Benito Juárez
Template:Infobox MexicanPresident
Benito Pablo Juárez García (March 21, 1806 – July 18, 1872) was a Zapotec Amerindian who served two terms (1861–1863 and 1867–1872) as President of Mexico. For his resistance to the French occupation and his efforts to modernize the country, Juárez is often regarded as Mexico's greatest and most beloved leader. He is the only full-blooded Native American to serve as President of Mexico.
Early life
Juárez was born in the village of San Pablo Guelatao, Oaxaca. His parents were peasants who died before his fourth birthday. He worked in the corn fields and as a shepherd until the age of 12, then on December 17, 1818, he walked to the city of Oaxaca with a wish to educate himself and find a better life. At the time he was illiterate and could speak no Spanish, only Zapotec.
In the city he had a sister that worked as a cook and that is how he took a job as a domestic servant, and eagerly made up for his previous lack of education. A lay Franciscan named Antonio Salanueva was impressed with young Benito's intelligence and thirst for learning, and helped arrange for him to be accepted at the city seminary. He studied there but decided to pursue law rather than the priesthood. He graduated from the seminary in 1827, then studied law.
Political career
Juárez became a lawyer in 1834 and a judge in 1842. He was governor of the state of Oaxaca from 1847 to 1853, at which time he went into exile because of his objections to the corrupt military dictatorship of Antonio López de Santa Anna. He spent his exile in New Orleans, Louisiana, working in a cigar factory. In 1854 he helped draft the Plan of Ayutla as the basis for a liberal revolution in Mexico.
Faced with growing opposition, Santa Ana resigned in 1855 and Juárez returned to Mexico. The liberales formed a provisional government under Juan Ruiz de Álvarez, inaugurating the period known as La Reforma. The Reform laws sponsored by the puro wing of the Liberal Party curtailed the power of the Catholic church and the military, while trying to create a modern civil society and capitalist economy on the North American model. The Ley Juárez of 1855, for example, abolished special clerical and military privileges, and declaring all citizens equal before the law. In 1857 the liberals promulgated a new federalist constitution. Juárez became Chief Justice and Vice-President of Mexico, under moderado president Ignacio Comonfort.
The conservadores led by General Félix Zuloaga, with the backing of the military and the clergy, launched a revolt under the Plan of Tacubaya in December 1857. Juárez was arrested, but escaped to lead the liberal side in the Mexican War of the Reform, first from Querétaro and later from Veracruz. In 1859, Juárez took the radical step of declaring the confiscation of church properties. In spite of the conservatives' initial military advantage, the liberals, drawing on support for regionalist forces, turned the tide in 1860 and recaptured Mexico City in January 1861. Juárez was elected President in March for a four-year term under the Constitution of 1857.
Faced with government bankruptcy and a war-ravaged economy, Juárez declared a moratorium on foreign debt payments. Spain, Great Britain, and France reacted with a joint seizure of the Veracruz customs house in December 1861. Spain and Britain soon withdrew, but Emperor Napoleon III used the episode as a pretext to launch the French intervention in Mexico in 1862, with plans to establish a conservative puppet regime. The Mexicans won an initial victory over the French at Puebla in 1862, celebrated annually as Cinco de Mayo. The French advanced again in 1863, forcing Juárez and his elected government to retreat to the arid northern part of the country.
Juárez led the Mexican opposition to the French intervention and the imposition of Maximilian of Habsburg as "Emperor of Mexico" in 1864. Maximilian, who personally harboured liberal and Mexican nationalist sympathies, offered Juárez amnesty, and later the post of prime minister, but Juárez refused to accept either a monarchy or a government imposed by foreigners. With its civil war over, the United States invoked the Monroe Doctrine and made overtures that it may invade to restore local rule. Faced with this and a growing threat from Prussia, the French troops began pulling out of Mexico in late 1866. Mexican conservatism was a spent force and less than pleased with the liberal Maximilian. In 1867 the last of the Emperor's forces were defeated and Maximilian was sentenced to death for treason by a military court. Despite international pleas for amnesty, Juárez refused to commute the sentence, and Maximilian was executed by firing squad on June 19, his body returned to Europe for burial.
