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Viral disease

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Viral disease
Other namesViral infection
Types of viral diseases
SpecialtyInfectious disease
CausesVirus
MedicationAntiviral drugs

A viral disease (or viral infection) occurs when an organism's body is invaded by pathogenic viruses, and infectious virus particles (virions) attach to and enter susceptible cells.[1]

Examples are the common cold, gastroenteritis and pneumonia.[2]

Structural characteristics[edit]

Virions of some of the most common human viruses with their relative size. Nucleic acids are not to scale. SARS stands as for SARS as for COVID-19, variola viruses for smallpox.

Basic structural characteristics, such as genome type, virion shape and replication site, generally share the same features among virus species within the same family.[citation needed]

Pragmatic rules[edit]

Human-infecting virus families offer rules that may assist physicians and medical microbiologists/virologists.[citation needed]

As a general rule, DNA viruses replicate within the cell nucleus while RNA viruses replicate within the cytoplasm. Exceptions are known to this rule: poxviruses replicate within the cytoplasm and orthomyxoviruses and hepatitis D virus (RNA viruses) replicate within the nucleus.[citation needed]

Baltimore group[edit]

This group of analysts defined multiple categories of virus. Groups:[citation needed]

Clinically important virus families and species with characteristics
Family Baltimore group Important species Envelopment
Adenoviridae I[4][5] Adenovirus[4][5] N[4][5]
Herpesviridae I[4][5] Herpes simplex, type 1, Herpes simplex, type 2, Varicella-zoster virus, Epstein–Barr virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Human herpesvirus, type 8[6][7][8] Y[4][5]
Papillomaviridae I[4][9] Human papillomavirus[4][9] N[4][9]
Polyomaviridae I[4][10] BK virus, JC virus[4][10] N[4][10]
Poxviridae I[4][5] Smallpox[4][5] Y[4][5]
Parvoviridae II[4][5] Parvovirus B19[4][5] N[4][5]
Reoviridae III[11] Rotavirus,[11] Orbivirus, Coltivirus, Banna virus N[5]
Astroviridae IV[12] Human astrovirus[5] N[5]
Caliciviridae IV[11] Norwalk virus[5] N[5]
Coronaviridae IV[13] Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63, Human coronavirus OC43, Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,[5] Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Y[5]
Flaviviridae IV[4][5][14] Hepatitis C virus,[4] yellow fever virus,[4] dengue virus,[4] West Nile virus,[4] TBE virus,[5] Zika virus Y[4][5]
Hepeviridae IV[15] Hepatitis E virus[5] N[5][15]
Matonaviridae IV[4][5][16] Rubella virus[4][17] Y[4][5]
Picornaviridae IV[18] coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus, poliovirus,[5] rhinovirus N[5]
Arenaviridae V[19] Lassa virus[5][19] Y[5][19]
Bunyaviridae V[20] Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Hantaan virus[5] Y[5][20]
Filoviridae V[21] Ebola virus,[21] Marburg virus[21] Y[5]
Orthomyxoviridae V[4][22] Influenza virus[4][22] Y[4][22]
Paramyxoviridae V[23] Measles virus,[4] Mumps virus,[4] Parainfluenza virus[4][5] Y[4][23]
Pneumoviridae V [24] Respiratory syncytial virus[4] Y[4]
Rhabdoviridae V[25] Rabies virus[4][5] Y[4][5]
Unassigned[26] V[26] Hepatitis D[26] Y[26]
Retroviridae VI[4][27] HIV[4][5] Y[4][5]
Hepadnaviridae VII[4] Hepatitis B virus[4][5] Y[4][5]

Clinical characteristics[edit]

The clinical characteristics of viruses may differ substantially among species within the same family:

Type Family Transmission Diseases Treatment Prevention
Adenovirus Adenoviridae
  • droplet contact[4]
  • fecal-oral[4]
  • venereal[4]
  • direct eye contact[4]
 None[4]
  • Adenovirus vaccine
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing or sneezing
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Coxsackievirus Picornaviridae None[4]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
  • avoiding contaminated food/water
  • improved sanitation
Cytomegalovirus Herpesviridae
  • hand washing
  • avoid sharing food and drinks with others
  • safe sex
Epstein–Barr virus Herpesviridae None[4]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick
Hepatitis A virus Picornaviridae Immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)[4]
Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae

Vertical and sexual[33]

Hepatitis C virus Flaviviridae
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 1 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Herpes simplex virus, type 2 Herpesviridae
  • avoiding close contact with lesions[4]
  • safe sex[4]
HIV Retroviridae HAART,[4] such as protease inhibitors[35] and reverse-transcriptase inhibitors[35]
  • zidovudine (perinatally)[4]
  • blood product screening[4]
  • safe sex[4]
  • avoiding shared needles/syringes
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) Coronaviridae
Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) Coronaviridae
Human herpesvirus, type 8 Herpesviridae many in evaluation-stage[4]
  • avoid close contact with lesions
  • safe sex
Human papillomavirus Papillomaviridae
Influenza virus Orthomyxoviridae
  • droplet contact[4]
Measles virus Paramyxoviridae None[4]
Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • close human contact
Mumps virus Paramyxoviridae None[4]
Parainfluenza virus Paramyxoviridae None[4]
  • hand washing
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Poliovirus Picornaviridae None[4]
Rabies virus Rhabdoviridae Post-exposure prophylaxis[4]
Respiratory syncytial virus Pneumoviridae (ribavirin)[4]
  • hand washing[4]
  • avoiding close contact with the sick[4]
  • palivizumab in high risk individuals[4]
  • covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
Rubella virus Togaviridae None[4]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coronaviridae
  • droplet contact
Varicella-zoster virus Herpesviridae
  • droplet contact[4]
  • direct contact

