Burcu Salgin

Yapının işlevsel ömrü boyunca-gereksinimin, kullanıcının, işlevin, zorunlulukların ya da beğenilerin değiştiği durumlarda-mimari tasarım-dan beklenen, değişime uyum sağlayabilmedir. Değişime uyum sağlayabilme ise esneklik yaklaşımıyla mümkündür. Esnek tasarım değişi-me izin verirken, oluşacak yapısal atıkları da önlemeye/azaltmaya yardımcı bir yaklaşımdır. Çünkü yapı, tamamen ya da kısmen yıkılmadan yeni durumlara uyarlanabildiği için yapı ürünlerinin etkin kullanımı mümkün olmakta, yapısal atık oluşumu önlenmekte/azalmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında; esnek tasarımın yapısal atıkları önlemede/azaltmada sunacağı yararlar " işlevi ve kullanıcısı tanımlı olmadan tasarlanan çok amaçlı kiralanabilir bir yapı " üzerinden irdelenmiştir. Bu amaçla öncelikle esnek tasarımın yapısal atıkları önlenmedeki/azaltılmadaki katkısı konusunda literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Ardından, yapının kullanım sürecinde değişim/dönüşüm/yenilemeler nedeniyle oluşacak yapısal atıkları önlemek/azaltmak için esneklik hedefli tasarımın adımları ortaya koyulmuştur. Kayseri'de işlevi ve kullanıcısı tanımlı olma-dan esneklik hedefiyle 2007 yılında tasarlanan, 2013'ten itibaren eğitim yapısı olarak kullanılan bir yapı incelenmiştir. Yapının tasarımındaki esnekliğin, kullanım sürecinde oluşacak yapısal atıkların önlemesi/azaltması üzerindeki katkıları irdelenmiş, sonuçlar ortaya koyulmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular yapının güncel kullanımında ve gelecekteki olası işlevleri için yeterli esnekliğe sahip olduğunu gös-termekte, bu esnekliğin değişim durumunda oluşacak yapısal atıkların önlenmesinde/azaltılmasında yarar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler: Esnek tasarım; yapısal atık; yapısal atık önleme/azaltma. Throughout the functional lifetime of a building (in situations where the need, user, function, regulations or likes change), what is expected of an architectural design is its ability to adapt to change. Adaptability to change is possible with the flexibility approach. While flexible design allows change, it is also beneficial for preventing/reducing C&D waste. Because the building can be adapted to new circumstances without demolishing it completely or partially, it is possible to use the building products effectively and in such a way C&D waste can be prevented/reduced. In this research, an analysis is performed on the benefits of a flexible design in the prevention/reduction of C&D waste for " a multi-functional, leased building whose function and user have not been defined ". With this aim, a literature review was conducted on how a flexible design contributes to C&D waste prevention/reduction. Next, the flexible design steps for preventing/reducing the C&D wastes that are generated by changes/ transformations/renewals during the usage phase of the building were put forward. A building located in Kayseri, which was designed in 2007 with the aim of flexibility, without user and function definition and has been used as an educational building since 2013, was examined. Specifically , the contribution of design flexibility on the prevention/reduction of the C&D waste generated during the usage phase of the building was examined, and the results were presented. The findings of the study show that the building had enough flexibility for its current use and future possible functions, and therefore, it was concluded that flexible design would be effective in the prevention/reduction of the C&D waste to be generated in case of changes.

ÖZ
Kentsel yenileme, iyileştirme ve canlandırma yöntemleri kullanılarak uygulanan kentsel dönüşüm projeleri dünyada ve Türkiye'de hızla devam etmektedir. Bu projeler bir kent için yenilenme, canlanma ve prestij kazanma anlamları taşımakla birlikte beraberinde getirdiği çevresel yükler olumsuzluklar yaratabilmektedir. Çünkü kentsel dönüşüm uygulamalarında yapıların yıkılması sonucu ortaya çıkan yapısal atıklar kent için çözülmesi gereken yeni bir problem alanı doğurmaktadır. Kentsel dönüşüm uygulamalarının hızla devam ettiği bir il olan Kayseri için de yapısal atıklar bir problem alanıdır. Bu çalışma kapsamında Kayseri'de kentsel dönüşüm etkinlikleri sonucu oluşan yapısal atıkların yönetimine ilişkin bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, öncelikle dünyada ve Türkiye'de kentsel dönüşüm kavramı ele alınmış, kentsel dönüşüm alanlarındaki yapısal atık yönetim uygulamaları irdelenmiştir. Ardından Kayseri'de kentsel dönüşüm yapılan alanlar incelenmiştir. Kentsel dönüşüm uygulamaları sonucu oluşan yapısal atıkların yönetimine yönelik güncel durum değerlendirilmiş ve sorunlar saptanmış, çözüme yönelik öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

