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Ted Kennedy

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For other people named Ted Kennedy, see Ted Kennedy (disambiguation).
Ted Kennedy
United States Senator
from Massachusetts
Incumbent
Assumed office
November 6, 1962
Serving with John Kerry
Preceded byBenjamin A. Smith II
16th United States Senate Majority Whip
In office
January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1971
LeaderMike Mansfield
Preceded byRussell B. Long
Succeeded byRobert Byrd
Chairman of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary
In office
January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1981
Preceded byJames Eastland
Succeeded byStrom Thurmond
Personal details
Born (1932-02-22) February 22, 1932 (age 92)
Boston, Massachusetts
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse(s)1. Joan Bennett Kennedy (1958-1982, div.)
2. Victoria Reggie Kennedy (from 1992)
Alma materHarvard University (1956)
University of Virginia School of Law (1959)
Professionpolitician, lawyer
WebsiteSenator Edward M. Kennedy

Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (born February 22, 1932) is the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of the Democratic Party. In office since November 1962, Kennedy is the second most senior member of the Senate, after President pro tempore of the United States Senate Robert Byrd of West Virginia.[2][3] The most prominent living member of the Kennedy family, he is the youngest brother of the late President John F. Kennedy and the late Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and the father of Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy.

Ted Kennedy is a staunch advocate of liberal principles, and is one of the most influential and enduring icons of his party.

On May 20, 2008, doctors announced that Kennedy has a malignant brain tumor, diagnosed after he experienced a seizure at the Kennedy compound in Hyannisport, Massachusetts the previous weekend.[4] On June 2 2008, Kennedy underwent surgery at Duke University for his brain tumor."[5]

Childhood and youth

Kennedy is the youngest of nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, a prominent Irish-American family. He attended the Fessenden School, and later Milton Academy and entered Harvard College in 1950, where he resided in Winthrop House. Kennedy was also a member of the Owl Club. He was expelled from Harvard in May 1951 after he was caught cheating during a Spanish examination.[6] Kennedy enlisted in in the United States Army for two years and was assigned to the SHAPE headquarters in Paris. He eventually re-entered Harvard, graduating in 1956.[2] In the 1955 Harvard-Yale football game, which Yale won 21-7, Kennedy caught Harvard's only touchdown pass.[2] In 1958, he attended the Hague Academy of International Law. He earned his law degree from the University of Virginia, where he was the winner of the William Minor Lile Moot Court Competition,[7] and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1959.[8] While he was in law school, he managed his brother John's 1958 Senate re-election campaign.

Marriages and family

Kennedy's home is in Hyannis, Massachusetts, where he lives with his second wife, Victoria Reggie Kennedy, a Washington lawyer and the daughter of Louisiana judge Edmund Reggie, and her children from a previous marriage, Curran and Caroline. Victoria is president and co-founder of Common Sense about Kids and Guns,[9] an advocacy group that seeks to reduce gun deaths and injuries to children in the United States. His first marriage was to Virginia Joan Bennett, whom he met while delivering a speech at Manhattanville College and married on November 29, 1958, in Bronxville, New York). They divorced in 1982. Their children together are Kara (born February 27, 1960), Edward Jr. (born September 26, 1961), and Patrick (born July 14, 1967). Kara married Michael Allen on September 9, 1990, in Centerville, Massachusetts. They have two children: Grace Kennedy Allen (born September 19, 1994, in Washington, D.C.), and Max Greathouse Allen (born December 20, 1996, in Rockville, Maryland). Kennedy has five grandchildren. After his brothers John and Robert were assassinated in 1963 and 1968 respectively, he took on the role of surrogate father for his brothers' 13 children.[10]

Senate career

In 1960, John Kennedy was elected President of the United States and vacated his Massachusetts Senate seat. Ted would not be eligible to fill his brother's vacant Senate seat until February 22, 1962, when he would turn thirty. Therefore the President-elect asked Massachusetts Governor Foster Furcolo to name a Kennedy family friend Benjamin A. Smith II to fill out John's term (under the authority of the 17th Amendment to the Constitution, and state law). This kept the seat open for Ted.[11] In 1962, Kennedy was elected to the Senate from Massachusetts in a special election. He was elected to a full six-year term in 1964 and was reelected in 1970, 1976, 1982, 1988, 1994, 2000 and 2006.[2]

