User:SomeGuyWhoRandomlyEdits/Ki (cuneiform)
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Cuneiform KI (Borger 2003 nr. 737; U+121A0 ๐ ) is the sign for "earth". It is also read as GI5, GUNNI (=KI.NE) "hearth", KARAล (=KI.KAL.BAD) "encampment, army", KISLAแธช (=KI.UD) "threshing floor", and SUR7 (=KI.GAG). In Akkadian orthography, it functions as a determiner for toponyms and has the syllabic values gi, ge, qi, and qe. Besides its phonetic value it also serves as determiner or "Sumerogram" marking placenames.
As a determiner, KI corresponds to Akkadian itti,[1]
Cuneiform ki is used for syllabic "ki", and also for alphabetic "k", and alphabetic i. It has additional consonant usage for "q", instead of "k", and also "e", "รฉ", and "รญ" for vowel "i". Its usage numbers from the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows:[2] ke-(9), ki-(291), qรฉ-(18), qรญ-(62), and KI-(288).
Cities of the ancient Near East
[edit]The KI ๐ determinative was the Sumerian term for a city or city state.[3] In Akkadian and Hittite orthography, URU๐ท became a determinative sign denoting a city, or combined with KUR๐ณ "land" the kingdom or territory controlled by a city, e.g. ๐ก๐ณ๐ท๐ฉ๐๐ ๐ญ LUGAL KUR URUHa-at-ti "the king of the country of (the city of) Hatti".
Architectural organization
[edit]Examples
[edit]Sortable table of archaeological sites
[edit]Clickable map of archaeological sites
[edit]Population estimates
[edit]Measurement units and conversion
[edit]Acres | Hectares | |
---|---|---|
Square feet | 1 acre (44,000 square feet) | 1 hectare (110,000 square feet) |
Acres | 1 acre (1.0 acre) | 1 acre (0.40 hectares) |
Hectares | 1 hectare (2.5 acres) | 1 hectare (1.0 hectare) |
Square kilometers | 1 square kilometre (250 acres) | 1 square kilometre (100 hectares) |
Square miles | 1 square mile (640 acres) | 1 square mile (260 hectares) |
Population density
[edit]Author | Discipline | Publication year | Period covered | Region covered | People Per Hectare (pph) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chandler | Historian | 1987 | Ancient Near East | 75โ200 | |
Hassan | Geoarchaeologist | 1978 | Bronze Age Asia | 100 | |
Adams | Anthropologist | 1966 | Sumer | 100โ200 | |
Modelski | Political scientist | 1997 | Ancient Southwest Asia | 100โ200 | |
Renfrew | Paleolinguist | Early Holocene Eurasia | 200 | ||
McEvedy | Demographer | 1967 | Meghalayan | Old World | 250 |
Mallowan | Levantine archaeologist | 1967 | Bronze Age Iraq | 400โ500 | |
Yadin | Judaic archaeologist | 1963 | Ancient Levant | 600 | |
Bairoch | Economic historian | 1988 | Ancient Mediterranean | 400โ700 | |
Pettinato | Paleographer | 1981 | Ancient Syria | 714 | |
Frankfort | Orientalist | 1948 | Early Dynastic Mesopotamia | 75โ494 | |
Wright | Near Eastern archaeologist | 1981 | Northgrippian | Sumer | |
Nissen | Archaeologist | 1972 | Bronze Age | Lower Mesopotamia | 100โ200 |
Whitehouse | 1977 | Bronze Age Asia | 75โ400 |
Estimated settlement sizes (in hectares)
[edit]Settlement | Nissen | Pettinato | Mallowan | Adams | Roux |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eridu | 50โ500 | ||||
