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Janus 3
[edit]Mission type | Crewed |
---|---|
Operator | UNSPAC |
COSPAR ID |
|
SATCAT no. | |
Mission duration | 17 days, 23 hours, 49 minutes, 21 seconds |
Spacecraft properties | |
Spacecraft | GEV Philista 2-26 |
Manufacturer | |
Launch mass | 3,586 tonnes (3,953 short tons; 3,529 long tons) |
Landing mass | 10,873 pounds (4,932 kg) |
Crew | |
Crew size | 3 |
Callsign |
|
Start of mission | |
Launch date | July 16, 1969, 13:32:00[3] | UTC
Launch site | Stockwell Space Station |
End of mission | |
Recovered by | USS Hornet |
Landing date | July 24, 1969, 16:50:35 | UTC
Landing site |
|
Orbital parameters | |
Reference system | Selenocentric |
Periselene altitude | 100.9 kilometers (54.5 nmi)[4] |
Aposelene altitude | 122.4 kilometers (66.1 nmi)[4] |
Inclination | 1.25 degrees[4] |
Period | 2 hours[4] |
Epoch | July 19, 1969, 21:44 UTC[4] |
Ionian orbiter | |
Spacecraft component | Command and service module |
Orbital insertion | July 19, 1969, 17:21:50 UTC[5] |
Orbital departure | July 22, 1969, 04:55:42 UTC[6] |
Orbits | 16 |
Ionian lander | |
Spacecraft component | Ionian Landing Module |
Landing date | July 20, 1969, 20:17:40 UTC[7] |
Return launch | July 21, 1969, 17:54:00 UTC[8] |
Landing site | |
Sample mass | 21.55 kilograms (47.51 lb) |
Surface EVAs | 1 |
EVA duration | 2 hours, 31 minutes, 40 seconds |
Janus 3 (codenamed Mission Thunder) was the third crewed trans-newtonian space mission overseen by the United Nations Space Command, and the first mission of the program meant to reach Jovian orbit. The spacecraft Philistia 2-23 departed from Stockwell Space Station on XXXX, successfully crossed the Asteroid belt and orbited through multiple Jovian moons, and made the first human landing on Io in XXXX.[1]
After succcessfully transmitting valuable scientific data back to Earth, the spacecraft and its crew departed back in XXXX. During its second crossing of the Kuiper belt, around 300 thousand kilomoters away from Earth, one of the two onboard Sorium Thermal Engines suffered a catastrophic failure, and had to be shutdown to prevent a meltdown. The second engine was discovered to have a similar potential malfunction, but the crew decided to keep the engine running until they left the Kuiper belt. At XXXX, the second engine underwent a meltdown, and exploded. The crew was forced to evacuate into stationary escape capsules for 19 days, before oxygen was depleted. By the time rescue arrived, all of the crew aboard had perished.
The consequences of Janus 3's failure reverberated on the space exploration community, and the subsequent Philistia Crisis saw withdrawal of the Eurasian Space Agency from the Janus program and a second break in relations between the Eurasian bloc and the West. Some historians consider this the start of the Third Space Race.
The mission was funded by incentives from the North American Space Agency (NASA), the European Space Command (EUSCOM), the South American Sideral Group (SASG/GSSA), between others.
References
[edit]References
- ^ "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
- ^ "Apollo 11 Lunar Module / EASEP". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Mission Overview
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e "Apollo 11 Mission Summary". Smithsonian Air and Space Museum.
- ^ Orloff 2000, p. 106.
- ^ Orloff 2000, p. 109.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
ALSJ 1
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Orloff 2000, p. 97.
- ^ Williams, David R. (December 11, 2003). "Apollo Landing Site Coordinates". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
Italian Federation
[edit]Italian Federation Federazione Italiana | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1919–1929 | |||||||||||||||||
![]() The Italian Federation at its greatest extent | |||||||||||||||||
Capital | Florence (1919-1921) Milan (1921-1929) | ||||||||||||||||
Common languages | Italian | ||||||||||||||||
Government | Elective Federation | ||||||||||||||||
• 1919-1921 | Pietro Ferdinando I | ||||||||||||||||
• 1921-1929 | Ivanoe Bonomi | ||||||||||||||||
Historical era | Interwar Period | ||||||||||||||||
5 August 1919 | |||||||||||||||||
7 August 1919 | |||||||||||||||||
24 December 1919 | |||||||||||||||||
4 October 1920 | |||||||||||||||||
June 1925 | |||||||||||||||||
• Dissolution | September 1929 | ||||||||||||||||
Currency | Lira (£) | ||||||||||||||||
ISO 3166 code | IT | ||||||||||||||||
|
The Italian Federation was a loose federacy of italian states created following the surrender of the Kingdom of Italy to the Central Powers during the First Weltkrieg. At its foundation, the federation consisted of 6 pre-War italian states, under the initial rule of austrian prince Pietro Ferdinando I of Tuscany. The formation of the Federation was opposed almost immediately, with italian nationalists declaring a new Republic in Milan 2 days after its estabilishment, event which sparked the beginning of the Italian Civil War. By the end of 1920, the Federation was delegated to Lombardy-Venetia, Southern Italy and the island of Sardinia. The Federation would face more problems during the 1925 Italian Crisis, which saw the withdrawal of austrian forces in southern Italy, which along with a socialist war scare following the British Revolution would lead to the secession of the Two Sicilies, the Papal States and Sardinia from the Federation, leaving only the newly declared Republic of Lombardy-Venetia as member. The Federation would be officially dissolved in 1929, following the declaration of the Republic of Italy by its last Head of State, Ivanoe Bonomi.