Kennedy is the Chairman of the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee. He also serves on the Judiciary Committee, and the Armed Services Committee. He is also a member of the Congressional Joint Economic Committee, a founder of the Congressional Friends of Ireland and a trustee of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C.[2]

First Senate campaign
John, Robert and Ted Kennedy circa 1960

His brother, President John F. Kennedy, was assassinated in 1963, the year after Ted was first elected to the Senate. The next year, 1964, Kennedy was in a plane crash in which the pilot and Edward Moss, one of Kennedy's aides, were killed.[12] He was pulled from the wreckage by fellow senator Birch E. Bayh II (D-Ind.), and spent weeks in a hospital recovering from a severe back injury, a punctured lung, broken ribs and internal bleeding.[13][14]

In 1968, his last surviving brother, Robert, was assassinated during his bid to be nominated as the Democratic candidate for the presidency; Ted Kennedy delivered a eulogy at Robert's funeral.[15] The 1993 book The Last Brother by Joe McGinniss portrayed Kennedy as particularly devastated by the death of Robert, as Ted was closer to Robert than to any other member of the Kennedy family.[16] In January 1969, Kennedy defeated Louisiana Senator Russell B. Long to become Senate Majority Whip.[17] He would serve as Whip until January 1971, when he was defeated by Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia.[18]

Committee Assignments

Chappaquiddick incident

Main article: Chappaquiddick incident

The Chappaquiddick incident refers to the circumstances surrounding the 1969 death of Mary Jo Kopechne, a former staff member in Senator Robert F. Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign. Edward Kennedy was driving a car with Kopechne as his passenger when the Senator drove off Dike Bridge into the channel between Chappaquiddick Island and Martha's Vineyard. The Senator swam to safety, but Kopechne died in the car. Kennedy left the scene and did not call authorities until after Kopechne's body was discovered the following day. He pled guilty to leaving the scene of an accident and was sentenced to two months in jail, suspended.

In January of 1970, an inquest into Kopechne's death took place in Edgartown. At the request of Kennedy's lawyers, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ordered the inquest be conducted in secret.[19][20] Judge James A. Boyle presided over the inquest. His conclusions were as follows:

  • "Kopechne and Kennedy did not intend to return to Edgartown" at the time they left the party.
  • "Kennedy did not intend to drive to the ferry slip".
  • "[Kennedy]'s turn onto Dike Road was intentional".

Judge Boyle also said that "negligent driving appears to have contributed to the death of Mary Jo Kopechne".[20]

Under Massachusetts law Boyle could have ordered Kennedy's arrest, but he chose not to do so.[20] District Attorney Dinis chose not to pursue Kennedy for manslaughter, despite Judge Boyle's conclusions.

Presidential bid

Barack Obama and Ted Kennedy in Hartford, February 4, 2008

Kennedy deflected supporters who urged him to run for President in 1972 and 1976 by citing family concerns, in light of his brothers' assassinations. He finally threw his hat into the ring for the Democratic nomination in the 1980 presidential election by launching an unusual, insurgent campaign against the incumbent president, Jimmy Carter, a member of his own party. Despite much early support, his bid was ultimately unsuccessful. Carter was highly unpopular[citation needed] at the time of Kennedy's announcement, and Kennedy could have expected to do well against him, but the Iran hostage crisis gave President Carter a large boost in the polls that lasted for several months. The upswing in Carter's popularity knocked the wind out of Kennedy's candidacy, which was predicated on dislodging an unpopular president. In addition, the Chappaquiddick incident still dogged Kennedy, and his opponents often invoked the highly recognizable melody of Simon & Garfunkel's 1970 hit song "Bridge Over Troubled Water" to remind voters of the tragedy and scandal.

