 95°31′00″E / 69.733333°S 95.516667°E / -69.733333; 95.516667	−38	1959	Closed
Plateau	Queen Maud Land	United States	United States Navy, National Science Foundation	1965	Permanent	AQ		79°15′03″S 40°33′38″E / 79.25082°S 40.56042°E / -79.25082; 40.56042	−56.7	1969	Closed
Pobeda	Queen Mary Land	Soviet Union	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1960	Summer	AQ		64°39′S 98°54′E / 64.65°S 98.9°E / -64.65; 98.9		1960	Closed
Pole of inaccessibility	Kemp Land	Soviet Union		1958				82°06′00″S 54°58′00″E / 82.1°S 54.966667°E / -82.1; 54.966667	−58.2	1958	Closed
Port Martin	Cape Margerie	France	French Antarctic Expedition	1950	Permanent	AQ		66°49′06″S 141°24′02″E / 66.818250°S 141.400694°E / -66.818250; 141.400694		1952	Closed
Russkaya	Marie Byrd Land	Russia Soviet Union	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1980	Summer ^[b]^[32]	AQ	UTC−6^[33]	74°46′00″S 136°48′10″W / 74.766755°S 136.802882°W / -74.766755; -136.802882		1990	Closed 1990
Salyut	Queen Mary Land	Soviet Union	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1978	Summer	AQ		65°32′00″S 96°30′00″E / 65.533333°S 96.5°E / -65.533333; 96.5		1978	Closed
SANAE I	Fimbul Ice Shelf	South Africa	South African National Antarctic Programme	1960	Permanent	AQ SNA		70°18′00″S 2°22′00″W / 70.3°S 2.366667°W / -70.3; -2.366667		1963	Closed, abandoned
SANAE II	Fimbul Ice Shelf	South Africa	South African National Antarctic Programme	1971	Permanent	AQ SNA		70°18′00″S 2°22′00″W / 70.3°S 2.366667°W / -70.3; -2.366667		1979	Closed, abandoned
SANAE III	Fimbul Ice Shelf	South Africa	South African National Antarctic Programme	1979	Permanent	AQ SNA		70°18′00″S 2°22′00″W / 70.3°S 2.366667°W / -70.3; -2.366667		1997	Closed, abandoned
Sarie Marais	Ahlmann Ridge	South Africa	South African National Antarctic Programme	1982	Summer	AQ		72°01′35″S 2°48′18″W / 72.026389°S 2.805°W / -72.026389; -2.805		1999	Closed, dismantled (2001)
Site 2	Law Dome	United States		1957	Summer	AQ		66°30′07″S 113°12′09″E / 66.501944°S 113.2025°E / -66.501944; 113.2025		1996	Closed, abandoned
Siple	Ellsworth Land	United States	Stanford University's STAR Lab	1973	Summer	AQ		75°55′00″S 83°55′00″W / 75.916667°S 83.916667°W / -75.916667; -83.916667		1988	Closed
Sobral	Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf	Argentina	Instituto Antártico Argentino	1965	Permanent	AQ		81°04′45″S 40°31′12″W / 81.07917°S 40.52000°W / -81.07917; -40.52000		1968	Closed
Sodrúzhestvo	Amery Ice Shelf	Soviet Union	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1971	Summer	AQ		69°43′00″S 73°44′00″E / 69.716667°S 73.733333°E / -69.716667; 73.733333		1974	Closed
South Ice	Edith Ronne Land	United Kingdom	Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition	1957	Permanent	AQ		82°05′00″S 30°00′00″W / 82.083333°S 30.0°W / -82.083333; -30.0		1958	Closed, abandoned
Sovetskaya	Kaiser Wilhelm II Land	Soviet Union	Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute	1958	Permanent	AQ		77°58′00″S 89°16′00″E / 77.966667°S 89.266667°E / -77.966667; 89.266667		1959	Closed, abandoned
Soyuz	Prince Charles Mountains	Soviet Union	Russian Antarctic Expedition	1982	Permanent	AQ	UTC+5	70°34′36″S 68°47′30″E / 70.576667°S 68.791667°E / -70.576667; 68.791667		1989	Closed
Station B^[34]	Deception Island	United Kingdom	Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition	1944	Permanent	AQ		62°58′38″S 60°33′50″W / 62.977231°S 60.563809°W / -62.977231; -60.563809		1969	Closed
Station C^[35]	Cape Geddes	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1946	Summer	AQ		60°41′16″S 44°34′24″W / 60.687642°S 44.573196°W / -60.687642; -44.573196		1947	Closed, abandoned
Station D^[36]	Hope Bay	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1945	Permanent	AQ		63°24′09″S 56°59′27″W / 63.402478°S 56.990707°W / -63.402478; -56.990707		1964	Closed
Station E^[37]	Stonington Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1946	Permanent	AQ		68°11′08″S 66°59′41″W / 68.185678°S 66.994815°W / -68.185678; -66.994815		1975	Closed
Station G^[38]	Admiralty Bay	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1947	Permanent	AQ		62°05′14″S 58°23′39″W / 62.087217°S 58.394049°W / -62.087217; -58.394049		1961	Closed
Station J^[39]	Prospect Point	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1957	Permanent	AQ		65°59′55″S 65°19′06″W / 65.998516°S 65.318273°W / -65.998516; -65.318273		1959	Closed, removed (2004)
Station N^[40]	Anvers Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1955	Permanent	AQ		64°45′36″S 64°04′48″W / 64.760032°S 64.079991°W / -64.760032; -64.079991		1958	Closed, demolished (1991)
Station O^[41]	Danco Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1956	Permanent	AQ		64°44′00″S 62°36′00″W / 64.733333°S 62.600000°W / -64.733333; -62.600000		1959	Closed, demolished (2004)
Station P^[42]	Mateev Cove	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1957	Summer	AQ		62°38′58″S 60°35′25″W / 62.649306°S 60.590278°W / -62.649306; -60.590278		1958	Closed
Station T^[43]	Adelaide Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1961	Permanent	AQ		67°45′40″S 68°54′52″W / 67.761201°S 68.914365°W / -67.761201; -68.914365		1977	Closed
Station V^[44]	View Point	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1953	Permanent	AQ		63°33′16″S 57°22′42″W / 63.554392°S 57.378279°W / -63.554392; -57.378279		1963	Closed
Station W^[45]	Detaille Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1956	Permanent	AQ		66°52′01″S 66°47′53″W / 66.867006°S 66.797971°W / -66.867006; -66.797971		1959	Closed
Station Y^[46]	Horseshoe Island	United Kingdom	British Antarctic Survey	1955	Permanent	AQ		67°48′30″S 67°17′39″W / 67.808285°S 67.294266°W / -67.808285; -67.294266		1960	Closed
Vostok I	East Antarctica	Soviet Union	Russian Academy of Sciences	1957	Permanent	AQ VOS		72°08′00″S 96°35′00″E / 72.133333°S 96.583333°E / -72.133333; 96.583333		1957	Closed, abandoned
Weddell 1	Weddell Sea	Russia United States	Russian Antarctic Expedition, National Science Foundation	1992	Summer	AQ		71°48′00″S 51°43′00″W / 71.8°S 51.716667°W / -71.8; -51.716667		1992	Closed
World Park	Cape Evans	International	Greenpeace	1987	Permanent	AQ		77°38′20″S 166°24′50″E / 77.6389°S 166.4139°E / -77.6389; 166.4139		1992	Dismantled

