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Saša Ilić
Historian
Contemporary social and economic history of Serbia, Yugoslavia and Europe
Address: National Bank of Serbia, Archives, Kralja Petra str. 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Contemporary social and economic history of Serbia, Yugoslavia and Europe
Address: National Bank of Serbia, Archives, Kralja Petra str. 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Истраживање теме обављено је на обимној архивској грађи, првенствено фондова Архива Југославије, а оквир историјске појаве и епохе на основу бројне домаће и стране публиковане грађе, литературе и штампе. При обради теме коришћен је класичан историографски метод, допуњен техникама демографије, статистике, социологије, психологије, економске и друштвене историје, изучавања свакодневице и приватности.
Before the World War Two, Yugoslavia was an agrarian, poorly industrialized and non-modernized country. The consequences of the war added up to the bad foundation. The industrial and traffic infrastructures were destroyed and human casualties remained huge. The victorious communist ideology proclaimed intense industrialization and electrification as the primary goal for the development of society (and the means for preserving power) in accordance with the model, which had been tried out earlier in the Soviet Union. However, the activities on the modernization of the economy were not possible without professional personnel, which was shortage of. The salvation was expected from the USSR, but the big promises were not followed by adequate deeds, so only a small number of (overpaid) Soviet experts took part in the Yugoslav development. There remained two sources of foreign professional labour force that the modelers of Yugoslav economic policy would use abundantly. The first source was in the country - numerous prisoners of war who, in exchange for a labor contract were offered freedom, which was accepted by thousands of them. The other was located in neighboring and nearby countries where the war created unemployment - mostly Germany, but also Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy and Bulgaria. Those experts were searched for, but also they offered themselves to provide services, and thousands of them were hired in companies in Yugoslavia on a few years and longer. The results they held up in the economy, especially the electric power industry, the chemical, mechanical, automotive and radio industries were impressive.
The research of the topic was carried out on extensive archival material, primarily the funds of the Archives of Yugoslavia, and the framework of the historical phenomenon and epoch are based on numerous domestic and foreign published sources, literature and press. In the management of the topic, a classic historiographical method was used, complemented by techniques of demography, statistics, sociology, psychology, economic and social history, the study of everyday life and privacy.
Izbor autorskih priloga: zbirke 85 Dr Lazar Marković, 86 Svetislav Milosavljević, 87 Luka Pišteljić, 104 Mihailo Petrović, 143 Nikola Pašić, 210 Čedomilj Mijatović, 310 Dr Aleksandar Cincar-Marković, 397 Dr Ivan Subbotić, 725 Roza Levine-Majer
By investing in the construction and expansion of buildings, acquiring modern machinery, focusing on personal education, and hiring skilled personnel trained in German brewing schools, the family enabled the breweries in Pančevo and Belgrade to achieve stable growth. In the lead-up to World War I, the most renowned member of the family, Georg Weifert, one of the most significant businessmen in Serbia, managed the breweries. Based on the analysis of original archival materials and literature, the authors in this article depict the development of brewing over a period of two centuries (1717–1918), with a special focus on the Weifert family’s role in transforming the craft into a modern industry.
The Yugoslav transition after 1948 attracted a great attention of the world public. In the acquaintance of the new Yugoslavia, the official representatives of states and economic entities, and many other organizations and individuals participated. Cooperation with peacekeeping movements and peace organizations was particularly in mutual interest. The subject of this paper is an analysis of the reports of the impressions from Yugoslavia in 1950, which made one such organization - the American Friends Service Committee. In what way the Committee noticed the situation in Yugoslavia, is important not only for the respectability of that organization, but also because of dynamic historical circumstances in which in the short term, with the maintenance of old ideology, a socio-economic system was redefined and a significantly changed foreign policy reorientation.
By analyzing source material and relevant historical economic and purely economic literature, we The attempt ised to determine the appearance and the important features of the banking sector, the sequence of reforms that marked this field of economic life in the second half of the 20th century, as well as the effectiveness of the observed changes. To that end, we tried to The overview is provided of the characteristics of the different phases that the Yugoslav banking system underwent, starting with the development of the socialist banking system (according to the USSR model), planned organization and rigid centralization, through various phases of decentralization, central plan weakening and introduction of market elements, to the shaping (and reshaping) of the self-management banking system and its repercussions on the country’s economic unity.