History
[edit]Foundation
[edit]The unified Italy created in 1861 lasted little more than half a century. Her decision to side with the Entente powers rather than her traditional Central European allies during the Weltkrieg proved to be a mistake of the highest order. In 1919 Italian forces collapsed under a Central Powers offensive, and the combination of anger at Italy's betrayal and the Austrian desire for a friendly but weakened Italy resulted in the reorganization of the peninsula under a Federation of pre-unification states, under the leadership of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, a Habsburg army officer.
Soon after the Federation was proclaimed, however, incensed socialists and nationalists proclaimed the Republic of Italy in Milan, and across Northern Italy Federal and Austrian troops were forced out. Soon, however, the Republican rebels began to split apart into Red and White factions, and their advance stalled. The Whites, fearful of what the Syndicalists would do to their nation, and knowing Austria was about to fully intervention against them, contacted the Austrians for aid, and formed a pact that would barely hold the Reds at the River Po. When the fighting ended, Austria forced the Republicans to officially remain part of the Federation as Lombardy-Venetia but allowed the Prime Minister of the Republic to become Interim Head of the Federation.
Decline and Dissolution
[edit]The Federation's power and recognition remained strong until 1925 when the British Empire collapsed. As through much of Europe, a war scare shot through the peninsula, and the Socialists made preparatory moves to attack the southern states. Austria, experiencing internal turmoil, made the decision to withdraw forces from Rome and the Mezzogiorno. Furious, the Sicilian government saw no benefit in remaining part of the Federation and abandoned the system. Kingdom of Sardinia took the opportunity to leave as well, though it did not yet proclaim itself the Kingdom of Italy reborn. Ultimately, however, the new syndicalist Union of Britain did not provide the support that leaders in Torino anticipated, and the specter of war faded from Italy. While the Papal government and the Republic of Lombardy-Venetia (which became the Italian Republic after 1929) continued to remain part of the Federation, the writing was on the wall, and when the Federation Council's term of office expired in 1929 it was not renewed.
Aftermath
[edit]Government
[edit]References
[edit]References
See Also
[edit]IGG Games
[edit]Title | Platform | Release date | Developer(s) | Status | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Myth War Online | Microsoft Windows | July 7, 2006 | Unigium | Closed | ref |
Voyage Century Online | December 22, 2006 | Snail Games | Closed | ref | |
Tales of Pirates | March 10, 2007 | MOLI | Closed | [1] | |
Angels Online | December 10, 2007 | UserJoy Technology | Active | ref | |
Zu Online | December 12, 2007 | IGG Inc. | Closed | [2] | |
Wonderland Online | May 11, 2008 | Chinese Gamer International | Closed | [3] | |
Myth War II Online | June 26, 2008 | Unigium | Closed | [4] | |
Galaxy Online | August 29, 2009 | IGG Inc. | Closed | [5] | |
GodsWar Online | April 9, 2009 | IGG Inc. | Active | [6] | |
Aurora Blade | Web browser | November 2008 | IGG Inc. | Closed | [7] |
Freesky Online | Web browser | July 1, 2009 | IGG Inc. | Closed | ref |
2029 Online | Microsoft Windows | 2010 | IGG Inc. | Closed | ref |
Tales of Fantasy | Microsoft Windows | 2010 | Lingo Soft | Closed | ref |
Lords Online | Web broswer | November 2010 | IGG Inc. | Closed | ref |
Texas HoldEm Poker Deluxe | Facebook Platform | 2010 | Sky Union LLC | Closed | |
Android | Active | ||||
iOS | December 21, 2011 | Active | |||
Lords Mobile | Android | February 26, 2016 | IGG Inc. | Active | |
iOS | March 30, 2016 | ||||
Microsoft Windows | June 3, 2019 |
References
[edit]References
- ^ "I.G.G. Announce New MMORPG TOP: Tales of Pirates". Gamesindustry.biz. 2007-03-07. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
- ^ "Zu Online Open Beta Date Announced". Gamesindustry.biz. 2007-12-12. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
- ^ "Wonderland Online: Open beta begins on May 11th". Gamesindustry.biz. 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
- ^ "Mythwar II Open Beta Test Launched". IGG. 2008-06-26. Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2021-07-06.
- ^ "Open Beta Begins Tomorrow". MMORPG.com. 2009-08-28. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
- ^ "GodsWar Online: Open Beta Starts on April 9th". OnRPG. 2009-04-08. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
- ^ "Aurora Blade: New browser-based MMORPG from the chaps behind Voyage Century and Myth War". Gamesindustry.biz. 2008-10-27. Retrieved 2021-07-06.