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Observes daylight saving time.
^ It was planned that in 2020, the seasonal field base "Russkaya" would be transformed into another year-round operating station.

References

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^ "Deception Island Station B". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "Sandefjord Bay Station C". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "Hope Bay Station D". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "Stonington Island Station E". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "Admiralty Bay Station G". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "Prospect Point Station J". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "Anvers Island Station N". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "Danco Island Station O". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "Livingstone Island Station P". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "Adelaide Station T". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "View Point Station V". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "Detaille Island Station W". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
^ "Horseshoe Island Station Y". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

External links

Research stations
COMNAP Antarctic Facilities (Updated February 2014 - Excel File)
COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map (Archived September 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine)
Antarctic Exploration Timeline, animated map of Antarctic exploration and settlement, showing where and when Antarctic research stations were established
Antarctic Digital Database Map Viewer SCAR

[dst-12] Observes daylight saving time.

[33] It was planned that in 2020, the seasonal field base "Russkaya" would be transformed into another year-round operating station.

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[FOOTNOTERudmose_Brown57-4] Rudmose Brown, p. 57.

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[11] Antarctica and the Arctic: the complete encyclopedia, Volume 1, by David McGonigal, Lynn Woodworth, page 98

[newzea-13] "New Zealand". Antarctic Treaty. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2017.

[14] "Rothera Station R". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2018.

[15] "Bird Island Station BI". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.

[16] "King Edward Pont Station M". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.

[australia-17] "Antarctic Treaty". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-09-15.

[18] "Fossil Bluff Station KG". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2018.

[19] BAE Gabriel de Castilla Archived 2010-03-31 at the Wayback Machine

[20] "Halley VI Antarctic Research Station". Archello.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-01-16.

[21] Halley Research Station relocation Archived 2017-01-18 at the Wayback Machine British Antarctic Survey

[22] "La Antartida". Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2014-05-11.

[23] "The National State Teleradiocomany". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-03-19.

[24] "Signy Station H". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2018.

[25] "Port Lockroy Diaries". United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.

[26] "中国正式建成南极泰山科考站". Archived from the original on 2014-02-10. Retrieved 2014-02-10.

[27] Varetto, Gianni (August 24, 2017). "Belarusian Antarctic Research Vechernyaya Station (WAP BLR-New)". Worldwide Antarctic Program. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 30, 2017.

[28] "Current Local Time in Mario Zucchelli Station, Antarctica". timeanddate.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.

[29] "Dumont d'Urville". Institute Polaire Français. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2017.

[Scientific-Stations-30] Dubrovin, L.I.; Petrov, V.N. (1971). Scientific Stations in Antarctica 1882-1963 [Nauchnye Stanstii V Antarktike 1882-1963] (PDF). Gidrometeorologicheskoe Izdatel'stvo. New Delhi: Indian National Scientific Documentation Center. pp. 327–329. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-12. Retrieved 2021-05-28.

[31] "Faraday Station F". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

[32] "Giacomo Bove Station". Worldwide Antarctic Program. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.

[Submission21-34] Joint Standing Committee on the National Capital and External Territories; The Embassy of the Russian Federation. "Submission 21". www.aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 9 June 2022. Retrieved 10 June 2022.

[Ruskaya_Time-35] "French Polar Team - R1 Russkaya Station / Antarctica". Archived from the original on 2017-08-28. Retrieved 2011-10-04.

[36] "Deception Island Station B". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

[37] "Sandefjord Bay Station C". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

[38] "Hope Bay Station D". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

[39] "Stonington Island Station E". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

[40] "Admiralty Bay Station G". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

[41] "Prospect Point Station J". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

[42] "Anvers Island Station N". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

[43] "Danco Island Station O". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

[44] "Livingstone Island Station P". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

[45] "Adelaide Station T". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

[46] "View Point Station V". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

[47] "Detaille Island Station W". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

[48] "Horseshoe Island Station Y". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.

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