Analizom izvorne građe i odgovarajuće istorijsko-ekonomske i ekonomske literature nastojali smo da utvrdimo izgled i bitnija svojstva bankarskog sektora, sled reformi koje su tu oblast ekonomskog života obeležile u drugoj polovini XX veka i delotvornost uočenih promena. U tom smislu pokušali smo da sagledamo karakteristike različitih faza kroz koje je prolazilo jugoslovensko bankarstvo, počev od izgradnje socijalističkog bankarstva (prema sovjetskom modelu), planskog organizovanja i krute centralizacije, preko raznih faza decentralizacije, slabljenja plana i uvođenja elemenata tržišta, do oblikovanja (i reoblikovanja) samoupravnog bankarstva i njegovih posledica po ekonomsko jedinstvo zemlje.
ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY OF SOCIALIST YUGOSLAVIA: SOURCES FOR ECONOMIC-HISTORICAL RESEARCH, WITH REFERENCE TO AVAILABLE LITERATURE
In addition to industrialization, electrification defined the pillar of the development of socialist economy. The construction of the energy system was a condition for the development of the industry and a factor of modernization, electricity was changing the activity in the collective and transformed everyday life. Literature concerning the power industry does not provide a complete insight into the scope and consequences of the development of the system in a country that, under politically authoritarian conditions, has transformed from a backward to a modern country. The rich original background in the research was not appropriately used. The documents of the central authorities contain an abundance of descriptive, analytical, synthetic and other data which enable the study of general and local currents in the history of the electric power industry, the degree of development, political influences, and the state of the cadre. The sources showcase the system at a macro and micro level, a phase of centralism and self-government, foreign trade affairs, new technologies, costs, grandiose successes and difficulties.
ukupna razmena uvećane Nemačke sa Jugoslavijom počela da pokazuje tendenciju opadanja i kakav je bio spoljnotrgovinski trend Trećeg rajha sa ostalim zemljama Jugoistoka, tema je ovog rada.
The paper presents the wandering of the new DFY authorities on wage and price policy issues and their inability to balance the cash income and supply ratio of basic necessities of life. Numerous organizational efforts and scope of normative activity in the face of general poverty, economic disintegration, and lack of staff, did not stabilize the situation and the government contributed to the price collapse in the summer of 1945 with its disfavor.
The paper presents the text of the Reuters war correspondent from Moscow, Duncan Hooper, who was in Yugoslavia in August 1945. The text, written three months after the end of the Second World War, testifies to the everyday life of Yugoslavia and its political and economic perspectives.
Истраживање теме обављено је на обимној архивској грађи, првенствено фондова Архива Југославије, а оквир историјске појаве и епохе на основу бројне домаће и стране публиковане грађе, литературе и штампе. При обради теме коришћен је класичан историографски метод, допуњен техникама демографије, статистике, социологије, психологије, економске и друштвене историје, изучавања свакодневице и приватности.
Before the World War Two, Yugoslavia was an agrarian, poorly industrialized and non-modernized country. The consequences of the war added up to the bad foundation. The industrial and traffic infrastructures were destroyed and human casualties remained huge. The victorious communist ideology proclaimed intense industrialization and electrification as the primary goal for the development of society (and the means for preserving power) in accordance with the model, which had been tried out earlier in the Soviet Union. However, the activities on the modernization of the economy were not possible without professional personnel, which was shortage of. The salvation was expected from the USSR, but the big promises were not followed by adequate deeds, so only a small number of (overpaid) Soviet experts took part in the Yugoslav development. There remained two sources of foreign professional labour force that the modelers of Yugoslav economic policy would use abundantly. The first source was in the country - numerous prisoners of war who, in exchange for a labor contract were offered freedom, which was accepted by thousands of them. The other was located in neighboring and nearby countries where the war created unemployment - mostly Germany, but also Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy and Bulgaria. Those experts were searched for, but also they offered themselves to provide services, and thousands of them were hired in companies in Yugoslavia on a few years and longer. The results they held up in the economy, especially the electric power industry, the chemical, mechanical, automotive and radio industries were impressive.
The research of the topic was carried out on extensive archival material, primarily the funds of the Archives of Yugoslavia, and the framework of the historical phenomenon and epoch are based on numerous domestic and foreign published sources, literature and press. In the management of the topic, a classic historiographical method was used, complemented by techniques of demography, statistics, sociology, psychology, economic and social history, the study of everyday life and privacy.