ABSTRACT
Urban transformation projects implemented using urban renewal, improvement and regeneration methods have been given much attention in many parts of the world and in Turkey. The projects may mean renewing, reviving and gaining prestige for a city; however, the environmental burdens associated with it can create negative effects. This is because construction and demolition (C&D) wastes that result from the destruction of buildings in urban transformation applications cause a new problem area which needs to be solved for the affected cities. C&D waste is also a problem area for Kayseri, the city where urban transformation practices are at its peak. In this study, the evaluation of the management of the C&D wastes resulting from urban transformation activities in Kayseri was made. With this aim, first of all, the concept of urban transformation in the world and in Turkey is discussed, and C&D waste management practices in urban transformation areas are examined. Later, the areas where urban transformation was done are examined in Kayseri. Current situation on the management of C&D wastes that have emerged as a result of these applications are evaluated, problems are identified and suggestions for solution are developed.

Today, construction practices with potential damages to the environment are carried out uncontrollably to respond to the rapidly growing population needs. In the construction sector, which is one of the leading sectors closely following technological developments, steps must be taken to protect the world's ecologic balance. The goal of the professionals is not only to put up a building in accordance with its design but also to comply with environmental requirements in a respectful way. Different parameters such as erroneous design decisions, inadequate work schedules, sudden weather oppositions, defects in product supply can directly or indirectly affect the construction process, resulting in the generation of construction waste on the construction site. These wastes negatively affect the living and non-living environment. It is not technically possible to completely eliminate construction wastes generated during the construction process, but it is possible to control and recover these wastes. For this reason, innovative applications are important in the construction sector. This study examines the potential of BIM applications in preventing/reducing wastes in the construction process. For this purpose; articles that talk about the reasons of waste generation in the construction sector and the relationship between BIM technology and construction waste management practices were examined, and the findings obtained were evaluated. BIM applications are being proposed to be developed to prevent/reduce wastes on the construction site.

The lean ideal is to deliver customer value without waste. Traditional sustainability outcomes, which are attributed to the pursuit of the lean ideal in construction projects, consisted of economic outcomes instead of environmental outcomes. This paper explores how lean design methods can reduce construction and demolition (C&D) waste and contribute to environmental sustainability. Three case studies are conducted to analyze three hospital projects in California that employed lean tools and methods during design. These three cases demonstrate that C&D waste reduction (e.g., recycling construction waste, reducing material use, and enhancing recovery after use) can be indirectly achieved by economic waste reduction. Testable hypotheses were generated from the case study findings and were proposed as
future research topics.

El ideal del concepto Lean es entregar valor al cliente sin desperdiciar nada. Los resultados sustentables tradicionales, que persiguen el ideal Lean en los proyectos constructivos, son más bien resultados económicos en vez de resultados ambientales. Este artículo estudia cómo los métodos de diseño eficientes pueden reducir el volumen de residuos de construcción y demolición y contribuir a la sustentabilidad del medio ambiente. Se realizaron tres estudios de caso a fin de analizar tres proyectos hospitalarios en California que emplearon herramientas y métodos Lean durante la fase de diseño. Estos tres casos demostraron que la reducción de residuos de construcción y demolición (por ej., reciclar desperdicios de la construcción, reducir el uso de materiales y promover la recuperación después del uso) se puede lograr indirectamente a través de la reducción del desperdicio económico. Se generaron hipótesis comprobables a partir de los hallazgos de los estudios de caso, las que se propusieron como temas para futuras investigaciones.