Juárez was re-elected President in 1867 and 1871, using his office to ensure electoral success and suppressing revolts by disappointed opponents like Porfirio Díaz. Benito Juárez died of a heart attack in 1872 while working at his desk in the National Palace in Mexico City. He was succeeded by Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, his foreign minister.
Legacy
Today Benito Juárez is remembered as being a progressive reformer dedicated to democracy, equal rights for the nation's indigenous Indian population, lessening the great power of the Roman Catholic Church then held over Mexican politics, and defence of national sovereignty. The period of his leadership is known in Mexican history as La Reforma, and constituted a liberal political and social revolution with major institutional consequences: the expropriation of church lands, bringing the army under civilian control, liquidation of peasant communal land holdings, and adoption of a federalist constitution.
La Reforma led by Juárez represented the triumph of Mexico's liberal, federalist, anti-clerical, and pro-capitalist forces over the conservative, centralist, corporatist, and theocratic elements that sought to reconstitute a locally-run version of the old colonial system. It replaced a semi-feudal social system with a more market-driven one, but following Juárez's death, the lack of adequate democratization and institutional stability soon led to a return to levels of centralized autocracy and economic exploitation under the regime of Porfirio Díaz that surpassed anything from the colonial or conservative eras. The porfiriato, in turn, collapsed in the Mexican Revolution.
Quotations
---Juárez's famous quotation continues to be well-remembered in Mexico: Entre los Individuos, como entre Las Naciones, El respeto al derecho ajeno es la paz, meaning "Among individuals, as among nations, respect for the rights of others is peace". It is inscribed on the State Flag of Oaxaca.
---From the letter to Maximilian, after being asked to meet and offered the post of Prime Minister of the Empire. Juarez was fleeing from Maximilian's forces in two carriages, across the arid north of Mexico (Monterrey):
"You assure to me that you have no doubt that out of this meeting -in case that I accept it- the peace and happiness for the Mexican nation will result, and that the Empire will reserve for me a distinguished position, and that it will seek the help of my talents and patriotism."
"Certainly, Sir, the history of our times registers the name of great traitors that have violated their oaths, their word and their promises; they have betrayed their own party, their principles, their antecedents and everything what is sacred for a honorable man and, in all these cases, the traitor has been guided by a vile ambition of power and a miserable desire to satisfy his own passions and even his own vices; but the man currently in charge of the presidency of the Republic, a man that came out of the dark masses of the mob, will succumb (if such is the design of the Providence) having fulfilled his duty until the end, corresponding to the trust of the nation that he presides over and satisfying the dictations of his own conscience. I must conclude due to my lack of time, but I will add a last observation. It is given to men, sometimes, to attack the rights of others, to seize their goods, to threaten the life of those who defend their nationality, and to make that the highest virtues seem crimes, and to give their own vices the luster of true virtue.
But there is a thing that cannot be reached either by falsification nor perfidy, and that is the tremendous verdict of history. She will judge us."
Miscellany
The anniversary of Juárez's birth (March 21) is a national holiday in Mexico (See: Fiestas Patrias).
Benito Mussolini was named after Juárez by his Socialist father. The Italian for Benedict would have been Benedetto.
Juárez has been represented in motion pictures by Paul Muni (1939), Jason Robards, Sr. (1940), Fausto Tozzi (1965), Helmut Schellhardt (1988), and Luis Valdez (1994)
A great number of cities, towns, streets, institutions, etc. are named after Benito Juárez; see Juárez for a partial list.
A monument to Juárez stands along 6th Avenue in New York City's Bryant Park.
There is also an elementry school in Anaheim, California named after Benito Juarez.
His quote "Entre los individuos, como entre las naciones, el respeto al derecho ajeno es la paz" ("Among individuals, as among nations, respect for the rights of others is peace") is inscribed on the State Flag of Oaxaca.
See also
- History of Mexico
- ΦΙΑ – A U.S. university fraternity that takes Benito Juarez as one of its "five pillars"
There is a statue of Benito Juarez in Washinton DC, right across the Watergate Building
A monument of President Benito Juarez stands at the "Plaza de las Americas" on North Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois.
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