-ing
English
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- -in', -in (colloquial)
- -ïng (rare or nonstandard)
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /ɪŋ/, /ɪn/, /ən/
Audio (Southern England): (file) Audio (US): (file)
- (southern North West England, northern West Midlands, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire, Kent) IPA(key): /ɪŋɡ/[1]
- (Kent, some dialects of General Australian) IPA(key): /ɪŋk/, /ɪŋɡ/
- (US and Canada, sometimes) IPA(key): /in/, /iŋ/[2]
Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung (“-ing”, suffix forming nouns from verbs), from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enge (“-ing”), West Frisian -ing (“-ing”), Dutch -ing (“-ing”), Low German -ing, -ink (“-ing”), German -ung (“-ing”), Danish -ing (“-ing”), Swedish -ing (“-ing”), Icelandic -ing (“-ing”).
Suffix
[edit]-ing
- Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs, denoting the act of doing something, an action, or the embodiment of an action.
- As true nouns.
- My hearing is not good.
- I have had several meetings with him.
- As gerunds.
- Smoking is bad for your health.
- She has a habit of sleeping late.
- I like meeting people.
- As true nouns.
- Used to form nouns denoting materials or systems of objects which are used or employed in an action, or considered collectively.
- Roofing is material that is used to roof.
- Clothing is material with which one is clothed.
- The piping is a system of pipes considered collectively.
Usage notes
[edit]Compare -tion, which can be applied to some (Latinate) nouns with almost the same meaning:
- the activating of the weapon must be stopped
- the act of activating the weapon must be stopped
- the activation of the weapon must be stopped
In the first and third phrases the words in bold are nouns, while in the second phrase the word in bold is a gerund and the noun is act, cognate with action.
There was formerly a tendency for the final vowel of a word to contract when this suffix was added; hence carrying /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪŋ/, /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪn/, following /ˈfɒlwɪŋ/, /ˈfɒlwɪn/, but analogy has usually now resulted in restoration of the full form (e.g., /ˈkæɹi.ɪŋ/, /ˈfɒloʊ.ɪn/). [3] The same kind of analogy has resulted in pronunciations of bottling such as /ˈbɒtəlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtəlɪn/ (for earlier /ˈbɒtlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtlɪn/).
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit](collection):
Translations
[edit]The translations below are a guide only. See individual words for precise translations.
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