ÖZET Ait olduğu dönemin yerel, sosyo-kültürel ortamlarını yansıtan açılımları ile özel bir öneme sahip olan tarihi yapılar, kentlerin kimliğini oluĢturmaları açısından da önemli birikimlerdir. Tarihi yapıların doğal çevreleri ve özgün özellikleri ile birlikte korunması kentsel kimliğin korunmasına ve içinde bulundukları dokunun sürdürülebilirliğine katkı sağlamaktadır. ÇağdaĢ koruma yaklaĢımları çerçevesinde tarihi yapıların korunabilmesi için en önemli ölçütlerden birisi de yapının özgün iĢlevi değiĢmeksizin içindeki yaĢamın kullanıcısı ile birlikte sürdürülebilmesidir. Özgün kullanımın sürmesi ise yapıların günümüzün konfor koĢullarına cevap verebilmeleri ile mümkündür. Modern yaĢam koĢullarına bağlı olarak konfor Ģartlarının zaman içinde değiĢmesi günümüz insanının beklentisini yükseltmiĢ; bu yapıların özgün iĢlevleri ile kullanılmasını zorlaĢtırmıĢtır. Kayseri ili Germir Mahallesi " nde yapılan incelemeler sonucu tarihi yapıların korunmasını zorlaĢtıran en önemli etkenlerin baĢında; bakım sorunları ve kullanım zorlukları nedeniyle geleneksel " düz toprak damların " geldiği saptanmıĢtır. Nitekim alan içinde kullanıcılar tarafından bu damların üzerine beton dökülerek orijinali dıĢında bir kesite dönüĢtürüldüğüne sıklıkla rastlanmaktadır. Tarihi yapının tekil olarak, geleneksel dokunun ise bütün olarak niteliğini bozan bu durumu önlemek için; tarihi yapıların önemli bir ögesi olan geleneksel " düz toprak dam " uygulamalarını günümüz konfor koĢullarına uyarlayacak bir öneri olarak " yeĢil çatı " çözümleri düĢünülmüĢ ve " yeĢil çatı " uygulamasının olabilirliği/kullanılabilirliği makale kapsamında araĢtırılmıĢtır. ABSTRACT Historical buildings, particularly important as a reflection of the local and socio-cultural context of the era to which they belong, also help to define the identity of cities. The conservation of historical buildings through the preservation of their natural settings and original qualities contributes to the preservation of urban identity and the sustainability of the urban fabric. Within the framework of modern conservation approaches, one important criterion governing the conservation of historical buildings is to provide living standards to their users without compromising the building " s original function. To ensure the continuation of their original use, historical buildings must be able to adequately accommodate the current comfort conditions. Due to modern living conditions, existing comfort conditions are changed in time and this increased the expectations of people; which complicates the problem of maintaining the original functional integrity of historical buildings. According to the analysis conducted in the Germir Neighborhood of Kayseri, maintenance problems and challenges associated with the use of traditional " soil-covered flat roofs " are the most constraining factors involved in the conservation of historical buildings. It is common to see that the original soil-covered flat roofs are covered with concrete. To prevent destruction of historical building " s quality and quality of the historical fabric, " green roof " solutions are being conducted to adapt traditional soil-covered flat roofing, an important element of historical buildings, to current comfort conditions and an examination is performed on the feasibility and/usability of green roofs in this article.

The construction industry involves high risk-taking activities that result in cost overruns, low productivity, litigation, ineffective communication and construction delays. The introduction of collaboration into the construction industry has been frequently used as an innovative approach towards the achievement of quality in construction and as a remedy for the pitfalls of the conventional approaches of procurement in the construction industry. This study was aimed at assessing the perception of construction professionals on the potential barriers and benefits of collaboration in the construction industry. A questionnaire survey was used to solicit the views of the respondents on the issues under study. A total number of sixty questionnaires were sent to the respondents under investigation. Data from the survey was analyzed using Relative Importance Indices. The findings from the study revealed that fear of micromanagement, lack of common goals and past negative experience with collaboration were the main barriers to collaboration in the Ghanaian construction industry. Also, the main benefits associated with collaboration in the Ghanaian construction industry were identified to include total cost perspective in collaboration, technical expertise by partners and availability of resources in collaborations. The study recommends that collaboration should be widely accepted and practiced, and careful consideration should be given to professional expertise with sufficient skills during the selection of partners and workshops to advocate the use of collaboration in the construction industry.