Kennedy's campaign received substantial negative press from what pundits criticized as a rambling response to the question "Why do you want to be President?" during an interview with Roger Mudd of CBS News in 1979. [21] Kennedy won 10 presidential primaries against Carter, who won 24. Eventually, he bowed out of the race, but delivered a rousing speech before the 1980 Democratic National Convention in New York City that many consider to be one of his finest moments.[22]

Presidential endorsements

While Kennedy himself did not run, his endorsements for other candidates were commonly viewed as very important. In 1988, he supported the successful bid of Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis to win the nomination.[23] Four years later (1992) he initially backed former fellow Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas, who lost to Bill Clinton.[23] In 2000, like nearly all Democratic elected officials, Kennedy supported Vice President Al Gore against former New Jersey Senator Bill Bradley.[23] In 2004, he backed fellow Massachusetts Senator John Kerry, who won the nomination but lost to incumbent George W. Bush.[23] Currently, Kennedy is supporting Illinois Senator Barack Obama.[23]

Democratic Party influence

Since his presidential bid, Kennedy has become one of the most recognizable and influential members of the party, and is sometimes called a "Democratic icon".[24] In April 2006, Kennedy was selected by Time as one of "America's 10 Best Senators"; the magazine noted that he had "amassed a titanic record of legislation affecting the lives of virtually every man, woman and child in the country" and that "by the late 1990s, the liberal icon had become such a prodigious cross-aisle dealer that Republican leaders began pressuring party colleagues not to sponsor bills with him".[25]

In 2004, Kennedy was involved in the failed presidential bid of his fellow Massachusetts Senator John Kerry, speaking for Kerry multiple times and lending his chief of staff, Mary Beth Cahill, to the Kerry campaign. Kennedy stated that he would have supported Kerry should he have chosen to run for president in 2008. On January 28, 2008, Kennedy endorsed Senator Barack Obama in his campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination.

In 2006, Kennedy released a children's book My Senator and Me: A Dog's-Eye View of Washington, D.C.[26] Also in 2006, Kennedy released a political history entitled America Back on Track.[27]

As of 2006, Kennedy is the second-longest serving current senator, trailing only Robert Byrd. Kennedy won an eighth full term (and ninth overall term) in 2006. If he serves out his full six-year term, he will have served in the U.S. Senate for fifty years. Currently, Senator Kennedy is the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.

Political record

Abortion

Although he has been a staunch pro-choice advocate for the past 30 years, Kennedy adopted this position only after the Roe v. Wade decision in 1973. Prior to that, he held a pro-life position. A letter to a constituent, dated August 3, 1971 opposes "the legalization of abortion on demand" saying, "While the deep concern of a woman bearing an unwanted child merits consideration and sympathy, it is my personal feeling that the legalization of abortion on demand is not in accordance with the value which our civilization places on human life. Wanted or unwanted, I believe that human life, even at its earliest stages, has certain rights which must be recognized – the right to be born, the right to love, the right to grow old."[28] Kennedy's reversal on this issue after Roe v. Wade became a source of continuing dispute between him and the Catholic Church, of which he is a member. In 1987, Kennedy delivered an impassioned speech condemning Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork as a "right-wing extremist" and warning that "Robert Bork's America" would be one marked by back alley abortions and other backward practices. Kennedy's strong opposition to Bork's nomination was important to the Senate's rejection of Bork's candidacy. In recent years, he has argued that much of the debate over abortion is a false dichotomy. Speaking at the National Press Club in 2005, he remarked, "Surely, we can all agree that abortion should be rare, and that we should do all we can to help women avoid the need to face that decision."[29] He voted against the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act.[30]

Immigration policy

Ted Kennedy was a strong supporter of the 1965 Hart-Celler Act — signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson — which dramatically changed US immigration policy.[31] "The bill will not flood our cities with immigrants. It will not upset the ethnic mix of our society. It will not relax the standards of admission. It will not cause American workers to lose their jobs."[32] Kennedy is now the chairman of the United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Citizenship, and remains a strong advocate for immigrants.