Izbor autorskih priloga: zbirke 85 Dr Lazar Marković, 86 Svetislav Milosavljević, 87 Luka Pišteljić, 104 Mihailo Petrović, 143 Nikola Pašić, 210 Čedomilj Mijatović, 310 Dr Aleksandar Cincar-Marković, 397 Dr Ivan Subbotić, 725 Roza Levine-Majer
By investing in the construction and expansion of buildings, acquiring modern machinery, focusing on personal education, and hiring skilled personnel trained in German brewing schools, the family enabled the breweries in Pančevo and Belgrade to achieve stable growth. In the lead-up to World War I, the most renowned member of the family, Georg Weifert, one of the most significant businessmen in Serbia, managed the breweries. Based on the analysis of original archival materials and literature, the authors in this article depict the development of brewing over a period of two centuries (1717–1918), with a special focus on the Weifert family’s role in transforming the craft into a modern industry.
The Yugoslav transition after 1948 attracted a great attention of the world public. In the acquaintance of the new Yugoslavia, the official representatives of states and economic entities, and many other organizations and individuals participated. Cooperation with peacekeeping movements and peace organizations was particularly in mutual interest. The subject of this paper is an analysis of the reports of the impressions from Yugoslavia in 1950, which made one such organization - the American Friends Service Committee. In what way the Committee noticed the situation in Yugoslavia, is important not only for the respectability of that organization, but also because of dynamic historical circumstances in which in the short term, with the maintenance of old ideology, a socio-economic system was redefined and a significantly changed foreign policy reorientation.
By analyzing source material and relevant historical economic and purely economic literature, we The attempt ised to determine the appearance and the important features of the banking sector, the sequence of reforms that marked this field of economic life in the second half of the 20th century, as well as the effectiveness of the observed changes. To that end, we tried to The overview is provided of the characteristics of the different phases that the Yugoslav banking system underwent, starting with the development of the socialist banking system (according to the USSR model), planned organization and rigid centralization, through various phases of decentralization, central plan weakening and introduction of market elements, to the shaping (and reshaping) of the self-management banking system and its repercussions on the country’s economic unity.
Analizom izvorne građe i odgovarajuće istorijsko-ekonomske i ekonomske literature nastojali smo da utvrdimo izgled i bitnija svojstva bankarskog sektora, sled reformi koje su tu oblast ekonomskog života obeležile u drugoj polovini XX veka i delotvornost uočenih promena. U tom smislu pokušali smo da sagledamo karakteristike različitih faza kroz koje je prolazilo jugoslovensko bankarstvo, počev od izgradnje socijalističkog bankarstva (prema sovjetskom modelu), planskog organizovanja i krute centralizacije, preko raznih faza decentralizacije, slabljenja plana i uvođenja elemenata tržišta, do oblikovanja (i reoblikovanja) samoupravnog bankarstva i njegovih posledica po ekonomsko jedinstvo zemlje.
ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY OF SOCIALIST YUGOSLAVIA: SOURCES FOR ECONOMIC-HISTORICAL RESEARCH, WITH REFERENCE TO AVAILABLE LITERATURE
In addition to industrialization, electrification defined the pillar of the development of socialist economy. The construction of the energy system was a condition for the development of the industry and a factor of modernization, electricity was changing the activity in the collective and transformed everyday life. Literature concerning the power industry does not provide a complete insight into the scope and consequences of the development of the system in a country that, under politically authoritarian conditions, has transformed from a backward to a modern country. The rich original background in the research was not appropriately used. The documents of the central authorities contain an abundance of descriptive, analytical, synthetic and other data which enable the study of general and local currents in the history of the electric power industry, the degree of development, political influences, and the state of the cadre. The sources showcase the system at a macro and micro level, a phase of centralism and self-government, foreign trade affairs, new technologies, costs, grandiose successes and difficulties.
ukupna razmena uvećane Nemačke sa Jugoslavijom počela da pokazuje tendenciju opadanja i kakav je bio spoljnotrgovinski trend Trećeg rajha sa ostalim zemljama Jugoistoka, tema je ovog rada.
The paper presents the wandering of the new DFY authorities on wage and price policy issues and their inability to balance the cash income and supply ratio of basic necessities of life. Numerous organizational efforts and scope of normative activity in the face of general poverty, economic disintegration, and lack of staff, did not stabilize the situation and the government contributed to the price collapse in the summer of 1945 with its disfavor.
The paper presents the text of the Reuters war correspondent from Moscow, Duncan Hooper, who was in Yugoslavia in August 1945. The text, written three months after the end of the Second World War, testifies to the everyday life of Yugoslavia and its political and economic perspectives.