Bad-tibira | 25 | 50โ500 | |||
Larak | 50โ500 | ||||
Sippar | 50โ500 | ||||
Shuruppak | 100 | ||||
Kish | 84+ | 50โ500 | |||
Uruk | 250 | 400 | 50โ500 | ||
Ur | 50 | 50โ500 | |||
Nippur | 50 | 50โ500 | |||
Girsu | 50โ500 | ||||
Lagash | 50โ500 | ||||
Umma | 400 | 50โ500 | |||
Kesh | 40โ200 | 50โ500 | |||
Adab | 40โ200 | 50โ500 | |||
Isin | 50โ500 | ||||
Larsa | 50โ500 | ||||
Zabala | 40โ200 | 50โ500 | |||
Akshak | 50โ500 | ||||
Shekhna | 100 | ||||
Nagar | 75โ100 | ||||
Ebla | 56 | ||||
Anshan |
Estimated settlement populations
[edit]Settlement | Pettinato | Chandler | Whitehouse | Frankfort | McEvedy | Thompson | Modelski |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eridu | 10,000โ20,000 | ||||||
Bad-tibira | 10,000โ20,000 | 10,000โ20,000 | |||||
Larak | 10,000โ20,000 | ||||||
Sippar | 10,000โ20,000 | 10,000โ20,000 | |||||
Shuruppak | 10,000โ20,000 | 10,000โ30,000 | 17,000 | ||||
Kish | 10,000โ20,000 | 20,000 | 25,000 | ||||
Uruk | 50,000 | 50,000 | 30,000โ40,000 | 50,000 | |||
Ur | 10,000โ20,000 | 10,000โ15,000 | 10,000 | ||||
Adab | 10,000โ20,000 | 10,000โ20,000 | 13,000 | ||||
Akshak | 10,000โ20,000 | 10,000โ20,000 | |||||
Isin | |||||||
Larsa | 10,000โ20,000 | 10,000 | |||||
Girsu | 40,000โ80,000 | ||||||
Lagash | 10,000โ20,000 | 19,000 | 10,000โ15,000 | 30,000โ60,000 | 40,000 | ||
Umma | 10,000โ20,000 | 16,000 | 10,000โ15,000 | 40,000 | 34,000 | ||
Eshnunna | 9,000 | ||||||
Tutub | 12,000 | ||||||
Nippur | 10,000โ20,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 | ||||
Kesh | 10,000 | 11,000 | |||||
Zabala | 10,000 | ||||||
Assur | |||||||
Nineveh | |||||||
Akkad | |||||||
Mari | 40,000 | ||||||
Ebla | โค40,000 | 30,000 | |||||
Shekhna | 20,000 | ||||||
Nagar | 10,000โ15,000 | 15,000 | |||||
Tell Chuera | |||||||
Anshan | 10,000 | ||||||
Susa | 10,000โ15,000 |
Lands of the ancient Near East
[edit]Lower Mesopotamia
[edit]Sumer
[edit]Hammar Marshes
[edit]Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Euphrates | Uruk | Muthanna |
Zabala | Dhi Qar | |
Umma | ||
Girsu | ||
Lagash | ||
Larsa | ||
Bad-tibira | ||
Kesh | ||
Ur | ||
Kuara | ||
Eridu |
Gu-Edin
[edit]Qurna Marshes
[edit]Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Tigris | Dilbat | Al-Qฤdisiyyah |
Mashkan-shapir | ||
Nippur | ||
Marad | ||
Isin | ||
Kisurra | ||
Shuruppak |
Hawizeh Marshes
[edit]Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Tigris | Pashime | Maysan |
Akshak? | Wasit | |
Der | ||
Larak? | ||
Adab |
Central Mesopotamia
[edit]Akkad
[edit]Greater Syria
[edit]Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Middle Euphrates | Mari | Deir ez-Zor |
Baghdad Belts
[edit]Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Middle Tigris | Assur | Saladin |
Middle Euphrates | Kutha | Babil |
Borsippa | ||
Sippar | ||
Sippar-Amnanum | ||
Kish | Baghdad | |
สฟAdhaim | Gasur | Kirkuk |
Diyala | Akkad? | Diyala |
Eshnunna | ||
Tutub |
Central lands
[edit]Tigris-Euphrates drainage basin
[edit]Zagros Mountains forest steppe
[edit]Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Karun | Shimashki | Isfahan |