This legislation replaced the Immigration Act of 1924, which favored immigrants from northern and western Europe. Proponents of the 1965 bill argued that immigration laws and quotas were discriminatory, and that American immigration policy should accept people not on the basis of their nationality. This also abolished the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

Kennedy subsequently took a lead role in several other would-be immigration measures, including the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act (S. 1033) ("McCain-Kennedy") in 2005 and the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007, a bipartisan measure worked out with President George W. Bush which ultimately failed on the floor of the U.S. Senate. Among other reforms, the 1033 legislation proposed allowing "undocumented immigrants in the U.S. to come out of the shadows, submit to background checks, and register for a legal status. Immigrants and their families would have 6 years to earn permanent residence and ultimately citizenship."[33]

Gun control

Ted Kennedy has been a staunch supporter of gun control initiatives. In 2006 he was one of the 16 senators who voted against the Vitter Amendment, which prohibited the confiscation of legally-possessed firearms during a disaster.

Energy policy

Ted Kennedy has generally favored alternative energy sources and opposed additional Alaska oil drilling. However, he opposes the Cape Wind wind turbine project which would occur near his home.[34][35]

War on Terrorism

With Mikhail Gorbachev

Kennedy was a supporter of the American-led 2001 overthrow of the Taliban government in Afghanistan.

War in Iraq

Kennedy has been a vocal critic of the American-led 2003 invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq. He has also been a harsh critic of the way the invasion of Iraq was planned and conducted by the Bush administration. Kennedy also has said that the best vote he had ever cast in the Senate was his vote against giving President Bush the authority to use force against Iraq.[36]

On September 27, 2004, Kennedy made a speech on the Senate floor regarding the war in Iraq, just prior to the 2004 U.S. Presidential election.[37]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

In early 2007, preceding President Bush's announcement that he would initiate a troop surge in Iraq, Senator Kennedy made a speech at the National Press Club opposing it.[38] Kennedy was the first Senator in the 110th Congress to propose legislation opposing the President's troop surge.

No Child Left Behind

Ted Kennedy speaks at the dedication ceremonies of the Connell School of Nursing at Boston College

Kennedy was a leading member of the bipartisan team that wrote the controversial No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, which, according to both Kennedy and President Bush, was a compromise. He then worked to get it passed in a Republican controlled Congress, despite the opposition of members from both parties.

Northern Ireland

Kennedy has been outspoken in his views about Northern Ireland's constitutional question. In October 1971, he called for the withdrawal of British troops from Northern Ireland, and for all political participants there to begin talks on creating a United Ireland.[39][40]

In early 2005 however, Kennedy publicly snubbed Gerry Adams by canceling a previously-arranged meeting, citing the Provisional IRA's "ongoing criminal activity and contempt for the rule of law." This decision was a direct result of the Northern Bank robbery in December 2004 and the murder of Robert McCartney the following month.[41]

Judicial appointments

A longtime member of Senate Judiciary Committee (and its chairman from 1979 to 1981), Kennedy is an important Democratic voice during debates and confirmation votes on United States Supreme Court nominees. He, with Daniel Inouye, elected the same year, has voted on more appointments than every other Senator except Robert Byrd.

Kennedy supported nominations of Abe Fortas and Thurgood Marshall (both by President Lyndon B. Johnson). Of Richard Nixon's nominees, he backed successful nominations of Warren Burger (for Chief Justice), Harry Blackmun and Lewis F. Powell. Like most of Democrats he opposed G. Harrold Carswell and Clement Haynsworth (both rejected). He also voted against confirmation of William H. Rehnquist as Associate Justice, although he was easily confirmed. Kennedy supported Gerald Ford's nomination of John Paul Stevens, who was confirmed unanimously. Of Ronald Reagan's appointees, he supported Sandra Day O'Connor, Antonin Scalia and Anthony Kennedy (confirmed), but opposed Robert Bork (rejected, below). Kennedy once again opposed Rehnquist, this time for Chief Justice (Rehnquist was confirmed).[42]

Kennedy was one of the leaders of opposition against nomination of Robert Bork. Within 45 minutes of Bork's nomination to the Court he took to the Senate floor with a strong condemnation of Bork in a nationally televised speech, declaring, "Robert Bork's America is a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions, blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters, rogue police could break down citizens' doors in midnight raids, schoolchildren could not be taught about evolution, writers and artists could be censored at the whim of government."[43]. Bork's nomination was rejected.