After the Second World War the Yugoslav economy was in great technical and technological stagnancy and had a noticeable lack of qualified staff. Its own resources could not neutralize this, due to “thin” legacy of the interwar period and the grave consequences of war (destruction, demographic losses). Professional staff had to be invited from abroad. Given the established ideological matrix, the most desirable collaborator and a provider of assistance had to be the Soviet Union. However, despite the promises (various cooperation agreements), a small number of projects and very limited number of experts, who stayed in Yugoslavia for shorter or longer periods (excluding a great number of former Russian emigrants who became USSR citizens by the agreement between the two states, but were not human potential of this country since its inception), the scope and intensity of the expected benefits, and its effects were far behind the hopes. Several dozens of Soviet experts, including advisers and instructors, which would later serve as a pretext for Cominform conflict, represented a huge expense for the state, enjoying an exceptionally high standard, completely disproportionate to the impact they produced “on the ground”. An alternative, and as it turned out, the only real source of skilled professionals was “on the other side” – in the countries that were enemies in the past war.
„Бројем Новина наших 46им, јављено је Читатељима, како се је 18ог Окт[обра] овде у предграђу Београдском Савамали, пожар догодио, и како је том приликом кућа Члена Апелационог Суда Г. Зубана оштећена и нарушена. Но том приликом није то јављено, да је именовани Г. Зубан исту своју кућу на пет дана пре пожара, код Содружества Тријестанског сигурације (Тршћанског осигуравајућег друштва) против ватре осигурао, и то први он у Отечеству нашем, тако, да по учињеној прецени целе куће неприметни и врло мали интерес (улог) само плаћа; а у случају пожара у колико је оштећење, утолико му се од истог содружества, но такође по учињеној процени штете наплати.
Ово се с кућом речено Г. Зубана и случило (догодило); јербо се 18ог пр[ошлог] м[есеца] пожар догодио, и кров куће његове у две третине тако укварио, да се поправити не може, но на ново градити, – а 10ог тек[ућег] м[есеца] Новембра већ је он од истог содружества Тријестанског посредством Агента његовог у Земуну Гд. Василија Василијевића накнаду за штету са 175 талира дејствително (одмах) примио.
Из овога видисе, какву ползу (услугу) и корист роду човеческом (људском) содружество ово приноси; и како обезбеђава именије (иметак) и маал (својину) сочеловека (корисника) своји, и то, као што је наведено, за мали и неприметни интерес (улог).“
***
Повезујући жељу да се обележи годишњица осигурања у Србији са великодушним чином господина Радиомира Благојевића из Београда, који је своју збирку докумената, историјских предмета и публикација из делатности осигурања поклонио Народној банци Србије, Архив Народне банке је на идеју гувернера Радована Јелашића приредио изложбу под називом „Век осигурања у Србији. Развој делатности осигурања 1839-1941“.
Изложба садржи више од 200 оригиналних историјских докумената и предмета – полиса осигурања, акција осигуравајућих друштава, признаница, преписке, разгледница, штедних касица, табли за означавање осигураних некретнина итд. Такође, изложба у мањем броју садржи и скениране изворе, као што су фотографије, разгледнице, новински огласи и рекламни материјали.
Изложба је подељена на више целина. Увод представљају два зидна плаката у којима су приказана основне информације о изложби и теми изложбе, као и некретнине – најчешће велелепне палате – које су осигуравајућа друштва оставила у Београду.
Оригинални експонати изложбе груписани су у три групе. Прва представља рад страних осигуравајућих друштава у периоду Кнежевине и Краљевине Србије. Страни агенти, а потом и друштва, почели су са радом у Србији знатно пре домаћих друштава. Између осталих, овде је приказан рад бечког осигуравајућег друштва Анкер, Ђенералија из Трста, британских друштава Норд бритиш и меркантил и Грешем, француских Униона и Ла национала, руске Росије итд.
Други део изложбе приказује рад домаћих осигуравајућих друштава током периода Краљевине Србије и Краљевине Југославије. Међу њима најзначајнија друштва су била Београдска задруга, Србија, Шумадија и Југославија.
Последњи део изложбе обухвата српска, југословенска и страна осигуравајућа друштва која су своју делатност у Србији развија у периоду између два светска рата.
Посебну занимљивост изложбе представљају оригинални документи о осигуравању неких значајних личности из српске политичке, друштвене и привредне историје. Тако се овде може видети понуда за осигурање краљу Југославије Александру Првом Карађорђевићу, полиса за осигурање некретнине дугогодишњег српског и југословенског председника владе Николе Пашића, полисе вицегувернера Народне банке Марка Стојановића, полиса познатих индустријалаца браће Гођевац итд.
Осим егземплара из збирке које је Народна банка добила љубазношћу Р. Благојевића, других појединачних примерака примљених као поклон и докумената Архива Народне банке Србије, изложбу употпуњују и вредни експонати које су у ову сврху привремено уступили осигуравајућа друштва Уника и Дунав из Београда, Архив Југославије и приватни колекционари из Београда, проф. др Здравко Петровић и господин Алекса Јахно. Народна банка Србије свима се, овим путем, посебно захваљује.