İnsana ait bütün yerleşim düzenlerinin kendilerine özgü iç işleyişleri vardır. Pratik hayatta sunulanın koşulsuz olarak kabul gördüğü günümüzde, coğ-rafyaya ve üzerinde barındırdığı kültüre bağlı olarak, farklı dönemleri farklı ölçeklerle ve farklı hızlarla yaşayan insan, imgeler dünyasındaki yerleşi-mi yaşamaya doğru itilmektedir. " Son dönemlerde renk, yerleşim bütünü içinde yapıları birbirine bağlayan, saklı kabullerin/kuralların ifadesi olarak görülmekte, yerleşimin dokusunu okumaya yardımcı ya da tersine farklılık gösteren bir ifade olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu durum biçim ve renk ilişkisi ile gerçekleşebilir. " 1 2013 yazında Hacılar Belediyesi sınırları içindeki üç mahalleden oluşan dokuya uygulanabilir renk önerilerinin oluşması için kurgulanan çalışma-da, öncelikle mevcut doku, eski izler, yeni eklenenler ve olası eklenecekler üzerine düşünülmüş ve çalıştay sürecinde bu düşünceler hayat bulmuştur. Erciyes Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Mimarlık ve Şehir Bölge Planlama Bölümü öğrencilerinden oluşan 13* kişilik bir grubun katılımı ile gerçek-leşen çalışmanın çıkış noktasını " Hacılar'ın Renkleri ne olmalı? " sorusu oluşturmuştur. Atölye çalışmalarının ilk aşamasında Hacılar yerleşiminin sade ancak etkileyici dokusunda bulunan renklerin saptanması yoluna gi-dilmiş, taş yapıların kendine özgü rengi ile boyalı yüzeylerin (pencereler, kapılar, söveler) canlı renklerinin birlikteliği incelenmiştir. Bu renklerin bir araya gelerek oluşturduğu zenginlik irdelendirken, yeni yapılacak renklen-dirme çalışmalarında bu uyumun yeniden yakalanabilmesinin koşulları araştırılmıştır. Öğrenciler, bilmedikleri bu alanda, mesafe, yüzey ve gölge başlıkları üzerine düşünerek fotoğraflama yapmışlar ve bu fotoğrafların her birine bir isim vermişlerdir. Her fotoğrafta bulunan iki rengi kartelala-rına taşıyarak, renk saptamaları yaparken NCS renk sistemini kullanarak seçtikleri renklerin karşılıklarını bir sistemle bağlamaya çalışmışlardır. Öğrencilerle yapılan bu çalışma, yerleşim için önerilecek olan kapsamlı ve profesyonel renk çalışması için önemli ve ilham veren bir başlangıç olarak ele alınmalı, heyecanı, saf düşüncenin ve hayal etmenin gücünü ete kemi-ğe büründürme örneği olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Sonucunda Hacılar için 128 renkten oluşan bir renk kartelası oluşturulmuştur.

The concept of construction and demolition (C&D) waste, which is generally defined as materials arising from excavation, construction, renovation/refurbishment, demolition and other construction-related activities, has received much attention from researchers worldwide since the beginning of the 70s. Although C&D waste management issues have been dealt with in various dimensions on the international platform, it is new in Turkey. The management of C&D wastes has become very important for Turkey in recent years. This is because most C&D wastes are generated because of the potential risk of earthquakes and urban transformation projects, which have led to the destruction of buildings before the end of their lives. In order to cope with these wastes, they should be managed in the hierarchy, with waste prevention/reduction being the first priority, followed by recovery. Disposal should only be considered as a last resort.
Recovery plays an important role in C&D waste management hierarchy because there are many environmental and economic benefits associated with it. Such benefits include the protection of raw materials and the reduction of pollution. For this reason, this study seeks to determine the types of C&D wastes that are frequently generated by construction sector activities in Turkey and to examine their recovery possibilities.
Recovering C&D waste can be possible through reusing and recycling. As the recovery methods of C&D wastes vary according to the various properties of building materials and elements, the amount and level of benefits to be provided will vary. For this reason, it is important to determine the methodology that is most beneficial by investigating the possibilities of recovering materials and elements. In this context, the types of C&D waste that frequently occur during the building life cycle in Turkey have been determined. Later on, recovering (reuse, recycle) possibilities for these wastes and usage areas after recovery will be investigated. Present applications for Turkey have been put forward.
Considering the ecological and economic benefits to be gained by increasing the level of consciousness and applications about recovering of C&D waste, this study is considered to make a significant contribution to the literature and application field.
"This work was supported by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Erciyes University. Project Number: FBA-2016-6627."