Kennedy opposed both of George H. W. Bush's successful nominations - David Souter and Clarence Thomas[44][45][46], and supported Bill Clinton's Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer.[47][48]

Most recently, he strongly opposed nominations of both Chief Justice John G. Roberts[49] and Justice Samuel Alito[50], both nominated by President George W. Bush.

From 2001 to 2003, Kennedy led a forty-five member all Democrat Senate filibuster to block the appointment of former assistant Solicitor General Miguel Estrada to the United States court of appeals. When Estrada withdrew his nomination, Kennedy proclaimed it was a "a victory for the Constitution".[51]

In 1987, Kennedy made an influential floor speech in the Senate against the nomination of Judge Robert Bork to the Supreme Court (referenced above), warning against Bork's record on abortion, defendants' rights, civil rights and more. Bork was ultimately defeated, and Kennedy was credited with leading the Democratic anti-Bork effort. But not all of the anti-Bork Democrats supported Kennedy's famous speech. Senator Joseph Biden has called Kennedy's speech "technically accurate but unfair” and said that it “drew lines in ways that were starker than reality”.[52]

Same-sex marriage

Kennedy is one of only five senators who has publicly announced support for same-sex marriage. Kennedy's home state of Massachusetts was the first state in the United States to legalize same-sex marriage.

Minimum wage

Kennedy has been a longtime advocate of raising the minimum wage. He helped pass the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007, which incrementally raises the minimum wage from $5.15 to $7.25 over a two year period. The bill also included some controversial tax cuts for small businesses and higher taxes for many $1 million-plus executives. Kennedy was quoted as saying, "Passing this wage hike represents a small, but necessary step to help lift America's working poor out of the ditches of poverty and onto the road toward economic prosperity".[53]

Environmental record

Kennedy has a strong pro-environment voting record. [54] He has voted in favor of disallowing an oil leasing program in Alaska's ANWR, removing oil and gas exploration subsidies, including oil and gas smokestacks in mercury regulations and reducing funds to road building in forest. He has voted against reducing funding to renewable and solar energy projects, requiring ethanol in gasoline, Bush Administration Energy Policy and approving a nuclear waste repository.[55] Kennedy has been a critic of the Bush Administration’s Environmental actions[clarification needed] and has stated "We must not let the administration distort science and rewrite and manipulate scientific reports in other areas. We must not let it turn the Environmental Protection Agency into the Environmental Pollution Agency".[56]

Controversially, he opposed the Cape Wind project, the country's first off-shore wind farm, which many accuse Kennedy of doing out of NIMBYism.[57]

Student Financial Aid

Kennedy has opposed federal attempts to cut student financial aid, such as Ronald Reagan's 1986 planned limitations on Guaranteed Student Loans to students whose families earned over $32,500 a year, and a planned $4,000 cap on all federal aid and benefits that a student could receive in one year. Following the Republican takeover of Congress in November 1994, there was a renewed effort on the part of key Republican leaders to balance the federal budget by cutting financial aid. The new cuts, which Kennedy also opposed, involved reducing the interest the federal government would pay on student loans, and on President Clinton’s direct lending program. Kennedy supported the College Affordability and Access Act of 2007 which provides $20 billion in new federal financial aid investments for low- and middle-income students and their families.[58]

Health

Template:Wikinewspar2 Kennedy has suffered from chronic pain ever since his 1964 plane crash, which crushed three vertebrae. His campaigns have periodically had to accommodate this condition, for instance, by avoiding long walks on hard factory floors or extended handshaking sessions.[59]

In October 2007, Kennedy had surgery to clear a blocked left carotid artery.[60]

On May 17 2008, Kennedy was rushed to Cape Cod Hospital from the Kennedy Compound after feeling ill and consulting with his physician, and then was subsequently transferred by helicopter to Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.[61] According to multiple sources, Kennedy was suffering from symptoms of a stroke.[62] It was later reported that Kennedy had suffered two seizures, one initially at his Hyannis Port home and another on a helicopter en route to Massachusetts General Hospital from Cape Cod Hospital.[63]