Изложба је постављена у Музеју Народне банке Србије у Београду, Улица краља Петра број 12, а отворена је у периоду новембар 2009 – мај 2010. године. Архив НБС
Narodna banka Srbije je 2008. godine finansijski pomogla izdavanje fotomonografije B. Debeljkovića, Beograd i Beograđani krajem 19. veka viđeni okom Marka Stojanovića, koju je za štampu pripremio njegov sin Dušan Debeljković. Zahvaljujući ovoj aktivnosti u Arhivu Narodne banke našlo se pohranjeno oko 500 digitalnih kopija fotografija autora M. Stojanovića, izvorno snimljenih krajem 19. i prvih decenija 20. veka.
Marko Stojanović rođen je 15. aprila 1844. godine u Šapcu. U Beogradu je završio gimnaziju, a potom i studije prava na Velikoj školi. Kratko je radio u državnoj službi da bi se 1870. godine posvetio advokaturi – pozivu kome će ostati veran sve do smrti, 21. septembra 1923. godine. Kao vrsan poznavalac prava Stojanović je bio advokat i punomoćnik kralja Milana Obrenovića. Zahvaljujući retkom govorničkom daru i advokatskoj veštini, u čuvenoj parnici oko Kolarčevog testamenta 1879-1880. godine, odneo je pobedu braneći Kolarčevu poslednju želju da se osnuje Zadužbina za dobrobit srpskog naroda.
Kao advokat, učestvovao je u osnivanju Narodne banke, bio je član njenog Upravnog odbora i ujedno pravni zastupnik, a u dva navrata i viceguverner (1890-1902 i 1912-1923). Blizak prijatelj i saradnik Đorđa Vajferta radio je na oblikovanju i pravnom utemeljenju Narodne banke, kroz brojne predloge statuta, pravilnika i ostalih unutrašnjih akata. Kao ličnost od velikog ugleda u Narodnoj banci učestvovao je u spašavanju bančine imovine preko Niša, Kruševca, Skoplja, Soluna i Marseja. Mata Jovanović, član Nadzornog odbora Narodne banke u svojim sećanjima, kaže da su na vest o austrougarskom ultimatumu članovi Glavnog odbora, shvativši da predstoji iseljenje trezora i drugih vrednosti, „uprli oči u Marka Stojanovića“, pitajući ga pogledom kako postupiti u ovim teškim okolnostima.
Pored svog javnog rada u advokaturi i u Narodnoj banci, Marko Stojanović se predstavlja i kao vrsan fotograf. Prema profesoru Debeljkoviću, najverovatnije je da se Stojanović fotografijom počeo baviti 90-tih godina 19. veka, i to pod uticajem Anastasa Jovanovića, rodonačelnika srpske fotografije.
Izložbom pod nazivom Odraz stvarnosti, izložba fotografija Marka Stojanovića, viceguvernera Narodne banke, centralna banka Srbije, nadilazeći i dalje svoju primarnu društvenu ulogu oličenu u očuvanju cenovne i monetarne stabilnosti, emisiji i superviziji finansijskog sektora, i razvijajući širi duštveni i kulturno-edukativni angažman, ima nameru da prikaže deo Stojanovićevog fotografskog opusa i predstavi je javnosti kao baštinu svog viceguvernera, Beograda i čitave Srbije.
Autori izložbe su, za ovu priliku, napravili odabir iz fotografskog opusa viceguvernera i fotografije prilazali u nekoliko tematskih celina, imajuću nameru da prezentuju njegove radove koji svedoče o različitim trenucima iz života prestonice, kao i ličnostima. Bez pretenzije da fotografije imaju umetničku vrednost, Stojanović je kao fotograf neusiljen i opušten kao i likovi koje fotografiše. Upravo zato fotografije su, između ostalog, i neizbrisivo svedočanstvo o preobražaju Beograda na prelazu iz 19. u 20. vek i ljudima koji u njemu žive i rade bez obzira da li su to pripadnici elite ili obični „mali“ ljudi.
Sonja Jerković, Saša Ilić
The research of the topic was carried out on extensive archival material, primarily the funds of the Archives of Yugoslavia, and the framework of the historical phenomenon and epoch are based on numerous domestic and foreign published sources, literature and press. In the management of the topic, a classic historiographical method was used, complemented by techniques of demography, statistics, sociology, psychology, economic and social history, the study of everyday life and privacy.