Varicella:

Zoster:

Varicella:

Zoster:

  • vaccine
  • varicella-zoster immunoglobulin

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Taylor M, Kobiler O, Enquist LW (2012). "Alphaherpesvirus axon-to-cell spread involves limited virion transmission". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (42). PNAS: 17046–17051. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10917046T. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212926109. PMC 3479527. PMID 23027939.
  2. ^ see below in this article
  3. ^ Hunt M. "Arboviruses". University of South Carolina School of Medicine.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi Fisher B, Harvey RP, Champe PC (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (PDF). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series. Hagerstown MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 354–366. ISBN 978-0-7817-8215-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Table 1 in: Dimitrov DS (2004). "Virus entry: molecular mechanisms and biomedical applications". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2 (2): 109–22. doi:10.1038/nrmicro817. ISSN 1740-1526. PMC 7097642. PMID 15043007.
  6. ^ Adams MJ, Carstens EB (Jul 2012). "Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2012)" (PDF). Arch. Virol. 157 (7): 1411–22. doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1299-6. PMC 7086667. PMID 22481600.
  7. ^ Whitley RJ (1996). Baron S, et al. (eds.). Herpesviruses. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
  8. ^ Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA (2005). Medical Microbiology (5th ed.). Elsevier Mosby. ISBN 978-0-323-03303-9.
  9. ^ a b c de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H (2004). "Classification of papillomaviruses". Virology. 324 (1): 17–27. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.033. PMID 15183049.
  10. ^ a b c "Polyomavirus". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  11. ^ a b c Page 273 in: Lennette's Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Infections (Fourth ed.). CRC Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1420084962.
  12. ^ Murillo A, Vera-Estrella R, Barkla BJ, Méndez E, Arias CF (2015). "Identification of Host Cell Factors Associated with Astrovirus Replication in Caco-2 Cells". J. Virol. 89 (20): 10359–70. doi:10.1128/JVI.01225-15. PMC 4580174. PMID 26246569.
  13. ^ Stapleford KA, Miller DJ (2010). "Role of Cellular Lipids in Positive-Sense RNA Virus Replication Complex Assembly and Function". Viruses. 2 (5): 1055–68. doi:10.3390/v2051055. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 3187604. PMID 21994671.
  14. ^ Cook S, Moureau G, Harbach RE, Mukwaya L, Goodger K, Ssenfuka F, Gould E, Holmes EC, de Lamballerie X (2009). "Isolation of a novel species of flavivirus and a new strain of Culex flavivirus (Flaviviridae) from a natural mosquito population in Uganda". Journal of General Virology. 90 (11): 2669–78. doi:10.1099/vir.0.014183-0. ISSN 0022-1317. PMC 2885038. PMID 19656970.
  15. ^ a b "Hepeviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  16. ^ Simon-Loriere E, Holmes EC (2011). "Why do RNA viruses recombine?". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 9 (8): 617–26. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2614. ISSN 1740-1526. PMC 3324781. PMID 21725337.
  17. ^ "2018.013S.R.Matonaviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 2020-05-28.[dead link]
  18. ^ Tuthill TJ, Groppelli E, Hogle JM, Rowlands DJ (2010). Picornaviruses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 343. pp. 43–89. doi:10.1007/82_2010_37. ISBN 978-3-642-13331-2. ISSN 0070-217X. PMC 3018333. PMID 20397067.
  19. ^ a b c "Arenaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  20. ^ a b "Bunyaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  21. ^ a b c "Filoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h "Orthomyxoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Paramyxoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  24. ^ "Pneumoviridae ~ ViralZone page". viralzone.expasy.org. Retrieved 2020-08-17.
  25. ^ a b c d "Rhabdoviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  26. ^ a b c d "Deltavirus". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  27. ^ "Retroviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  28. ^ a b c d "Enterovirus". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-12.
  29. ^ Repass GL, Palmer WC, Stancampiano FF (September 2014). "Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Identifying and managing an acute viral syndrome". Cleve Clin J Med. 81 (9): 537–43. doi:10.3949/ccjm.81a.13132. PMID 25183845.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Herpesviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-02. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  31. ^ a b c d e f  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  32. ^ a b c d "Picornaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-12-20. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g "Hepadnaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  34. ^ a b "Flaviviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-17. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  35. ^ a b c d e "Human immunodeficiency virus 1". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  36. ^ a b c d "Papillomaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2015-03-05. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  37. ^ a b c "Togaviridae". ViralZone. SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 2015-10-10.

External links[edit]

InternationalNational
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