On May 20, doctors announced that Kennedy has a malignant glioma, a type of cancerous brain tumor.[64] The treatment for this condition is often surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, but this will depend on the type, location and degree of malignancy. Kennedy's own doctors have not publicly released a prognosis, but experts report that the median survival rate for patients with this condition is 15 months.[65] Kennedy left the hospital and returned to Cape Cod on May 21. Doctors said that he had "recovered remarkably quickly" from the biopsy in which the tumor was found and that he was waiting for additional test results as well as treatment plans.[66]

On June 2 2008, Kennedy underwent surgery at Duke University for his brain tumor.[67][68] Surgery was considered the most aggressive route possible in treating the tumor; his doctors had not previously mentioned the possibility of surgery to the public.[67] The surgery, conducted by Dr. Allan Friedman, lasted for about three and a half hours, and according to Friedman, it was successful in its goals. Friedman said that the surgery was performed on Kennedy while he was awake and that he did not expect Kennedy to suffer any permanent neurological effects from the surgery. It is believed that the intention of the surgery was to reduce the tumor as much as possible (it is considered impossible to surgically remove such a tumor entirely) so that the subsequent treatments will be more likely to succeed. Kennedy is planned to spend a brief period recuperating from the surgery before beginning chemotherapy and radiation treatment at Massachusetts General Hospital.[68]

Prognosis

Experts said that "the aggressive and risky surgery can extend survival time beyond the expected year, but only by 3 to 6 extra months." The Lion of the Senate responded: "I am humbled by the outpouring and am strengthened by your prayers and kindness."[69] However, John H. Sampson, a neurosurgeon who worked with Friedman, stated: "It almost certainly won't be curative, but it should enhance the chances that additional treatment will be effective." Vivek Deshmukh, director of cerebrovascular and endovascular neurosurgery at George Washington University Medical Center, added that:"If you are going to operate, you have to get 90 or 95%; otherwise you haven't made a difference in terms of survival. If you didn't do the surgery, you're looking at a much shorter survival period – on the order of a matter of months; If you can go from 3 to 6 months of survival to a year or a year and a half, I think that's making a difference, particularly if he's not injured from it." Medical experts said that "even after successful surgery and follow-up radiation and chemotherapy, Kennedy's prognosis on a malignant glioma - glioblastoma multiforme (— an especially deadly and tough-to-remove lethal type of brain tumor discovered in about 9,000 Americans per year), remains fairly grim, since most patients with his type of tumor do not survive more than a year or 2 after diagnosis." Others noted that some people with similar tumors have survived for years.[70] Brain tumor expert of University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston noted that "median survival for glioblastomas is 12 to 15 months, but the range is wide; the outlook for patients with malignant gliomas is poor, and depends on what type of glioma a patient has; median survival for patients with moderately severe ones is 3 to 5 years, and less than a year for those with the most severe type." Temodar and maybe Avastin drugs will be used on him.[71] Dr. Eric T. Wong, codirector of the Brain Tumor Center at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, stated that "successful resection, or surgical removal, of a brain tumor before radiation or chemotherapy can significantly improve a patient's outlook, and ideally, 90% of the tumor is removed, but still, the tumor usually grows back eventually, and it's not clear how much surgery extends a patient's life."[72][73]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history of Ted Kennedy
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ted Kennedy.
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Ted Kennedy
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Official sites
Kennedy in his own words
Nonpartisan information
Other links providing info

Further reading

  • Gary Allen (1981). Ted Kennedy: In over his head, Conservative Pr. ISBN 978-0892450206.
  • Nellie Bly. (1996). The Kennedy Men: Three Generations of Sex, Scandal and Secrets. ISBN 1-57566-106-3.
  • Richard E. Burke (1993). The Senator: My Ten Years With Ted Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-95133-7.
  • Adam Clymer (1999). Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography. Wm. Morrow & Company. ISBN 0-688-14285-0.
  • Leo Damore (1988). Senatorial Privilege: The Chappaquiddick Cover-Up. ISBN 0-89526-564-8.
  • Murray Levin (1966) Kennedy Campaigning: the System and the Style as Practiced By Senator Edward Kennedy (Beacon Press)
  • Murray Levin (1980) Edward Kennedy: The Myth of Leadership. ISBN 0-395292492.