Dampness in buildings is a common problem in Ghana. A nationwide survey has estimated that one out of every ten residential buildings suffers from one form of dampness or the other. The possibility that damp housing conditions may affect the health of occupants, and in particular expose them to respiratory symptoms has been the attention of many cross-sectional epidemiological studies worldwide. Building related mould, fungi, dust mites, etc. associated with dampness have considerable economic consequences in increased healthcare costs because of higher disease prevalence, use of healthcare services and medications. Through literature survey, this study sought to examine the impact of damp housing conditions on the health of occupants, and presents lessons from such studies to those living in tropical buildings (the case of Ghana) with similar conditions. The study was carried out using a two-stage methodology which included identifying the relevant literature material, and reviewing the relevant literature. The key lesson learned from the literature search is the fact that there are many health issues associated with living in damp housing conditions. The review clearly showed that being exposed to damp conditions could trigger a number of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, as well as skin diseases. Among the diseases are asthma, wheeze, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, headache, eczema, bronchitis, cough at night, etc. Public health researchers and practitioners should be prompted on the adverse health effects of mould, indoor fungi, dust mites (which are accompanied with dampness) to residents, and efforts should be made to enlighten the general public and government bodies on these issues.

The construction industry involves high risk-taking activities that result in cost overruns, low productivity, litigation, ineffective communication and construction delays. The introduction of collaboration into the construction industry has been frequently used as an innovative approach towards the achievement of quality in construction and as a remedy for the pitfalls of the conventional approaches of procurement in the construction industry. This study was aimed at assessing the perception of construction professionals on the potential barriers and benefits of collaboration in the construction industry. A questionnaire survey was used to solicit the views of the respondents on the issues under study. A total number of sixty questionnaires were sent to the respondents under investigation. Data from the survey was analyzed using Relative Importance Indices. The findings from the study revealed that fear of micromanagement, lack of common goals and past negative experience with collaboration were the main barriers to collaboration in the Ghanaian construction industry. Also, the main benefits associated with collaboration in the Ghanaian construction industry were identified to include total cost perspective in collaboration, technical expertise by partners and availability of resources in collaborations. The study recommends that, collaboration should be widely accepted and practiced, and careful consideration should be given to professional expertise with sufficient skills during selection of partners and workshops to advocate the use of collaboration in the construction industry.

Mesopotamia, as a crossroad of different cultures, is an everlasting fountain for design thinking with its historical and cultural richness; provides sources for narrations based on mythology, story, legend and tradition. Mesopotamia is not only a geographical space anymore but also a laborotary with its topography, climatic conditions, daylight, shadow, colours of nature and stone. Thanks to these varieties, this fountain reflects itself by interdisciplinary way in various design areas as architecture, industrial design, fashion and jewellery and all of these areas connected to each other with invisible network The network is just a cycle feeding with flashbacks and having no starting or ending point. In this cycle architecture, described by artificial environment existed with several design parameters, acts as core of interdisciplinary design areas that mentioned.

As an example of design parameters like topography, daylight, sense of intimacy exhibit themselves in architectural design as courtyard housing typology; they also show themselves in fashion design as colours, patterns and style in traditional clothing. Being situated in transition zone also represents itself in industrial design as jewellery that based on archaeological heritage.

In this paper, it is aimed to show how Mesopotamia and its atmosphere as a memory setting are reflected in designers’ works. This paper suggests that tradition and cultural heritage is a way of design learning/thinking in several design principle. The way should not be understood as historicism. It is just a way gives impression to a designer which lets him to annotate in a contemporary context.