Awan? | Lorestan | |
Elam? | Ilam |
Mesopotamian Marshes
[edit]Southern Iran
[edit]Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Karkheh | Susiana | Khuzestan |
Marun | ||
Karun | Anshan | Fars |
Upper Mesopotamia
[edit]Eastern Turkey
[edit]Eastern Anatolia
[edit]Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Upper Euphrates | Aratta? | Iฤdฤฑr |
Aฤrฤฑ |
Northwestern Iran
[edit]Azerbaijan
[edit]Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Great Zab | Aratta? | West Azerbaijan |
Eastern Syria
[edit]Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Khabur | Urkesh | Al-Hasakah |
Shekhna | ||
Asnakkum | ||
Kahat | ||
Tell Arbid | ||
Nagar | ||
Tell Hamoukar | ||
Sikkan | ||
Nabada |
Northern Iraq
[edit]Assyria
[edit]Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Upper Tigris | Nineveh | Nineveh |
Kurdistan
[edit]Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Little Zab | Simurrum? | Sulaymaniyah |
Western Iran
[edit]Sub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Diyala | Lulubum? | Kermanshah |
Hamazi? | ||
Awan? |
Northernmost regions described in the earliest writings
[edit]Lands and their (proposed) locations | Earliest recorded claimants to make direct contact |
---|---|
Mediterranean Region, Turkey |
|
Iginimmashe Aสพabak (Sumerian): ๐ ๐๐ ๐บ ๐๐๐ igi.nim.ma.ลกea.ab.ba lit. 'Upper Sea' ![]() Mediterranean Sea | |
Amanus Mountains (Sumerian): ๐ผ๐๐ ๐ฏ๐ ama.a.numโแธซur.saล ![]() Hatay Province | |
Mashu and the Cedar Forest (Sumerian): ๐ณ๐๐๐ป kur.ลeลกerin.kud lit. 'Mountains of Cedar-felling' ![]() | |
Eastern Anatolia Region |
|
Hurum Mountain (Sumerian): ๐ฏ๐๐ ๐ณ๐ช๐ แธซur.ru.umkur.ku.ra lit. 'Mountain Cave' ![]() Mount Ararat, Iฤdฤฑr Province | |
Aratta ๐ถ๐ arattaki ![]() Aฤrฤฑ Province |
Westernmost regions described in the earliest writings
[edit]Land | (Proposed) Locations | People | Language(s) and/or dialect(s) spoken |
---|---|---|---|
Mari ๐ ๐ท๐ ma.riโki |
![]() Deir ez-Zor Governorate |
Mariotes | Mariotic |
Sutium ๐ข๐พ๐ su.ti.um |
![]() Raqqa Governorate |
Suteans ๐ข๐พ๐ su.ti.um |
Sutean ๐ข๐พ๐ su.ti.um |
Suhum | ![]() Homs Governorate | ||
Apum | ![]() Al-Hasakah Governorate |
Akkadian dialect | |
Armani | ![]() Aleppo Governorate |
Amorites ๐ฅ๐ mar.tu |
Amorite |
Amurru | ![]() Tartus Governorate | ||
Ebla ๐ ๐ท๐ eb.laki |
![]() Idlib Governorate |
Eblaites | Eblaite |
Easternmost regions described in the earliest writings
[edit]Southernmost regions described in the earliest writings
[edit]Land | (Proposed) Locations | People(s) | Language(s) and/or dialect(s) spoken |
---|---|---|---|
Sigtata Aสพabak (Sumerian): ๐๐ซ๐ซ ๐๐๐ sig.ta.taa.ab.ba lit. 'Lower Sea' ![]() Persian Gulf | |||
Dilmun ๐๐ dilmunki |
![]() Eastern Province |
||
Magan ๐ฃ๐ถ๐ maโ.ganki |
![]() Ad Dhahirah Governorate |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119โ145), 165 pages, Glossary, itti, p. 128
- ^ Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Sign List, pp. 155-165, Sign no. 461, p. 163, ki.
- ^ Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (EPSD)