References

  1. ^ "Ted Kennedy's Personal Finances". opensecrets.org. 2006.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Senator Kennedy's Bio". United States Senate. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  3. ^ "SENATORS OF THE UNITED STATES" (PDF). Senate Historical Office. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  4. ^ "Doctors: Ted Kennedy has brain tumor". CNN. 2008-05-20. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  5. ^ nydailynews.com/news, Sen. Edward Kennedy undergoes surgery for brain tumor
  6. ^ [1] PBS Kennedy Family Chronology
  7. ^ Features: UVA Law's 7 Senators: Virginia Law Weekly
  8. ^ "Sen. Ted Kennedy to Keynote Public Service Conference". University of Virginia. 2006-03-01. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  9. ^ Common Sense About Kids and Guns: Kennedy Bio
  10. ^ Chris Black et al., Final memorial set for victims of Kennedy crash, CNN News, July 24, 1999. Accessed online December 26, 2006.
  11. ^ "eddy & Kennedyism". 1962-09-28. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  12. ^ "John F. Kennedy Jr. - Timeline: Misfortunes of a Family". CNN. July 1999. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  13. ^ "Teddy's Ordeal". Time. 1964-06-26. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  14. ^ Check-Six.com - The 1964 Crash of Ted Kennedy's Plane
  15. ^ "Ted Kennedy has malignant brain tumour, tests show". CTV.ca. 2008-05-20. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  16. ^ Ferguson, Andrew (1993-09-06). "His brothers' last keeper". National Review. FindArticles.com. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  17. ^ "The Ascent of Ted Kennedy". Time. 1969-01-10. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  18. ^ Nolan, Martin F. (December 1999). "Edward M. Kennedy: A Biography - Review". Washington Monthly. FindArticles.com. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  19. ^ Trotta, p. 184
  20. ^ a b c Bly, p. 213
  21. ^ [2], C-SPAN/Brian Lamb April 6, 2008
  22. ^ Ted Kennedy: 1980 Democratic National Convention Address
  23. ^ a b c d e Our Campaigns - Candidate - Edward "Ted" Kennedy
  24. ^ Chaddock, Gail Russell (January 30, 2008), "Democratic primary: Quiet battle for the other delegates", The Christian Science Monitor {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  25. ^ Ted Kennedy: The Dogged Achiever, Time, April 14, 2006. Accessed online May 6, 2007.
  26. ^ Ted Kennedy pens children's book, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, January 9, 2006. Accessed online December 26, 2006.
  27. ^ Sen. Ted Kennedy and 'America Back on Track', NPR, April 20, 2006. Accessed online February 22, 2007.
  28. ^ A Tale of Two Teddies: Pro-choice Kennedy was pro-life in 1971, World NetDaily, August 3, 2005. Accessed online December 26, 2006.
  29. ^ Dionne, E.J. "The New Liberalism: Democrats Need to Show Their Family Values", Washington Post, January 14, 2005, page A19.
  30. ^ "Ted Kennedy on the Issues". OnTheIssues.org. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  31. ^ Three Decades of Mass Immigration: The Legacy of the 1965 Immigration Act, Center for Immigration Studies, September 1995. Accessed online 26 December, 2006.
  32. ^ U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, D.C., February 10, 1965, pp. 1–3.
  33. ^ "Fighting for Real Immigration Reform". Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  34. ^ Ted Kennedy on Energy & Oil, On the Issues (issues2000.org). Accessed online 26 December, 2006.
  35. ^ Bending with the Wind
  36. ^ Kennedy fights 'immense new mistake' of troop surge - CNN.com
  37. ^ Senator Kennedy delivers a speech at GW University: The Effect of the War in Iraq On America's Security. Originally on the home page of kennedy.senate.gov, archived on the Internet Archive 17 January 2006.
  38. ^ Sen. Ted Kennedy at the National Press Club, YouTube.com, January 9, 2007. Accessed online 22 February 2007.
  39. ^ "Northern Ireland Conflict / British Reaction". Vanderbilt University. 1971-10-20. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  40. ^ "A Chronology of the Conflict - 1971". University of Ulster. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  41. ^ Kelly, Garry (2005-03-14). "Senator Kennedy snubs Adams as US recoils at IRA crime". The Independent. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
  42. ^ Our Campaigns - Candidate - Edward "Ted" Kennedy
  43. ^ Court nominees will trigger rapid response | csmonitor.com
  44. ^ Our Campaigns - Candidate - Edward "Ted" Kennedy
  45. ^ U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote
  46. ^ U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote
  47. ^ U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote
  48. ^ U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote
  49. ^ U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote
  50. ^ U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote
  51. ^ CNN.com - Estrada withdraws as judicial nominee - Sep. 4, 2003
  52. ^ "A Sober Look At Ted Kennedy". Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  53. ^ Senate votes to raise minimum wage, Chicago Tribune, February 1, 2007. Accessed online February 22, 2007.
  54. ^ [http://capwiz.com/lcv_stage/bio/keyvotes/?id=297&congress=1102&lvl=C League of Conservation Voters.
  55. ^ On the issues:Environment
  56. ^ Washington Post, January 12, 2005.
  57. ^ Clean power now, April 12, 2006.
  58. ^ Senator Kennedy and Student Aid at NU: An Online Exhibit, Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections, May 2008.
  59. ^ "Ted's Aching Back". Time magazine. March 10 1980. Retrieved 2008-05-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  60. ^ "Sen. Kennedy Has Surgery On Blocked Artery". Associated Press. CBS News. 2007-10-12.
  61. ^ "Sen. Kennedy suffers seizure; hospitalized in Boston". Cape Cod Times. 2008-05-17.
  62. ^ "Edward Kennedy taken to hospital". BBC News. 2008-05-18.
  63. ^ Schworm, Peter (2008-05-17). "Ted Kennedy not in immediate danger; seizure cause sought". The Boston Globe. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  64. ^ Johnson, Glen (2008-05-20). "Doctors say Sen. Edward Kennedy has a brain tumor, a condition discovered after seizure". Associated Press. Star Tribune. Retrieved 2008-05-20. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  65. ^ Thomas H. Maugh II (2008-05-21). "Kennedy's tumor prognosis is weakened by age". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
  66. ^ Pam Belluck and Anahad O'Connor, "Kennedy Leaves Hospital in Boston", The New York Times, May 22, 2008.
  67. ^ a b Matt Viser and Michael Levenson, "Kennedy's brain tumor surgery deemed a success", Boston.com, June 2, 2008.
  68. ^ a b Michelle Fay Cortez, "Kennedy's Brain Surgery Can Reduce, Not Cure, Tumor (Update1)", Bloomberg.com, June 2, 2008.
  69. ^ nydailynews.com/news, Sen. Edward Kennedy undergoes surgery for brain tumor
  70. ^ spokesmanreview.com, Kennedy undergoes brain surgery
  71. ^ ap.google.com, Next up for Sen. Kennedy: Chemo, radiation treatments
  72. ^ boston.com, Rapport with pioneer surgeon leads to the senator's choice
  73. ^ sun-sentinel.com, Kennedy's surgery might just be beginning
U.S. Senate
Preceded by U.S. senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts
November 6, 1962 – present
Served alongside: Leverett Saltonstall, Edward Brooke, Paul Tsongas, John Kerry 		Incumbent
Political offices
Preceded by Senate Majority Whip
Senate Democratic Whip
1969 – 1971 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee
1978 – 1981 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairman of the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee
1987 – 1995 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairman of the Senate Health, Education,
Labor, and Pensions Committee
2001 – 2003 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairman of the Senate Health, Education,
Labor, and Pensions Committee
2007 – present 		Incumbent
Current Committee Assignments
Committee Position
Armed Services Subcommittee Chairman
Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee Chairman
Joint Economic
Judiciary Subcommittee Chairman

{{subst:#if:Kennedy, Ted|}} [[Category:{{subst:#switch:{{subst:uc:1932}} 

|| UNKNOWN | MISSING = Year of birth missing {{subst:#switch:{{subst:uc:LIVING}}||LIVING=(living people)}}
| #default = 1932 births

}}]] {{subst:#switch:{{subst:uc:LIVING}} 

|| LIVING  = 
| MISSING  = 
| UNKNOWN  = 
| #default =

}}

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